Current Status of Child health in india , represent the best estimates of WHO for a broad

range of key public health indicators based on evidence available in 2013. These best estimates
have wherever
possible been computed by WHO using standardized categories and methods in order to enhance
cross-national comparability. This approach may result in some cases in differences between the
estimates presented here and the official national statistics prepared and endorsed by individual
Member States.
It is also important to stress that these estimates are subject to considerable uncertainty, especially
for countries with weak statistical and health information systems where the quality of underlying
empirical data is limited. For survey data, the year of the report
is used to determine the latest available year to be consistent across indicators.

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0010101010010101010010101010010101010010

1. Life expectancy and mortality

The indicators of life expectancy and mortality presented in Table 1 are: life expectancy at birth;
healthy life expectancy (HALE) at birth; neonatal mortality rate (the probability
of death occurring during the first 28 days of life); infant and under-five mortality rates (the probability
of dying between birth and 1 year of age, and before 5 years of age, respectively).
The estimates of mortality presented here have been derived wherever possible from death-registration
data reported annually to WHO. For countries where such data are not available or are of poor quality,
household surveys and censuses are used to prepare estimates of mortality rates and life expectancy.
Life expectancy is derived from life tables and is based on sex- and age-specific death rates. Life
expectancy at birth reflects the overall mortality level of a population and summarizes the mortality
pattern that prevails across all age groups children and adolescents, adults and the elderly. HALE
represents the average number of years that a person in a population can expect to live in full health
by taking into account years lived in less than full health due to disease and/or injury.
In recent years, WHO has liaised more closely with the United Nations Population Division in producing
life tables for countries in order to maximize the consistency of United Nations and WHO life tables,
and to minimize differences in the use and interpretation of available data on mortality levels.
In the case of child mortality, WHO is part of the Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation
(IGME) which carries out annual updates of estimates for infant and child mortality for UNICEF, WHO
and other international agencies. Childmortality rates measure child survival, and reflect the social, economic and
environmental conditionsin which children (and others in society) live, including their health care.

Life Expectancy and Mortality

Life Expectancy at birth (years)

Healthy life

Neonatal

Infant mortality rate

Under 5 mortality rate

Expectancy

mortality rate at

probability of dying by

probability of dying by

at Birth

birth both sexes

age at birth both sexes

age 5 per 1000 live

(2012)

Both sexes

Male

1990

1990

2012

1990

2012

57

64

58

68

58

2012

66

Female

57

birth

1990

2012

1990

2000

2012

1990

2000

2012

51

31

88

67

44

126

92

56

2. Cause-specific mortality
and morbidity
Table 2 brings together indicators on the levels and distribution of the broad categories and
more-specific causes of deaths. The three broad categories shown are communicable 1 and noncommunicable
conditions, and deaths caused by injury. The years of life lost (YLL) is a measure
of premature mortality that takes into account the frequency of premature death and the ages at
which deaths occur. Estimates are also provided of the number of deaths among children under
5 years old, and the percentage distributions of the major causes of such deaths. These causes
include: HIV/AIDS; diarrhoea; other major communicable diseases such as measles, malaria and
pneumonia; conditions arising in the perinatal period such as prematurity, birth asphyxia, neonatal
sepsis and congenital anomalies; and deaths caused by other diseases and by injury.
-related indicators, including maternal mortality, and mortality
and morbidity caused by HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis.
The cause-specific indicators have been derived from a range of sources of
mortality, incidence and prevalence data. These include death-registration records, health-facility
reports, household surveys, censuses, and special studies on deaths due to HIV and to conflict.
Estimating cause-specific mortality is particularly difficult in developing countries where systems for

counting deaths and accurately recording their causes are weak or non-existent.

Age-standardized
mortality rates by
cause a
(per 100 000

Years of life lost a

(per 100 000 population

no of
death
among
childe

population

Distribution of causes of
Distribution of causes of death among
death among children aged children aged < 5 years a,b
<5
(%)
years a,b
(%)

