Liquified natural gas in Nigeria: Manufacturing

methodologies, Maintenance, Design & Occupational

Health and Safety
Ibrahim Khalil Hussaini (4241606)
Assen Aqthar Abdul Jabbar (4323927)
November 10, 2014

Abstract
This report contains basic technical information on the NLNG facilities in Bonny Island
Nigeria. It describes the Manufacturing methodologies, Maintenance, Design & Occupational Health and Safety in the context of liquefied natural gas in Nigeria. The liquefaction
complex operated by NLNG is located at Finima on Bonny Island, approximately 40 km
south of Port Harcourt in Rivers State, Nigeria. The location of the Site is on the eastern
bank of Bonny River tidal inlet, about 3 km north of its confluence with the Atlantic Ocean
in the Bight of Bonny. Immediately north of the Site is the existing Bonny Crude Oil Terminal (BCOT) which in turn is adjacent to Bonny Town, about 1.5 km from the Site boundary,
with about 40,000 inhabitants. Natural gas is an odorless, colorless gas obtained from underground natural gas and oil reservoirs. It generally comprises of a large quantity of methane
along with heavier hydrocarbons such as ethane, propane, isobutene, normal butane, etc.
Also, in its raw state it often contains some non-hydrocarbons, such as nitrogen, hydrogen
sulphide, carbon dioxide etc. and is generally saturated with water. Natural gas is usually divided into associated and non-associated gas. Associated gas is the gas that is obtained from
oil wells, which contains more heavy hydrocarbons (C5+) than non-associated gas, which is
obtained from gas wells

Contents
1 Introduction

2 Design (Assen Aqthar Abdul Jabbar 4323927)

2.1 Design Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.1 Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.2 Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.3 Flexibility of the Liquefaction Complex
2.1.4 Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 Detailed Design Requirements . . . . . . . . .
2.2.1 Prototype Equipment . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.2 Standardization . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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3 Manufacturing methodologies (Ibrahim Khalil Hussaini 4241606)

3.1 Unit 1000 - Plant Pressure Control Station and Feed Gas Separators
3.2 Unit 1100 - Acid Gas Removal Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3 Unit 1200 - Dehydration Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4 Unit 1300 - Mercury Removal Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5 Unit 1400 - Liquefaction Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6 Unit 1500 - Fractionation Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7 Unit 2500 - Common Fractionation Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.8 Unit 2000 - Condensate Stabilisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.9 Storage and loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.10 Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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2.3

2.2.3 On-Stream Time . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.2.4 Inspection and Maintenance Down times
2.2.5 Specific Design Requirements . . . . . .
Feed Gas and Product Qualities . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.1 Composition of Feed Gas . . . . . . . .
2.3.2 Composition of Products . . . . . . . . .

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4 Occupational Health and Safety (Assen Aqthar Abdul Jabbar 4323927)

4.1 Hazardous wastes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 Emissions to air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3 Noise measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4 HSE management system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5 Discharges to water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.6 Fitness to work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.7 Malaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.8 HIV/AIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.9 Sewage treatment & disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.10 Gas Hazards, Explosive, Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.10.1 Gas Hazard Toxicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.11 Fire Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.11.1 Common Extinguishing Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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5 Maintenance (Ibrahim Khalil Hussaini 4241606)

5.1 Removal & Installation of Relief Valves . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 Maintaining belts for air cooled heat exchanger Fan (Fin-Fan)
5.3 Lube oil Change-out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4 Removal and reinstatement of penstock valves . . . . . . . . .

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6 Conclusion

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18

1 Introduction
Nigeria LNG Limited was incorporated as a limited liability company on May 17, 1989, to
harness Nigerias vast natural gas resources and produce Liquefied Natural Gas and Natural Gas
Liquids for export. It is jointly owned by Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (49%), Shell
(25.6%), Total Ltd (15%) and Eni (10.4%). The company has wholly owned subsidiaries which
are Bonny Gas Transport (BGT) Limited and NLNG Ship Manning Limited (NSML).
Technip, Snamprogetti, M.V. Kellog and Japan Gas Corporation (TSKJ) was awarded a
turnkey Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) contract for the construction of the
Plant, the Gas Transmission System and the Residential Area In December 1995 (NLNG History).
In February 1996 construction of the plant site commenced and train 2 was operational on
August 1999. Production of LNG commenced on September 15, Train 1 subsequently came on
stream on February 27, 2000 (NLNG History). The expansion project commenced in 1999 with a
final investment decision to develop train 3 and the plants condensate stabilization system. Train
3 was completed and came into operation in November 2002 (NLNG History). In march 2002,
NLNGPlus project consisting of Trains 4 and 5 commenced with Train 4 becoming operational
in November 2005. In addition,train 5 was started up in February 2006. Construction of Train 6
and additional condensate processing LPG storage facilities began in 2004 with construction of
Train 6 completed in December 2007 (NLNG History).
With six trains currently operational, the entire complex is capable of producing 22 Metric
Tonnes Per Annum (MTPA) of LNG and 5 Metric Tonnes Per Annum (MTPA) of NGLs (LPG
and Condensates) from 3.5 Billion (Standard) Cubic Feet Per Day (bcf/d) natural gas intake.
Plans for building Train 7 that will lift the total production capacity to 30 mtpa of LNG are
currently progressing with some preliminary early site preparation work initiated. Further work
will await a Final Investment Decision by the shareholders (NLNG History).
The plant has rapidly and successfully made the transition from a construction project to a
stable production operation, with relentless focus on operational excellence, de-bottlenecking
and regular Turn-Around Maintenance (TAM) of the assets whilst imbibing proven techniques
and processes to maximize production, and manage human interferences and impacts. All these
activities are underpinned by a Health, Safety, Security, and Environment (HSSE) culture that
continually seeks improvements in our approach, safety and sustainable utilization of our assets
(NLNG History).
The plant is regularly bench marked with other LNG plants around the world and continues
to rank amongst the top performers. NLNG has within a short span of time, grown in status
to become a very reliable supplier of LNG in the Atlantic Basin, serving the European, North
American and Far East markets. Nigeria NLNG also aims to secure the health of employees and
optimize performance (NLNG History).

