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Copyright P. Kundur
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Excitation Systems
Outline
1. Functions and Performance
Requirements
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DC excitation systems
AC excitation systems
1. DC Excitation Systems:
voltage regulators range from the early noncontinuous rheostatic type to the later system
using magnetic rotating amplifiers
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2. AC Excitation Systems:
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2.1
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AC Regulator:
basic function is to maintain generator stator voltage
in addition, other auxiliaries act through the ac
regulator
DC Regulator:
holds constant generator field voltage (manual
control)
used for testing and startup, and when ac regulator is
faulty
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Load Compensator:
used to regulate a voltage at a point either within
or external to the generator
achieved by building additional circuitry into the
AVR loop (see Fig. 8.16)
with RC and XC positive, the compensator
regulates a voltage at a point within the
generator;
used to ensure proper sharing VARs between
generators bussed together at their terminals
commonly used with hydro units and cross-compound
thermal units
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~
~
Vc Et R c jX c I t
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V/Hz (p.u.)
Damage Time in
Minutes
1.25
1.2
1.15
1.10
1.05
GEN
0.2
1.0
6.0
20.0
XFMR
1.0
5.0
20.0
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System equation:
Limiting action:
Representation:
System equation:
Limiting action:
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Figure 8.40: IEEE type DC1A excitation system model. IEEE 1991[8]
The type DC1A exciter model represents field controlled dc
communtator exciters, with continuously acting voltage regulators.
The exciter may be separately excited or self excited, the latter type
being more common. When self excited, KE is selected so that initially
VR=0, representing operator action of tracking the voltage regulator by
periodically trimming the shunt field rheostat set point.
Figure 8.41: IEEE type AC1A excitation system model. IEEE 1991[8]
The type AC1A exciter model represents a field controlled alternator
excitation system with non-controlled rectifiers, applicable to a
brushless excitation system. The diode rectifier characteristic imposes
a lower limit of zero on the exciter output voltage. The exciter field
supplied by a pilot exciter, and the voltage regulator power supply is
not affected by external transients.
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Figure 8.42: IEEE type AC4A excitation system model IEEE 1991 [8]
The type AC4A exciter model represents an alternator supplied controlled
rectifier excitation system - a high initial response excitation system
utilizing full wave thyristor bridge circuit. Excitation system stabilization
is usually provided in the form of a series lag-lead network (transient gain
reduction). The time constant associated with the regulator and firing of
thyristors is represented by TA. The overall gain is represented by KA. The
rectifier operation is confined to mode 1 region. Rectifier regulation
effects on exciter output limits are accounted for by constant KC.
Figure 8.43: IEEE type ST1A excitation system model IEEE 1991 [8]
The type ST1A exciter model represents potential-source controlled-rectifier
systems. The excitation power is supplied through a transformer from
generator terminals; therefore, the exciter ceiling voltage is directly
proportional to generator terminal voltage. The effect of rectifier regulation
on ceiling voltage is represented by KC. The model provides flexibility to
represent series lag-lead or rate feedback stabilization. Because of very
high field forcing capability of the system, a field current limiter is
sometimes employed; the limit is defined by lLR and the gain by KLR.
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Modeling of Limiters
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