rn
aged
below
5
communicable

Non

injuries

com

All

communicable

Non

injuries

years

HIV

diahrrea

measles

Malaria

ARI

communic

causes

Intra

Neonata

congeni

Other

part

l sepsia

tal

diesea

injuries

able
muni

um

cable

relat

ses

ed
comp
licati
on
2012

2012

2012

2012

2012

2012

2012

2012

2012

2012

2012

2012

2012

2012

2012

2012

2012

2012

253

682

116

32584

13613

14186

4785

1407

11

14

11

16

3. Selected infectious diseases

The table does
provide an indication of the current status of officially reported infectious disease data at the global
level, and of the major reporting gaps. Given the variations in the methods used by countries to
obtain these numbers, no attempt has been made to calculate incidence or prevalence.
To meaningfully interpret the figures provided, both epidemiological patterns and data-collection
efforts in specific countries must be considered. Some diseases (for example, malaria and yellow
fever) are endemic to certain geographical regions, but are extremely rare elsewhere. Diseases
such as cholera are liable to cause outbreaks that can cause case numbers to fluctuate widely
over time. Because some diseases are best tackled with preventive measures such as mass drug
treatment, reporting the number of cases is a lower priority than estimating the population at risk.
For vaccine-preventable diseases, case numbers are affected by immunization rates. Diseases
such as Japanese encephalitis and malaria are difficult to identify without specialized laboratory
tests that are often not available in developing countries. In many settings, cases of some diseases
are identified through clinical signs and symptoms alone.
Despite ongoing efforts to enhance disease surveillance and response, many countries face challenges
in accurately identifying, diagnosing and reporting infectious diseases due to the remoteness
of communities, lack of transport and communication infrastructures, and a shortage of skilled
health care workers and laboratory facilities to ensure accurate diagnosis. No inferences can be
drawn from the figures shown concerning the efforts or progress that countries are making in
controlling particular diseases. Case numbers are also a poor indication of the burden of disease.
Diseases such as poliomyelitis and leprosy have low mortality rates but result in a heavy loss of
healthy years of life. Some diseases with very small initial case numbers can potentially cause
devastating epidemics, and so mandatory reporting is essential. For diseases that are considered
eradicable, such as poliomyelitis, case reporting is essential to ensure that eradication efforts are
targeted to the affected areas.
Some diseases are reported under the International Health Regulations, while others are monitored
by countries or by WHO in the context of specific control programmes. Further information on disease
incidence and prevalence, as well as on immunization coverage rates for vaccine-preventable
diseases, can be obtained from the relevant WHO programme.

.0
Selected infectious diseases

Chole

Diph

hum

Japanese

leishm

Lepro

Mala

Me

meni

Pestu

polio

Co

rub

Ne

Total

ra

theri

an

encephal

aniasis

sy

ria

asle

ngitis

sis

mycli

nge

ella

ona

tetnus

titis

ins

TB

Yel
low

nti

tal

few

al

tet

er

rub

nas

ella
syn
dro
me

2525

20571

13475

10678

186

24

68

44154

102

588

2404

128
953
6

1101001100110100110011010011001101001100110100110011010011001101001

4. Health service coverage

Health service coverage indicators reflect the extent to which people in need actually receive
important health interventions. Such interventions include: reproductive-health services; the provision
of skilled care to women during pregnancy and childbirth; immunization to prevent common
childhood infections; vitamin A supplementation in children; and the prevention and treatment of
disease in children, adolescents and adults.
Data are also presented on births by caesarean section; postnatal care coverage; neonates
protected at birth against neonatal tetanus; 1-year-olds immunized against diphtheria, tetanus
and pertussis, hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenzae type B; children aged 659 months who
received vitamin A supplementation; children aged < 5 years with acute respiratory infection (ARI)
symptoms taken to a health facility; children aged < 5 years with suspected pneumonia receiving
antibiotics; children aged < 5 years with diarrhoea receiving oral rehydration therapy (ORT); and
coverage of antiretroviral therapy among pregnant women with HIV to prevent mother-to-child
transmission (MTCT).
Coverage indicators are typically calculated by dividing the number of people receiving a defined
intervention by the population eligible for or in need of the intervention. For example, immunization
coverage among 1-year-old children can be calculated from the number of children
having received a specific vaccine divided by the total population of 1-year-old children in each
country. For indicators on antenatal care, births attended by skilled health personnel and births
by caesarean section, the denominator is the total number of live births in the defined population.
The main sources of data on health service coverage are household surveys and completed
questionnaires on health service use. The principal types of surveys used are the UNICEF Multiple
Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS), the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) and country health and
economic surveys. Other sources of data include the administrative records of routine service provision,
which provide data on the numerator. The denominator is estimated on the basis of census
projections. It should be borne in mind that administrative records tend to overestimate coverage
as a result of double counting in the numerator and uncertainty in the denominator. Although

household surveys are generally considered to be more reliable, these are subject to respondent
reporting errors as well as to margins of uncertainty due to sampling errors. In generating global
estimates, it is good practice to reconcile data from multiple sources in order to maximize the
accuracy of all estimateshealth workers classified as skilled birth attendants. Indicator
definitions may also change over time.
co1001011001011110101010010101010010110010111101010100101010100101

15. Risk factors

Table presents information on indicators for certain risk factors that are associated with increased
mortality and morbidity. These preventable risk factors include: unsafe water and lack of sanitation;
use of solid fuels in households; low birth weight; poor infant-feeding practices; childhood
undernutrition and overnutrition; diabetes; hypertension; obesity; harmful consumption of alcohol;
use of tobacco; and unsafe sex.Unsafe water supplies and inadequate levels of sanitation and hygiene
increase the transmission of diarrhoeal diseases (including cholera); trachoma; and hepatitis. The use
of solid fuels in households is a proxy indicator for household air pollution. Using solid fuels such
as wood, charcoal and crops is associated with increased mortality from pneumonia and other acute
lower respiratory diseases among children, as well as increased mortality from chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease, lung cancer (where coal is used) and other diseases among adults.
More than one in 10 babies are born preterm (born alive before 37 weeks of pregnancy) and one
million die from the complications of such births each year. More than three quarters of premature
babies can be saved with feasible and cost-effective care.
. Evidence of this condition indicates chronic malnutrition, which is likely to have serious and longlasting impacts on health. Being underweight may reflect wasting (i.e. low weight-for-height) which
indicates acute weight loss and/or stunting.

Risk factors

Preterm birthrate

Infants

Children aged

Prevalence of

per100 live birth

exclusively

below 5 yrs

current tobacco

13

Summary
1.Definition
2.

breastfeed for the

use

first 6months of

adolescnts aged

life

13-15 years

46

47.9

19

among

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2014