Professional Documents
Culture Documents
C Schauder
H Mehta
INTRODUCTION
a a
vbib
t v
i
c c
(1)
c ]
=f
2 -$
-1
-1
-1
E.
-1
;
[ c ]
= $ [ C ] ,
I ids 1
(3)
267
where 0 is the angle hetween the voltage and the current vectors.
Clearly, only that component of the current vector which is in phase
with the instantaneous voltage vector contributes t o the
instantaneous power. The remaining current component could be
removed without changing the power and this component is
therefore the instantaneous reactive current. These observations can
be extended to the following definition of instantaneous reactive
power:
Q
- _
(7)
I ~ Iilsin(0)
I
O L
(Vdsiqs
vqsids)
(4)
L'=bB .
'base
where the constant 312 is chosen so that the definition coincides with
the classical phasor definition under balanced steady- state
conditions.
i'
x
2
i
v'=
'
= L
w c z
base
'
e'=
"base
base
Rr=A
. ..=A
'base
base
e
x
base
base
Vbase
i
base
(8)
Isz
-1
IC11
kvLCcos(m)
(10)
e'
kv;icsin(o)
(11)
IC11,
where k is a factor for the inverter which relates the dc-side voltage
to the amplitude (peak) of the phase-to-neutral voltage at the inverter
ac-side terminals, and 01 is the angle by which the inverter voltage
vector leads the line voltage vector. It is important to distinguish
hetween two basic types of voltage-sourced inverter that can be used
in ASVC systems.
Inverter Type I allows the instantaneous values of both 01 and k to be
vaned for control purposes. Provided that vic is kept sufficiently
high, e i and e' can be independently controlled. This capability can
he achieved b4y various pulse-width-modulation (PWM) techniques
that invariably have a negative impact on the efficiency, harmonic
content, or utilization of the inverter. Type I inverters are presently
considered uneconomical for transmission-line applications and their
conml will only he briefly considered here.
Inverter Type I1 is of primary interest for transmission line ASVCs.
In this case, k is a constant factor, and the only available control
input is the angle, 01, of the inverter voltage vector. This case will be
discussed in greater detail.
Inverter Type I Control System
Inspection of (9) leads directly to a rule that will provide decoupled
control of ih and i i . The inverter voltage vector is controlled as
follows:
268
"=ob
uo=
i'
4
ih0
i'
qo
IV'I =
v'
dcO -
"b
E
vb
ihOL'
(20)
(k
5
p.
(if*
d
i'
(15)
d )
v,
(e?&
(17)
e q' i q
')
(5)
q
_
Au(s)
li]-l"i'i
~ - * [ 3 't
L ~ - l v & [~~ ~
" c+" wli'
b qo
sIs2
s b
L'
[ A I
ko
b cos(=)
L'
L"C"1
C'.
(22)
'
and
t .
- ]ob 11 t
3klC'
2L'
(23)
The transfer function, (22), also has a pair of complex zeroes on the
imaginary axis. These move along the imaginary axis as a function
of ';lo.occuring at lower frequency than the poles only when
2V'
dcO
iho
Steady state solutions for (19) using typical system parameters are
plotted in Fig. 8 as a function of a. (subscript 0 denotes steady state
values.) Note that ';lovaries almost linearly with respect to a@ and
the range of m o for one per unit swing in i ' o is very small.
Neglecting losses (i.e. R; = 0, R;, = m) the ste&y state solutions
would be as follows:
3kw C'
2
L'
L" =
dc
-R'W
o2
ko
Combining (9), (10). (11). (17) and (18). we obtain the following
state equations for the ASVC:
p . [ ! l = [ A ]
3kC'
-
i,
qOX
(24)
269
Case 2:
"'
- q- (')
2111(~+11.4+j1557)(s+11.4-j1557)
(s+23.8) (s+15.4+j1476) (s+15.4-j1476)
Ao(s)
qo
g.[ i'
ibex
1.Av'dc
(25)
(281
V'
lijl
4L' [l -
2LI,
(291
kzC'
(261
vhq= v;
sin((n-1)o t )
(27)
These sinusoidal inputs on the d- and q-axes give rise to sine wave
responses ihd. i; , and vidc of frequency (n-l)wb. Generally iid
9
and ii do not form a balanced two-phase sinusoidal set. They can
be r e A v e d into a positive sequence set and a negative sequence set
using normal two-phase phasor symmetrical components. We thus
find two distinct current component vectors in response to the norder harmonic voltage vector. Within the synchronous reference
The ASVC scaled model was designed and built at the Westinghouse
Science and Technology Center through the combined efforts of
several individuals. In particular, the authors would like to
acknowledge the important contributions made by Mr. M. Gernhardt
and Mr. M. Brennen.
270
REFERENCES
1.
2.
+qs-AXIS
bt
m.
3.
4.
5.
(B -axis)
iqs
'\
v4s
''''\\\\\\\,,,,,&V
'\
____________
ids
Figure 3.
Vds + d s - m S
\\"-ESE
+ds-axis
*-axis)
Figure 4.
VOLTAGE
INVERTER
Figure 1.
+C-PHASE
AXIS
Vector Representation of Instantaneous
Three-phase Variables.
iC
Figure 5.
+ d-
J'
Figure 2.
Figure 6.
25% FIFTH HARMONIC
AXIS
27 1
40
10
-10
-20
'
\ (1)Capacitive
Rp = lOO.O/k
D -90
E
(2)Inductive
IQO = 1.07
s -270
100
200
300
4 I
FREQUENCY (HZ)
Figure 7.
Figure loa.
Figure lob.
3.0
I
I
2.5-
2.01.5-
p LO-\
E
R 0.5-
vico
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
II
I
I
-3.0
!I
R+
R,
un
=
=
=
=
=
0.0
10C
1
.
P
377
377
1I
A vdc
Reactive
current
reference
CONTROL
Iia
Figure 9.
Figure 11.
-le
Iic
272
Figure 12.
32
6.4
96
128
160
192
Time (ms)
Figure 15.
Figure 13.
k = 4/x
L' = 0.15 p.u.
R,= 0
%=
I
0
Figure 16.
,
32
61
96
130
'
160
193
T i m e (ins)
'
'