2 Design (Assen Aqthar Abdul Jabbar 4323927)

The NLNG plant asset is basically divided into four areas Area (A-D), area A consists of the
common facilities/Utilities, area B is the Storage and loading area, area C is the off plot/Liquid
Petroleum Gas /Liquid Handling Unit. Area D and E are trains 1/2/3 and 4/5/6 respectively. Area
A which is the common facilities or utilities comprises of the water wells, power generation unit,
hot oil system, water treatment plant, fuel gas unit, the drinking water unit, demineralised water system, instrument air system, nitrogen production unit, fire fighting system and effluent
treatment unit. Area B which is the Storage and loading area consists of the LNG Storage and
Loading, LPG Storage and Loading, and Condensate Storage and Loading. Area C which is the
Off-plots/LPG/LHU include the slug catcher and pig receivers, pressure control station, condensate stabilization unit (trains 1-5), common fractionation unit, refrigerant storage, Hot oil system
(LPG/LHU/HTF system), and flare system. Area D/E which is the basically the processing area
includes the acid gas removal unit, dehydration unit, mercury removal unit, liquefaction unit,
fractionation unit and cooling water (trains 1-3 only).

2.1

Design Criteria

Safety, reliability, flexibility and efficiency were taken into account during the design of the
Nigeria LNG Plant project (NLNG Trains Operating Manual 2003).
2.1.1 Safety
An essential element of the design and operation of the Nigeria LNG project is safety. This
factor cannot be overstated. Facilities such as the process facilities, will contain inventories of
hydrocarbons together with machinery, vessels, piping and valves which can fail at any time.
Minimizing the chances the these failures as well as limiting their consequences whilst giving
due regard to operational requirements is essential (NLNG Trains Operating Manual, 2003). In
opposition to facilities like the storage area will contain fewer mechanical elements that could
fail. However, large inventory of hydrocarbons are contained in these facilities. Spillage in
large amounts and its prevention was then primarily paid attention to (NLNG Trains Operating
Manual, 2003). The safety of personnel and equipment during operation and maintenance was
paid attention to during the detailed design with particular emphasis on safe starting, operation
and shutdown under all conditions. It is critical to maintain safe conditions which the design for
safe shutdown encompasses. Furthermore, power, cooling, water failure, instrument air failure,
failure of vital equipment (compressors, feed pumps, furnace tube rupture), fire emergencies
were also considered (NLNG Trains Operating Manual 2003).
2.1.2 Reliability
All these factors considered in the detailed design, no single component failure can cripple the
Liquefaction Complex. Furthermore, feed gas is treated independently in three independently
parallel trains. In addition, interconnections between these trains is reduced as far as practicable.
In addition the process facilities and utilities are designed for a 20 year lifetime. Civil structures
and foundations are designed for a 25 year lifetime (NLNG Trains Operating Manual 2003).

2.1.3 Flexibility of the Liquefaction Complex

Equipment is designed such that each LNG train is capable of stable operation down to 60%
of design capacity. The turn down of other facilities is commensurate with this. In addition,
flexibility required to cope with expected changes in feed gas composition is incorporated in the
design (NLNG Trains Operating Manual 2003). In the design of the process services, provision
is made for flexible operation over a wide range of process demands. This includes part or full
load operation of one or two or three LNG trains together with variations in the operation of other
process units and product loading facilities (NLNG Trains Operating Manual 2003).
2.1.4 Efficiency
Another objective in the detailed design was low specific power consumption (i.e input power)
however not at the expense of safety, reliability, flexibility, or anticipated capital cost (NLNG
Trains Operating Manual 2003, p. 8).

2.2

Detailed Design Requirements

Throughout the detailed design of the Nigeria LNG Project, sound engineering practices with
respect to design codes, standards, and specifications were aimed to be achieved. Furthermore,
this based on the stipulations were made with assumptions of the most severe of the conditions.
These are outlined in the Base Project Specification and in the Expansion Project Specification
Addendum (NLNG Trains Operating Manual 2003).
2.2.1 Prototype Equipment
Prototypes, unproven equipment and equipment by unauthenticated manufacturers not accepted
by Company are not used (NLNG Trains Operating Manual 2003).
2.2.2 Standardization
In the selection of engineering equipment and material selection, the aim was minimizing vendor
variation, equipment types and successive cutbacks in spare parts investment (NLNG Trains
Operating Manual 2003).
2.2.3 On-Stream Time
It was assumed the plant to have 329 stream days per annum. Furthermore, the annual average
LNG deliveries are established from the this assumption. Moreover, this is assessed on the basis
of a scheduled inspection and maintenance cycle of 6 years and including unscheduled down
times which impact on the LNG production (NLNG Trains Operating Manual 2003).
2.2.4 Inspection and Maintenance Down times
Following an initial inspection after one year of operation, subsequent scheduled inspections and
maintenance shutdowns of the LNG trains and LPG trains are based on a cycle period of 6 years,
i.e. one major shutdown which includes a major turbine inspection, one minor shutdown which
includes a gas turbine hot path inspection and four annual shutdowns to perform, e.g. gas turbine
combustion chamber inspections. Inspection and maintenance of other Liquefaction Complex

facilities and the Gas Transmission System will be scheduled such that they do not adversely impact on the production capacity of the LNG trains in operation (NLNG Trains Operating Manual
2003).
2.2.5 Specific Design Requirements
The layout of the complex is functional. Due attention was paid to conservation of the environment. Stairways are provided as the primary means of access to elevated operating areas which
require plant operation/maintenance activities. Equipment selected requires the minimum of specialist/trained maintenance personnel. Adequate relief valve sparing with interlocking facilities
is provided. The design is such that bolt tensioning equipment may be used where required.
Platforms are installed with emphasis on operational necessity for maintenance and inspection
where scaffolding is not reasonably practical or economical (NLNG Trains Operating Manual
2003).

