Professional Documents
Culture Documents
4. In animals:
- pyruvate undergoes lactic acid fermentation --> produce lactic acid
- occurs in the muscles during vigorous activity + strenuous exercise.
2. e- transferred from NADH + FADH2 via several e- acceptors --> final e- acceptor (molecular O2).
3. energy produced = ATP (thru oxidative phophorylation).
4. inhibitors = cyanide + CO - inhibit the function of ETC.
5. Cyanide + CO --> block activity of cytochrome oxidase --> inhibit the ETS --> noproduction of H2O -> no activation of ATP synthase --> no ATP production.
6. ETS:
accepts e- from energy carriers (NADH + FADH2) from glycolysis + Krebs cycle.
1. Krebs cycle:
- biochemical reactions occurring in all living cells,
- in the inner membrane of mitochondria.
- involves a metabolic pathway (pyruvate --> CO2 + H2O) to generate energy.
- also called citric acid cycle or trycarboxilic acid (TCA) cycle.
2. Acetyl CoA initiates the Krebs cycle (by combining with oxaloacetate (4C) --> citrate).
3. Citrate is decarboxilated and dehydrogenated.
4. Energy stored = NADH, FADH2 and GTP.
5. 2 mol of CO2 are released (as waste product).
6. NAD + FAD = H acceptors.
7. 1 mol of ATP is gained.
8. provides H for use in ETC (as energy for formation of ATP).
Glycolysis:
1. takes place in cytoplasm of a living cell,
2. glucose --> 2 mol of pyruvate.
3. series of reactions catalysed by specific enzymes
4. involves two phases: energy investment phase and energy pay off phase.
5. Energy investment phase: