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ABSTRACT: For transportation tunnel projects, either new design or rehabilitation, owners always seek for
adequate and economic solutions for fire resistance and protection of concrete lining should a fire occurs. The
behavior and impact of a concrete lining during a fire depend on the tunnels designed fire load and its associated
fire time-temperature curve, besides its means of tunnel ventilation. Overstress and explosive spalling in concrete
lining may occur through differential temperature gradients and water vapor pressure in the lining. Until recent,
fire design loads and time-temperature curves for tunnels are based on available building standards, which may
not be adequate. This paper assesses existing fire design standards, codes, and guidelines for tunnel concrete
linings; reviews the latest active and passive methods for tunnel fire protection; summarizes the physical and
mechanical properties of concrete lining exposed to fires; evaluates high performance concrete tunnel linings
behavior when it is exposed to fires; reviews the latest tunnel fire time-temperature design curves; proposes a
loading combination for tunnel design in fire; and provides a simplified manual approach, considering time
dependent and temperature gradient factors within the lining, for concrete tunnel lining design in fire.
1
1.1
INSTRUCTION
manual calculation approach for fire design and rehabilitation of concrete tunnel lining for transportation
tunnels.
209
Table 1.
tunnel.
2.1
Vehicle type
Temperature C
Passenger
Bus/small lorry
Heavy lorry (HGV) with combustible
goods
Petrol tanker (general case)
Petrol tanker (extreme case, such as
for ITT)
400 C
700 C
1,350 C
1,350 C
1,400 C
Spalling
DESIGN PARAMETERS
210
Figure 2 shows temperature variation curves in concrete sections, which are calculated based on Equation
(2) for the ISO standard fire time-temperature curve.
3.3 Thermal properties and modulus of elasticity
is about 2,300 kg/m3 . When exposed to fire at temperature above 100 C, the density of most concrete
would drop 100 kg/m3 from the evaporation of free
water. This phenomenon has little effect to concretes
thermal response. Other than the change of its moisture content, concretes density does not change much
from thermal impact, except for limestone aggregates. Limestone aggregates would decompose when
its exposure temperature is greater than 800 C.
Concretes thermal conductivity and specific heat
also vary with its degree of exposure to thermal loads.
These properties are important for 2-D and 3-D CFD
and structure analyses; however, for the simplified
manual calculation to be presented in this paper, they
are not explicitly required and are not further discussed. EC2 (1993) and BS 8110 (BSI, 1985) present
these properties in details.
3.4 Concrete strength
Concrete compressive strength is reduced with the
increase of temperature. Figure 3 illustrates design
values of concrete compressive strength at different
temperature state in accordance with BS 8110.
In Figure 3, the line of normal weight concrete is
given by (R being the relative factor to concretes normal temperature strength and T being the temperature)
the following equations:
211
For fire design, the strength and the members sectional properties are based on the most likely expected
situation; therefore, most international codes specify
the strength reduction factor to 1 for fire design
purpose, and
3.5
4
4.1
212
4.3
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
ACI. 318. 2005. Building code requirements for structural
concrete and commentary.
Annica Nordmak, A. 1998. Fire and life safety for underground facilities: present status of fire and life safety
principles related to underground facilities. Tunnelling
and Underground Space Technology, Vol. 13, No. 3:
217269.
Beeston, A. 2002. Refractory solutions for fire protection
of tunnel structures. Proceedings of the 4th International
Conference on Tunnel Fires, Basel, Switzerland.
BSI. 1985. Structure use of concrete, BS 8110, British
Standards Institution, UK.
Carvel, R. 2005. Fire protection in concrete tunnels. The
Handbook of Tunnel Fire Safety: 110124.
EC1. 1994. Eurocode 1: Basis of design and design actions
on structures. Part 2-2: Actions on structures exposed to
fire. ENV 1991-2-2.
EC2. 1993. Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures. ENV
1992-1-2: General Rules Structural Fire Design.
Lance, G.A. (1998) Effects of Fire on Tunnel Lining
Stability, Tunnels & Tunnelling International, October.
Gustaferro,A.H. (2002) Fire-Resistant Concrete, MA Magazine, Spring.
ITA. Working Group No. 6 Maintenance and Repair 2004.
Guidelines for structural fire resistance for road tunnels.
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214