2.3

Feed Gas and Product Qualities

2.3.1 Composition of Feed Gas

The Liquefaction Complex is fed with gas collected from the onshore concession areas, east of
the Niger delta, and an off shore pipe line after 2004, and transported via a single trunkline. As of
2006, the Liquefaction Complex will be supplied by primarily associated gas. The range of the
Plant feed composition is covered by defining three new compositions for the Trunkline fluid:
average associated gas, rich associated gas and lean associated gas (NLNG Trains Operating
Manual 2003). Each of these compositions represents a certain period of the Project life:
1. Lean associated gas: This fluid is based on the leanest gas quality experienced over the
life of the project. It is calculated on the assumption that all gas suppliers are providing
lean gas with the leanest supplier operating at 115% of the contractual proportion. This
gas quality is identical to the Base Project lean gas quality.
2. Average associated gas: This fluid is based on the average gas quality calculated between
the years 2004 and 2006. The composition is derived by blending together the individual
streams in the contractual proportions. It represents the average feed gas when the plant
is fed with maximum associated gas at the expected qualities. It does not account for
gathering of the rich low pressure separator gases from oil flow stations.
3. Rich associated gas: This fluid is based on the rich quality calculated post 2006. It is
determined by assuming all gas suppliers are delivering the richest associated gas simultaneously. In addition, it assumes that the rich low pressure separator gases from oil flow
stations are collected and that all flow stations are operating.
The maximum CO2 case coincides with the rich associated gas case. The three design compositions defined above are shown in the following table:
2.3.2 Composition of Products
1. LNG: The plant is designed to produce a product stream, which is suitable for storage at
atmospheric pressure, and at a temperature of approximately -161oC. During stable plant
operation the LNG product stream should meet the following specification:
6

2. Propane: The design composition and flow rate of Propane from the LNG trains and common fractionation unit is as follows: The stream properties correspond to the Average
Associated Gas, Average Cooling Water. The product rundown line between the Fractionation units and the U-3700 refrigeration unit and from that unit to the storage tank is to be
designed for 125% of the combined rundown rate, e.g. 1967 t/d.
3. Butane: The design composition and flow rate of Butane from the LNG trains and common
fractionation unit is as follows: The stream properties correspond to the Average Associated Gas, Average Cooling Water. The product rundown line between the Fractionation
units and the U-3700 refrigeration unit and from that unit to the storage tank is to be designed for 125% of the combined rundown rate, e.g. 2090 t/d (NLNG Trains Operating
Manual 2003, p. 5).

3 Manufacturing methodologies (Ibrahim Khalil Hussaini 4241606)

The following description provides a brief overview of the process units which are included in
the Liquefaction Complex (NLNG Feed gas to shipment).

3.1

Unit 1000 - Plant Pressure Control Station and Feed Gas Separators

The purpose of this station is to reduce and control the gas pressure so that the LNG trains are
fed at a constant pressure independently of any trunkline pressure fluctuation (NLNG Feed gas to
shipment). The unit includes three parallel trains, (one new, two existing) for the gas transmission
line, consisting of 3 x 33% pressure control stations and 3 x 33% separators. Liquids from the
separators are then stabilised in Unit 2000. The unit includes four condensate filters S-1001 A/B
(existing) and S-1002 A/B (new). Liquid from these filters is then routed to Unit 2000. The
plant pressure control station also protects the downstream facilities against overpressure from
the trunkline. Relief flow is directed to the inlet facility vent stack and depressuring flow to the
warm wet flare system (NLNG Feed gas to shipment).

3.2

Unit 1100 - Acid Gas Removal Unit

The acid gas removal unit is designed to reduce the acid gas concentration in the liquefied natural
gas plant feed gas from a maximum concentration of 2.0 mol % to below 50 ppm (dry volume
basis). This unit removes entrained CO2 from the feed gas to prevent freeze out in the MCHE
(Main Cryogenic Heat Exchanger). The unit is designed to maintain both stable operation and
outlet gas quality when turned down to gas flow rates that correspond to 60% of the LNG train
design capacity. The process is carried out by contacting the feed gas counter-currently with a
MDEA (activated di-methyl ethanol amine) which absorbs the CO2 in the feed gas. The feed to
the unit is natural gas from the Plant Pressure Control Station (Unit 1000). The feed gas enters
the unit at 61.0 bar g. The minimum required temperature at the inlet to the absorber is 26 C.
The unit reduces the CO2 content to about 50 ppm mol (NLNG Feed gas to shipment).

3.3

Unit 1200 - Dehydration Unit

Treated feed gas from the acid gas removal unit becomes wet after treatment and hence need to
be dried to remove the moisture which can freeze in the main cryogenic heat exchanger (MCHE)
and cause tube blockages. Water is removed from the feed gas by a process known as physical
7

adsorption. Drying is required to prevent ice and hydrate formation in the liquefaction unit,
which would cause blockage of lines and equipment. This is carried out by adsorption of the
water molecules from the gas by the use of a molecular sieve bed. The bed adsorption media
is made of molecular sieves which are a crystalline form of a metallo alumino-silicate called
zeolite. Its sizing and polarity makes the sieve very selective to which particular molecules it
adsorbs (NLNG Feed gas to shipment). Each of the liquefied natural gas trains has a dehydration
unit, which uses molecular sieve beds. Three beds are provided and in normal operation two
beds are in parallel adsorption while the third bed is in regeneration and standby (NLNG Feed
gas to shipment). Type 4A (sodium as the metal atom) molecular sieves have a pore diameter
which is approximately 4 angstrom and will therefore adsorb molecules with a diameter less
than approximately 4 angstrom. Water has a molecular diameter of 3.2 angstrom. The Molecular
sieve bed is made up of three different media: (i) The molecular sieve, which adsorbs the CO2;
(ii) Silica gel, which removes any en-trained free water and amine from the feed gas stream and
hence protect the molecular sieve and (iii) Ceramic balls, which support the bed (NLNG Feed
gas to shipment).

3.4

Unit 1300 - Mercury Removal Unit

The purpose of the mercury removal unit is to remove trace quantities of mercury present in the
feed to the liquefaction unit in order to protect the aluminium com- ponents of the main cryogenic
heat exchanger (E-1405) against corrosion. Mercury, even in small quantities, has been found
to corrode aluminium rapidly. A Mercury removal unit is provided in each train, which uses a
sulphur impregnated activated carbon adsorbent. In Unit 1300 a sulphur impregnated activated
carbon adsorbent (puraspec 1156) is used to remove mercury from the feed gas. The mercury is
re moved by adsorption and reaction with the sulphur to form mercuric sulphide (NLNG Feed
gas to shipment).

