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DEMONSTRATION UNIT
MODEL: FM11
CHE311 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
Instructor:
Group 1
MOHAMAD ZULFIKA BIN MOHD UDIN
2010922227
2010334873
2010792193
2010963297
CRITERIA
FULL
MARKS
INTRODUCTION
Aims/objectives
Theory
10
MARKS
Total;
Checked by ;
Experimenter: ABDUL HADI BIN ABDUL RAHMAN
SCOPE
CRITERIA
FULL
MARKS
Diagram and
Include the description of main
description of
apparatus, as well as sketched diagram
apparatus
Methodology/procedure Simplified procedures based on what we
have been done in lab
Reference/appendix
10
Total:
Checked by:
MARKS
CRITERIA
FULL
MARKS
RESULT
20
discussion
MARKS
20
Total;
Checked by:
CRITERIA
FULL
MARKS
Abstract
Sample calculation
conclusion
Recommendation
Total:
Checked by:
MARK
S
ABSTRACT
Osborne Reynolds experiment used to investigate the characteristic of the flow of
the liquid in the pipe which is also used to determine the Reynolds number for each
state of the flow. The design of the apparatus allowed studying the characteristic of the
flow of the fluids in the pipe, the behavior of the flow and also to calculated the range for
the laminar and turbulent flow where the calculation is used to prove the Reynolds
number is dimensionless by using the Reynolds number formula.
From the data collected we made calculation to estimate the range for
laminar
and
turbulent
flow.
To
prove
that
the
Reynolds
number
is
dimensionless, we calculate by using the units only and using the appropriate
formula, it is proved that the Reynolds number is dimensionless.
TABLE OF CONTAINS
Abstract
Table contains
Introduction
Objective
Theory
Apparatus
Procedure
Results
Discussion
Sample calculation
Conclusion
Recommendation
References
Appendix
INTRODUCTION
The experiment is conducted mainly to study the criterion of laminar, transitional
and turbulent flow. In fluids mechanics, internal flow is defined as a flow for which the
fluids is confined by a surface. The flow may be laminar or turbulent. Osborne Reynolds
was a prominent innovator in the understanding of the fluids dynamics.
Osborne Reynolds apparatus consists of water resource for the system supply,
fix-head water input to big and small transparent pipes, dye input by injection units, and
water output units to determine water flow rate. The laminar, transition and turbulent
flows can be obtained by varying the water flow rate using the water outlet control valve.
Water flow rate and hence the flow velocity is measured by volumetric measuring tank.
Flow pattern are visualized using dye injection through a needle valve. The dye injection
rate can be controlled and adjusted to improve the quality of flow patterns.
OBJECTIVES
To observe the laminar, transitional and turbulent flow and to prove the
Reynolds number is dimensionless by using the formula.
.
THEORY
The Reynolds number I widely used dimensionless parameters in fluids mechanics.
Reynolds number formula:
R= Reynolds number
U= fluids velocity (m/s)
L= length or diameter (m)
V= kinematics viscosity (m2/s)
observed will become disperse in the water and mix with water. The observed dye will
not be identifiable at this points.
DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS
2
1
3
4
8
6
9
7
1. Dye reservoir
2. Dye control valve
3. Dye injection
4. Head tank
5. Observation tube
6. Overflow tube
7. Water inlet valve
8. Bell mouth
9. Water outlet valve
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
EXPERIMENT A
OBJECTIVE
-To compute Reynolds number
-To observe the laminar, transitional and turbulent flow.
1. Lower the dye injector until it seen in the glass tube.
2. Allow water to enter stilling tank by open the inlet valve.
3. Make sure a little overflow spillage through the over flow tube to maintain
a constant level.
4. Allow water to settle for a few minute and let water flow through the
visualizing tube.
5. Adjust the dye control valve until a slow flow dye injection is achieved.
6. For flow laminar, regulate water in and out until a straight identifiable dye
line is achieved.