3.5

Unit 1400 - Liquefaction Unit

This unit liquefies natural gas at about -161 C adequate for storage and transportation. Treated
and dry natural gas is passed through the scrub column where heavier hydrocarbons and aromatics, which would freeze in the main cryogenic heat exchanger, are removed. The liquefaction
is performed with the help of three cooling circuits cooling water (trains 1 3) or fin-fan air
coolers (trains 4 6), the propane refrigerant (PR) circuit and the mixed refrigerant (MR) circuit. Mixed refrigerant is a mixture of nitrogen, methane, ethane and propane. A typical mixed
refrigerant composition (mol %) for normal operation is nitrogen v 1.9%; Methane v 42.9%;
Ethane v 39.6%; Propane v 15.6% (NLNG Feed gas to shipment). Each of the LNG trains
contains a liquefaction unit which is based on Air Products and Chemicals Inc.s (APCI) proprietary propane precooled, multicomponent refrigerant process using a single main cryogenic heat
ex-changer per liquefaction train. The unit takes natural gas (which has been treated to remove
acid gases, water and mercury) and in turn removes heavier hydrocarbons and produces liquefied
natural gas. The liquefied natural gas exiting the main cryogenic heat ex-changer flows to the
liquefied natural gas ex-pander, and the mechanical energy generated by the liquefied natural gas
ex-pander is used for electric power generation. The main cryogenic heat exchanger is made of
numerous aluminum tubes for effective heat transfer (NLNG Feed gas to shipment 2005).

3.6

Unit 1500 - Fractionation Unit

The Fractionation Unit processes the heavy hydrocarbons removed from the feed gas in unit 1400
after the precooling stage prior to the feed gas entering the main cryogenic heat exchanger (E1405). The unit consists of three topping columns in series: (i) Deethanizer; (ii) Depropanizer
and (iii) Debutanizer. The fractionation unit processes the bottoms product from the scrub column in the liquefied natural gas trains, for the following reasons: (i) To produce refrigerant grade
ethane and propane for the propane and mixed refrigerant circuits of the liquefied natural gas
trains; (ii) To route methane into the high pressure fuel gas system; (iii) To recover liquefied
petroleum gas for re-injection into the liquefied natural gas product if required to raise the higher
heating value or wobbe index of the liquefied natural gas and (iii) To produce a condensate product with a vapor pressure suitable to allow safe storage at ambient conditions (NLNG Feed gas
to shipment). The purpose of the unit is to produce propane, butane and stabilised condensate for
export from the natural gas liquids as produced in the precooling section of unit 1400 (NLNG
Feed gas to shipment 2005).

3.7

Unit 2500 - Common Fractionation Unit

The common fractionation unit (U2500) (i.e liquid handling unit) maximizes recovery of propane,
butane and stabilized condensate as separate products for export. The liquid handling unit is designed to process excess natural gas liquids product from the scrub columns in the liquefaction
unit. Propane and butane are stored and exported in U3700 and the condensate is sent to storage
in U3300. U2500 is designed to process excess NGL product from the scrub columns in the three
liquefaction trains (1/2/3-C-1401) with the in train fractionation unit U1500 turned down to 67%
(NLNG Feed gas to shipment 2005).

3.8

Unit 2000 - Condensate Stabilisation

There are six Condensate Stabilization Trains. Two identical Trains 1 and 2 which are located in
the utilities area of the Base Project, two larger Trains 3 and 4, which are located in the Liquid
Handling Unit in the Expansion Project and two other ones for trains 5 and 6 (NLNG Feed gas to
shipment 2005). The purpose of this unit is to produce stabilized condensate (C5+), from liquids
separated in the slug-catcher and the plant pressure control station and the liquefied natural gas
trains, and to strip the light components from the hydrocarbon liquids and make a condensate
product suitable for safe storage in the storage tanks T- 3301 A/B (NLNG Feed gas to shipment
2005). Feed entering this unit is flashed at about 21 bar; the vapor is sent to the stabilizer
column while the liquid is preheated then fed into the column. The column operates at 19 bar the
overheads are condensed and separated in the condensate stabilizer re-flux drum. The condensed
liquid are returned as re-flux and the vapor is sent to the stabilizer gas compressor. The stabilized
condensate is passed through ex-changer before rundown into the tanks. The stabilizer produces
two streams: (i) A stabilized condensate bottoms product and (ii) A light hydrocarbon vapor
discharge from the stabilizer compressor into the feed gas (NLNG Feed gas to shipment 2005).

3.9

Storage and loading

LNG: The LNG rundown from the trains are loaded into four cryogenic 84000 m3 capacity
tanks at about 35 milibar. The LNG is pumped into the ships via loading arms at a rate of about
10000 m3 /hr and the vapour (boil-off) produced during storage and loading is sent to the BOG
compressors from where it is sent to the HP-FG headers. The storage and loading unit is either
9

in holding mode or loading mode. The purposes of the LNG storage and loading system are to
store the LNG produced by the liquefaction trains, load LNG ships for product transportation,
and recover the boil off vapors resulting from the above operations for delivery to the HP fuel
gas system.
LPG: The purpose of the Condensate Storage and Loading Unit is to store and transfer to
tankers or to Bonny Crude Oil Terminal the stabilized condensate received from the Condensate
Stabilization and Fractionation Units and the condensate from the Common Fractionation Unit.
A Recirculation pump is available at the condensate tanks which will allow circulation of the
tanks contents back to the Stabilization Unit (NLNG Feed gas to shipment 2005). The propane
rundown from the train is stored at a temperature of about -42 C and the butane at about - 50
C both at 35milibar in 650000 m3 storage tanks. The LPG is loaded simultaneously at a rate
of about 3000 m3 /hr and the unit is either in loading or holding mode. Vapor boil-off from the
tanks and the ship are re-liquefied via a semi open loop propane refrigeration unit. The LPG
storage and loading system consists of the LPG Rundown System, Product rundown cooling and
Storage boil-off refrigeration system, LPG Storage Tanks, and Loading System (NLNG Feed gas
to shipment 2005).
Condensate: Condensates from the trains are rundown to three 60000 m3 floating roof condensate tanks and are stored at atmospheric temperatures. It loads at a rate of 4000 m3 /hr (NLNG
Feed gas to shipment 2005). The condensate storage and loading consists of:
1. Condensate Rundown System: Condensate from the various trains are rundown to the
tanks. It is not possible to send condensate rundown into the tank that is being loaded from
(By NLNG Operating Procedures).
2. Condensate Storage Tanks: The storage tanks are floating roof type. The floating roof
is double decked to minimize heat ingress into the tank due to solar radiation. Two roof
drains are provided to cater for the high rainfall.
3. Condensate Loading System: One suction line from each tank equipped with MOV, feeds
the common suction header for the six loading pumps. A filter is installed at the suction of
each pump.
4. Condensate coolers: The condensate coolers are provided to cool down the condensate
streams from trains to 35 C. They are also used to reduce the storage tanks temperature to
35 C by re circulating condensate through the tanks using circulation pumps.
5. Condensate Circulation Pump Circulation pump: is provided to circulate HC condensate
back to the coolers to maintain the temperature associated with a True Vapor Pressure of
0.86 bar. This pump is also used to provide a recycle flow to the stabilizer column in the
event of shutdown/start-up of condensate stabilization unit.
6. Mixing Operation: The mixing line and the jet mixer are designed to be used while circulating a tank with one pump running at minimum flow. The mixing operation is performed
during periods when there is no loading.

3.10

Utilities

The NLNG utilities support the process unit and provide auxiliary services which are not directly
involved in the processing of LNG (NLNG Feed gas to shipment 2005)
10

Heat transfer fluid (HTF) system: HTF is used as the heat transfer medium for the LNG trains
and Liquids Handling Area process heaters. The HTF system is based on the use of Shell Thermia
Oil B. The LNG train HTF system provides oil at a single temperature level, 180 C. It supplies
Amine Regenerator Reboiler, Feed Gas Heater, Deethanizer Reboiler, Depropanizer Reboiler,
Debutanizer Reboiler, HP Fuel Gas Super heater and Condensate Stabilization Reboiler.
Cooling water system: Heat removed in LNG trains is achieved by an independent cooling
water recirculation loop for each train. Three out of the six NLNG trains are equipped with
draught-cooling towers, designed to dissipate approximately process heat. The main cooling
water headers are partly underground, made of carbon steel, and 72 inch in diameter. Headers
within the units and piping to and from heat ex-changers are above ground. The system also
includes slipstream filtration for continuous filtering of a small proportion of the recirculating
cooling water, a continuous fresh water make up to compensate for drift, evaporation losses, and
blow down plus facilities for the injection of water treatment chemicals.
Well water supply: Fresh water coming from 12 water wells which are required at the Liquefaction Complex for cooling water make up, potable water, service, demineralised and fresh
firewater.The water which is assumed to be free of dissolved oxygen is pumped out of the wells
through two pipelines to the complex for treatment. At the plant site, part of the water flows
directly for the production of demineralised water. The major part of the water flows to the water
treatment plant.
Water treatment: Water from the wells undergo pH adjustment with caustic, in-line air injection, biological oxidation of iron/filtration, and aeration before being sent to downstream units.
The Well Water Treatment System is designed to supply treated water to all water users in LNG
plant. To remove the iron, the raw water feed is pH adjusted with a caustic solution and air
injected. The injected air oxidizes the iron to a precipitated compound while the pH change,
along with the oxygen, promotes specific bacteria growth which catalyzes the iron oxidation and
precipitation reaction. The overall water flow is then passed through filters in which the media
acts to remove the precipitated iron and provides a support for the micro-organisms. In the existing system a portion of the filtered water, still high in free carbon dioxide and under pressure, is
used as feed to the Limestone Filter Package where it is mineralised for drinking water use. The
remaining filtered water is degasified in aeration towers before storage and feed to the service
water and cooling water make-up systems.
Drinking water system: The Drinking water System supplies potable water to the Industrial
and Residential Areas for domestic use, to the Safety Showers and eye washes, and to the Cooling
Water systems as make up. The treatment consists of remineralisation of the feed water to raise
the m-alkalinity and hardness and is aimed at producing potable water in accordance with World
Health Organization Specifications. The main step in the treatment is to pass the water over
limestone beds. Carbon dioxide is injected upstream of the limestone beds. This results in an
increased rate of dissolution of the limestone. The drinking water is stored in a storage tank from
where it is pumped either directly to the plant users or via a pipeline to a water tower serving the
Residential Area.
Fuel gas system: The fuel gas system comprises of the high pressure fuel gas system and the
low pressure fuel gas system. The High Pressure (HP) Fuel Gas System (22-26 barg) supplies
11

the gas turbine drivers of the refrigerant compressors and the electrical generators. It is also
used for the firing of the incinerator, for the flare pilots, as motive gas for emptying the blowcase connected to the cold flare KO Drum and, also, as flare header purge gas if nitrogen is not
available. HP fuel gas is also used as vacuum breaker gas for the LNG storage tanks. The Low
Pressure Fuel Gas (3-5 bar) is used to fire the two furnaces, HTF heater and Regenerating gas
heater within the LNG train. It is also required to fire the two furnaces of the HTF heaters of the
common fractionation unit.
Oily Water Treatment Plant: The oily water treatment plant receives flows from two sources:
The Accidentally Oil Contaminated Drainage System (AOC), and the Continuous Oil Contaminated Sewer System (COC) The AOC discharges into a three-stage basin, The clean water drains
to the river. If it is contaminated by oil, this is skimmed off and pumped to the Corrugated Plate
Interceptor (CPI). The COC is routed into a Buffer Basin. The oil is skimmed off and pumped to
the CPI. The CPI separates the oil from the water, and the oil which accumulates on the surface
is skimmed to the Oil Pit, where it is pumped to Slop Oil Tank. The water meanwhile flows into
the Domestic Sewage Treatment Unit, at the Buffer Tank. Any real heavy hydrocarbon sludge
that falls to the bottom of the CPI is routed to the sludge pit; from there it is drawn off by vacuum
tanker periodically and sent to liquid waste storage.