7. Picture is captured as a result.
8. This experiment is repeated by adjusting water in and out valve until it
produced transitional and turbulent flow.
EXPERIMENT B
OBJECTIVE
-To determine the Reynolds number
-To determine the upper and lower critical velocities at transitional flow.
1. Lower the dye injector until it seen in the glass tube.
2. Allow water to enter stilling tank by open the inlet valve.
3. Make sure a little overflow spillage through the over flow tube to maintain
a constant level.
4. Allow water to settle for a few minute and let water flow through the
visualizing tube.
5. Adjust the dye control valve until a slow flow dye injection is achieved.
6. Laminar flow is created by repeating the procedures. The flow rate is
slowly increased until the laminar flow produce small disturbance to
measure critical velocity.
7. Flow rate at outlet valve is measure using volumetric result.
8. This experiment is repeated to introducing a turbulent flow and slowly
decrease flow rate till the flow become transitional. This will be upper
critical velocity.
RESULTS
FLOW
TIME(s)
FLOW
RATE,Q
(L/s)
FLOW
RATE,Q
(m3/s)
LAMINAR
2132
0.001876
0.000001876 171.452
TRANSITIONAL 492
0.00813
0.00000813
742.225
TURBULENT
0.05882
0.00005882
5370.06
68
REYNOLDS VOLUME
NUMBER
(L)
DISSCUSION
Before conduct this experiment, it is necessary to know the different between the
flow. As for laminar flow, it is defined as a highly ordered fluids motion with smooth
streamlines. Turbulent flow is much different with laminar, as it is a highly disordered
fluids motion characterized by velocity and fluctuations and eddies, whereas transition
flow is known as a flow that contains both laminar and turbulent regions.
From the experiment, we observed the dye start flowing in a straight ordered line
through the glass tube, and as the velocity increase after some time, the ordered
streamlines is seen to begin to begin to disperse at about the middle of the streamlines,
but still remains the straight line at the earlier part. Next, the dispersion started to
increase, indicating the turbulent flow. These observations are concluded as the
streamlines is undergoing change type of flow due to increasing velocity.
From the result obtained and based on calculated data, the Reynolds number for
laminar flow is 171.452 and for transitional flow is 742.225. For turbulent flow, the
Reynolds number is 5370.06 . Reynolds number for laminar flow is small because the
flow rate is slow. If the flow rate is higher, then the Reynolds number is also higher. The
Reynolds Number is dimensionless. We calculate by using the units only and
using the appropriate formula, it is proved that the Reynolds number is
dimensionless.
SAMPLE CALCULATION
d = 0.0156m
r = 0.0078m
= 997 kg/m3
A = 0.0001912m2
= 0.891 x10-3
1 L = 0.001 m3
Re = (ud ) /
Laminar flow
Q( ) =
u=
= 0.001876
= 0.00001876
= 0.009811
Re = (ud ) /
Re =
= 171.452
Transitional flow
Q( ) =
u=
= 0.00813
= 0.00000813
= 0.04252
Re = (ud ) /
Re =
= 742.225
Turbulent flow
Q( ) =
u=
= 0.05882
= 0.00005882
= 0.30764
Re = (ud ) /
Re =
= 5370.06
CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, as water flow rate is increasing, the Reynolds number will
automatically increase as well, and the dye line change from straight line to swirling
streamlines. Likewise, it is proven that Reynolds number is dimensionless, since no
units is representing the value of a Reynolds number. Laminar flows is obtained if the
Reynolds number is less than 2300, meanwhile the Reynolds number for turbulent flow
is more than 4000. The Reynolds number for transition flow is in between 2300 until
4000.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Before injecting the dye into the fluids, we should make sure the dye is not too
much and not too insufficient. It will be hard to stable the fluids to get a laminar
flow.
For a better result, make sure the water is clear. Because clear water is easy to
observe the results.
The person collecting the water should synchronize well with the time keeper.
REFERENCES
APPENDICES