4 Occupational Health and Safety (Assen Aqthar Abdul Jabbar 4323927)

Nigeria LNG is a very safety conscious company, with new staff, contractor, trainee and visitors
that would operate in the admin building or plant area undergoing a mandatory Health Safety
and Environment training before admittance into the complex. The company is guided by 12
life-saving rules in order to achieve GOAL ZERO (zero harm to people and environment, zero
facility integrity and security incidents). They are:- (i) Work with valid work permit when required, (ii) Verify isolation before work begins and use the specified life protecting equipment,
(iii) Protect yourself against fall when working at height and never work without PPE (personal
protective Equipment), (iv) Wear your seat belt, (v) Objects that can ignite fire e.g. cell phones
and lighters are prohibited in plant vicinity and smoking must be restricted to designated places,
(vi) Obtain authorization before entering a confined space, (vii) Do not walk under a suspended
load, (viii) While driving do not use phone or hand-held radio and do not exceed speed limits, (ix)
No alcohol and drug while working, (x) Follow prescribed lifting plan, (xi) Follow prescribed
journey management plan and (xii) Intervene in unsafe actions and report all incidents including near misses (NLNG JHA Manual 2007). The starting point is to prevent/minimise injuries,
ill health, damage to assets and the (natural and social) environment, to avoid/eliminate liabilities in the future and to meet requirements for due diligence. Efficient use of natural resources
and energy sources is required, aimed at resource conservation and protection of the environment (NLNG JHA Manual 2007). Lastly, Nigeria LNG Limited places a premium on Health,
Safety and the Environment (HSE) in its activities. The company has a well-articulated HSE
policy anchored on the need to take proper care of the health and safety of its employees and of
other persons, and to give proper attention to the protection and conservation of the environment
(NLNG JHA Manual 2007).

12

4.1

Hazardous wastes

Nigeria LNG Limited is very concerned about the environment and believes that proper disposal
of hazardous waste is important in fulfilling the corporate commit- ment to protect the environment and promote sustainable development. To this end, all hazardous wastes are assessed
and disposed using the best practical envi- ronmental options after approvals from the Federal
and State Ministries of Environ- ment. Other waste management initiatives currently pursued
by NLNG particularly for hazardous wastes include the use of buy-back schemes (NLNG JHA
Manual 2007).

4.2

Emissions to air

For emissions to air, the principle adopted is minimization through abatement at source. Dispersion modelling was employed in initial environmental investigations to predict possible levels
of regulated parameters. Stack emissions and ambient air monitoring are routinely carried out
within the plant fence and surrounding commu- nities to ensure that ground level concentrations
at the workplace and in the nearby settlements do not exceed the tolerance limits for ambient
air pollutants according to regulatory limits. NLNG is also in the forefront of addressing the
Climate Change challenges in the way we manage our waste, effluents and emissions (NLNG
JHA Manual 2007).

4.3

Noise measurements

Constant exposure to noise of more than 85 decibels can lead to damage to our hearing. As
such, high noise areas are appropriately marked and sign posted. The use of hearing protection
is mandatory within these areas. Noise level measurements within plant fence and nearby communities are carried out regularly to confirm that the plant meets regulatory requirements and
Project Noise Design Specification (NLNG JHA Manual 2007).

4.4

HSE management system

NLNG has implemented a HSE mangement system which also provides which also provides a
platform for the allignment of all stratergies of common sense of objectives. The HSE management system is centrally available on the NLNG intranet to all employees and contractors.

4.5

Discharges to water

To ensure compliance with regulatory requirements, NLNG has adopted the prin- ciple of abatement through minimization at source of aqueous discharges that have the potential of causing
adverse impact on the environment. However, where this is not feasible, application of end ofpipe technology is adopted to minimize eventual environmental eects of discharge. Periodically,
an assessment of the receiving en- vironment is carried out to confirm that our activities are not
interacting adversely with the environment (NLNG JHA Manual 2007).

4.6

Fitness to work

All staff and contractors are expected to comply with the companies fitness to work standards
before their ID badges are issued or renewed. Food handler, driver, crane drivers, emergency response member and breathing aparatus users are group required to meet certain additional fitness
13

to work standards. There after, staff afer required to monitor their routine periodic examination
when due (NLNG JHA Manual 2007).

4.7

Malaria

Malaria accounts for more than one million deaths annually in sub Saharan Africa. While malaria
is a global problem, 90 % of the deaths are in Africa. Malaria therefore remains an ever present
risk for all who work and remain on bonny island. An attack of malaria can lead to death especially for the non immune staff. In NLNg malaria is managed with the ABCDEF approach
(NLNG JHA Manual 2007).
1. Awareness: malaria cards, leaflets, posters, campaigns etc. are in use
2. Bite prevention: insect replant, is given free to all who have to work outdoors at dusk.
Drains are cleaned at NLNG RA regularly.
3. Chemoprophylaxis: NLNG provides malaria prophylactic drugs to all non immune staff
and dependents. This drug must be taken as prescribed by the chief medical officer.
4. Diagnosis and treatment: There is a treatment protocol in use as well as laboratory test
procedure.
5. E-malararia: curative kit is supplied to out bound eligible high risk travelers
6. Fumigation: There is a regular external fumigation of NLNG premises every month with
emphasis on communal areas.

4.8

HIV/AIDS

HIV/AIDS is the fourth biggest killer in the world with an estimated 42 million persons living
with HIV/AIDS. However, most people are often unaware that they are infected. From the 2008
national prevalence survey, the prevalence of HIV Nigeria varies from 1.0 % in some states to as
high as 10.6 % in others. Bonny island has a prevalence rate of 8.2 %. There is currently no cure
for HIV and AIDS so prevention remains the most curative means of controlling the spread of
the virus. The risk of HIV can reduced through abstinence from sexual activity, being faithful to
ones partner and through the consistence and appropriate use of condoms. However, abstinence
is the only 100 % effective method against sexually transmitted disease. Detailed information
on the NLNG HIV and AIDS program is found on the dedicated HIV and AIDS website on the
NLNG intranet (NLNG JHA Manual 2007).

4.9

Sewage treatment & disposal

NLNG has a denitrification, nitrification biotreater. Waste water and sewage from the plant, as
well as all domestic sewage from the Residential Area, are treated in this facility so that only
treated clean water flows into the river. The biotreater is designed to meet the stringent effluent water quality specifications as agreed in the environmental impact assessment (EIA) health
safety environment premises. The HSEQ department also ensures compliance of the company to
international Environmental and plant laws. Therefore regular monitoring of Noise levels, stack
emissions, effluent into the soil and water bodies etc. are monitored to ensure that little or no
damage is done to the environment. The quality section of HSEQ main- tains the management
14

system of the production division developed in conjunction with various departments. This consists of activity descriptions and procedures with a structured framework of controls at all task
levels (NLNG JHA Manual 2007).

4.10

Gas Hazards, Explosive, Fire

This unit handles dry natural gas which contains N2 acid gas (H2S/CO2) and C1 to C7+ hydrocarbons with traces of mercury. The following observations must be carefully noted such that
in the event of an abnormal incident (i.e. releasing of natural gas to the atmosphere) suitable
precautions can be taken to minimise hazards to personnel and plant. Except for methane, all
other vapour components have the same or higher specific gravity as air and as such leakage and
spills of vapour will concentrate and accumulate at low levels. All hydrocarbon components form
explosive mixtures with air within certain limits and are liable to be ignited when a source of ignition is available. From the attached table, it should be noted that the heavier the component
the lower is the ignition temperature (HSE HAZOP Manual Shell B.V.).
4.10.1

Gas Hazard Toxicity

Simple asphyxiant: This refers to gases or vapours, which impair breathing capability of a person. The concentration limit is governed by deficiency in the available oxygen (minimum 18%
vol. under normal atmospheric conditions). Atmosphere deficient in oxygen does not provide
enough warning and this must be noted by plant operators. High vapour concentrations of all
hydrocarbon components will cause oxygen deficiency while lower concentrations will have an
anaesthetic effect (HSE HAZOP Manual Shell B.V.).

4.11

Fire Protection

The basis for design of any hydrocarbon processing facility is to eliminate or minimise all foreseeable fires, spills, gas releases and explosions. Wherever possible, all flammable hydrocarbons
are maintained within controlled areas such as pipes, pumps, tanks and other types of vessels
to eliminate loss and to prevent flammable mixtures with the oxygen contained in air. Whenever and wherever possible, obvious sources of ignition should be eliminated from the area or
are designed to prevent contact with the general environment. These items include electrical
spark-producing devices such as motor starters, electric motors, relays, light switches and any
open flame devices. More difficult to control are such sources of ignition as motor vehicles,
portable gas or diesel engines, gas or electric welding operations, employees who smoke, static
electricity and lightning. Occasionally a gas release or a liquid spill will occur due to pressure
relief devices, blown gaskets, equipment failure, pump seal leaks, accidental line breakage, or
various other causes. In these instances, it is important to stop the flow of flammable material
and prevent ignition by containment of liquids or dispersing of vapours. If a fire has already
started, then reduction of loss to equipment and personnel is of primary importance. In general,
the use of water spray is one of the best ways to control an existing fire. It serves to soak up
or absorb large quantities of heat and, when applied to surrounding vessels, helps to reduce the
temperature of their contents. This will greatly reduce the possibility of secondary ignitions.
Application of water on steel also serves to maintain structural rigidity and prevent collapse of
the steel supports. Steel will soften rapidly when exposed to an open flame. In cases where the
fire can be contained more readily and actual extinguishment is desired, the application of foam
or dry chemical powder can be beneficial. It should be noted that in many cases flame extinguishment is undesirable until all fuel is consumed. It is often preferable to maintain a controlled
15

burn for several hours than to extinguish the flames and risk the formation of a large flammable
vapour cloud with the high possibility of an uncontrolled vapour cloud explosion (HSE HAZOP
Manual Shell B.V.).
4.11.1

Common Extinguishing Agents

Water: Water is the most basic and abundant fire extinguishing agent known to man. It tends
to extinguish a fire by cooling and by smothering or excluding air from the fuel. When liquid
water becomes vapour or steam, it absorbs a large quantity of heat (1000 BTU per lb or 555.
kilo calories per kg). This characteristic is very useful in fire fighting. A straight stream of water
can be used to cool down steel tanks or steel supports so that direct fire or radiant heat does not
soften the metal and allow it to collapse and create further hazards. A water fog or water spray is
also useful in many ways to absorb the radiant energy evolved by fire and also tends to obstruct
oxygen flow to the surface of the fuel (HSE HAZOP Manual Shell B.V.).
Foam: Foam is probably the most generally used fire extinguishing agent in solvent storage.
High Expansion Foam (Hi-Ex) is the expansion of water and foam concentrate into millions of
tiny, stable bubbles. The rate of expansion can be from 200 to 1000 m3 of expanded foam for
each 1 m3 of water. Foam thus formed can be transferred to the fire efficiently by engineered
systems, portable generators, or Hi-Ex foam trucks (HSE HAZOP Manual Shell B.V.).

5 Maintenance (Ibrahim Khalil Hussaini 4241606)

Production engineering maintenance (PEM) is responsible for the preventive maintenance and
breakdown of equipment at NLNG. The department is further subdivide into 6 units each responsible for maintaining certain areas of the plant. Maintenance at Nigeria fall into two categories which are breakdown and preventive maintenance. Preventive maintenance is in essence
looking into the future and anticipating solutions to prevent machinery from failing. In the following paragraphs, we highlight the maintenance off common as well as essential machinery in
the plant.

5.1

Removal & Installation of Relief Valves

Isolate, purge and depressurize relief valve. Check that the relief valve vent is open and there
is no trapped pressure in the relief valve. Loosen the flange bolts of relief valve. Remove relief
valve using required lifting device if necessary. Assess the inlet and outlet piping condition and
ensure they are clear of debris and record findings. Also, ensure it is included in the Job History.
Decontaminate relief valve, then transport it to the workshop for inspection/maintenance. Clean
and inspect relief valve flange faces. Check that TAG on label corresponds with correct TAG.
Place appropriate gaskets on relief valve flange faces accordingly. Install and tighten bolts. Pressurize line with nitrogen and test for leakages. Depressurize and close vent valve and blind. Clear
work area of work material and tools. Deisolate the relief valve line. Hand back to Operations
and closeout (Production engineering maintenance work procedure manuals).

5.2

Maintaining belts for air cooled heat exchanger Fan (Fin-Fan)

To begin removing the belt, unbolt and remove the fan guard. Released the tension rod and
moved the motor together with its supporting plate towards the fan shaft. It is important not to
anything to wedge against the pulleys as this would damage the pulleys. Furthermore, the belt
16

must come off by itself. Finally, the belt is removed the from the pulleys. To begin replacing the
belt, observe the fan and motor pulley teeth and ensure they are clean and not worn. Using an
inclinometer the alignment of the motor and fan pulleys are checked and ensured that they are
within acceptable range. It is important not to place your fingers between the pulley and the belts
to avoid your fingers being trapped between them. We then placed the belt on pulleys not putting
strain on the belt when placing to avoid damage to the belt canvas. Next, tighten the tension rod to
tension the belt and checked the motor and fan pulleys again using the inclinometer. Turned fan
pulley by hand to ensure that they operate freely without binding. Also, check that the belt makes
full contact to the fan pulley and that it rotates near the middle of the fan pulley. Next, check
the belt tension using the tension meter near the mid span rotating the fan pulley at 90 degree
intervals to take measurements. Position back fan guard and tighten the holding bolts. Apply for
deisolation liaising with the operator to start the fan. Observed that it operates smoothly without
squeal, noise, rubbing, etc. Using the stroboscope, observe the belt mesh is correct. Finally, clear
the work area of tools and other materials and closed PTW and current job request with history
input in PACER (Production engineering maintenance work procedure manuals).

5.3

Lube oil Change-out

Ensure that the correct tag is being worked on. Operations Isolates, purges, draines and depressurizes compressor. Electrical then isolates the high voltage electrical compressor. It is important
to loosen the spade flange bolts along the drain line and removed the spade blind. Next is the
draining of the spent oil from the crankcase into the continuous oil contamination drain by opening the drain valve. residual oil is ensured that it is in the line is drained completely by loosening
the suction strainer upstream of the lube oil pumps. After draining the oil from the crankcase,
the drain valve is close flanges are re-spaded ensuring the flanges are well bolted. Next, ensured the drain plug on the suction strainer connected before charging with fresh oil. Charge
the crankcase with fresh Morlina 150 oil monitoring the level of oil through the sight glass until
indicated as full. Finally, replace the filler cap and run the lube oil pumps to allow the refilling of
the piping. Clean the work site , liaise with Operations and close permit (Production engineering
maintenance work procedure manuals).

5.4

Removal and reinstatement of penstock valves

The alarms are to be inhibited before the commencement of the maintenance operation. Operate
the pen-stock valve to the full close position and disconnect valve stem from the valve gate. Undo
the anchor bolts holding outer frame to wall and removed outer frame together with valve gate.
Remove valve gate from outer frame and the anchor bolts holding inner frame to wall. Cleaned
the inner frame, outer frame and wall surface, and the groove on inner frame. Install rubber seals
on both ends of the inner frame. One seals between wall and frame while the other seals between
frame and outer frame (for valve). Also, Install the inner frame together with seal and tighten
bolts. Ensured that inner frame is flush with the wall. Installed valve outer frame together with
the gate and tighten anchor bolts and Connect valve stem to valve gate. Operated valve to the
fully open position and then to the fully close position. Clear work site and liaise with Operations
and close permit (Production engineering maintenance work procedure manuals).

17

6 Conclusion
Natural gas is an odorless, colorless gas obtained from underground natural gas and oil reservoirs.
It generally comprises of a large quantity of methane along with heavier hydrocarbons such as
ethane, propane, isobutene, normal butane, etc. Also, in its raw state it often contains some nonhydrocarbons, such as nitrogen, hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide etc. and is generally saturated
with water. Natural gas is usually divided into associated and non-associated gas. Associated gas
is the gas that is obtained from oil wells, which contains more heavy hydrocarbons (C5+) than
non-associated gas, which is obtained from gas wells (NLNG HRP Overview 2005).
Nigeria LNG Limited (NLNG) is a major International gas company that deals in the liquefaction of natural gas and production of other by-products such as liquefied natural gas and
condensate. Nigeria LNG is not a gas exploration firm but a gas processing (i.e. treatment and
liquefaction) and transportation firm. Raw natural gas that contains C1, C2 , C3, C5 , C6, C7+,
N2, CO2, and H2O is treated. Hence NLNGs value chain begins when it receives gas from various sources through pipelines (gas transmission terminals), processes it and ships it to various
destinations for sale where the LNG is gasified and used for local and industrial consumption
(NLNG HRP Overview 2005).
NLNGs feed gas supply is sourced from various offshore and onshore fields in the Niger delta
region and is transported through a network of gas pipelines after which it undergoes treatment
to remove impurities. The gas is liquefied at various stages until the temperature reaches 161
C. It is then stored in storage tanks and subsequently transported to customers by NLNG ships.
Besides liquefied natural gas, associated byproducts such as condensate and liquefied petroleum
gas are produced and transported with some quantity of the liquefied petroleum gas dedicated for
sale (NLNG HRP Overview 2005).
The sole reason why natural gas is liquefied at cryogenic temperatures of around -161 C is
essentially for easy transportation. Since liquefied natural gas occupies much less volume than
an equivalent amount of gas, it is necessary to liquefy the gas before transportation in vessels in
order to transport more natural gas in liquid form. In a case of local gas consumption, pipelines
would be built with re-compression stations along the line to transport the gas to required consumers. NLNGs company mission is to market and produce and export liquefied natural gas and
its associated products safely, reliably and profitably and to grow the business to its full potential
by putting out the flares in Nigeria. NLNGs company vision is to be a world class company
helping to build a better Nigeria (NLNG HRP Overview 2005).
The HSEQ department also ensures compliance of the company to international Environmental and plant laws. Therefore regular monitoring of Noise levels, stack emissions, effluent
into the soil and water bodies etc. are monitored to ensure that little or no damage is done to
the environment. The quality section of HSEQ maintains the management system of the production division developed in conjunction with various departments. This consists of activity
descriptions and procedures with a structured framework of controls at all task levels.

18

References
[1]

Dr A.H Younger, Natural gas processing principles and technology-part 1.

[1]

HAZOP report De-bottlenecking of the High Pressure Fuel Pool.

[2]

HSE HAZOP Manual, Shell B.V.

[3]

LNG Overview, Nigeria LNG Limited HRP 2005.

[4]

NLNG JHA Manual.

[5]

NLNG Presentation-feed gas to shipment, Nigeria LNG Limited HRP.

[6]

Nigeria LNG Limited Operating manuals 2003.

[7]

http://www.nlng.com/PageEngine.aspx?&id=44.

[8]

Production engineering maintenance work procedure manuals.

19