Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Pollutant
Contaminant
Petroleum
Natural Resource
Dispersant
Skimmer
Absorb
Phosphate Cleanup
Phosphate
Ion
precipitate
Wastewater
Eutrophication
treatment
Groundwater
Contamination
Aquifers
porous
Water
Treatment
Simultion
Aeration
Coagulation
Sedimentation
Filtration
Chlorination
Floc
Suspended
dissolved
Objectives:
Students will understand key vocabulary associated with lab experiences and will
use the vocabulary during partner and class discussions.
Students will evaluate the affects of various contaminants during water experiments.
Students will generalize results from in-class lab experiences to real world problems
and issues affecting our community.
measuring cup
plant food containing phosphate
*Note: most fertilizers or plant foods have three numbers listed on the label.
The second number represents the amount of phosphate. Choose one with a
value of 20 or higher. Miracle-Gro works well and has a phosphate number of
30.
marking pens
Water Pollution:
Background information:
Through natural processes such as erosion and decay, all water contains dissolved or
suspended substances. Some natural substances found in water include gases such as
air, salts, organic material from plants and animals, microorganisms such as bacteria,
and solids such as sand and clay. Water quality is a measure of the types and amounts
of these substances in the water.
Water quality is also affected by people. In addition to the natural contaminants
found in water, many pollutants are being added to our water supplies by human
activities. Major sources of water pollution are sewage, industrial wastes, and the
runoff of agricultural fertilizers and pesticides. Other sources of water pollution include
oil spills, seepage from landfills, septic tanks, mines, and underground fuel storage
tanks. Water pollution can also be caused by storm-water runoff from streets, parking
lots, and buildings and even the dumping of household chemicals down the drain.
Water pollution lowers water quality and presents a potential health problem. In
addition, water pollution destroys the natural beauty and health of lakes, rivers, and
oceans.
Water Purification:
Earth is referred to as the water planet because two-thirds of the earths surface is
covered in water. However, most of the water on earth is seawater and is unfit for
drinking, irrigation, and industrial uses because it contains large amounts of dissolved
salts. Only about 3 percent of the earths water is fresh water and only a small portion
of that water can be used for drinking and other human needs.
Nearly all the water to be used for drinking and other human requirements must be
treated to make it safe. Treatment plants purify water by removing suspended
particles, bacteria and other harmful substances.
Two activities are presented to demonstrate water purification. These activities are
Water Treatment Simulation and Removing Organic Chemicals from Water.
is also an important source of raw material for the manufacturing of plastics, synthetic
fibers, insecticides, detergents, paints and some medicines.
Oil spills can be harmful to the environment. Oil spilled on the ground can contaminate
groundwater, streams, rivers, and lakes that may be used as sources of drinking water.
Oil spills on water can be harmful to aquatic plants, fish and other animals. Some of the
largest oil spills have occurred in the oceans, seas, and most recently in the Gulf of
Mexico.
Several techniques can be used to clean up oil spills on water such as surrounding the
spill with a floating barrier and suing pumps or skimmers to remove the oil or spreading
dispersants over the oil which cause the oil to break up into very tiny drops that mix with
the water.
Phosphate Cleanup:
Phosphates are important plant nutrients and are used in most fertilizers. In some areas
of the country phosphates are also used in detergents to increase the cleaning power of
the detergent.
Runoff of fertilizers from farmland when it rains and the release of wastewater containing
phosphates can cause phosphates to end up in ponds and lakes. This causes algae and
other aquatic plants to grow so rapidly that the water becomes choked with plants. This
process is called eutrophication. Because phosphates can lead to eutrophication, many
areas of the country have banned or restricted the use of detergents with high phosphate
content.
Wastewater treatment plants use techniques to remove the phosphate from wastewater
before the treated water is released into rivers or lakes. The activity can be used to
demonstrate how phosphate can be removed from water using aluminum ions in a
process very similar to that used in water treatment facilities.
Groundwater Contamination:
Ground water is stored in aquifers, zones of porous rock, gravel, or sand located under
the earths surface. This water is often pumped out of the ground and used for many
purposes, including drinking. Approximately 53 percent of the U.S. population gets its
water from underground aquifers. Once polluted, ground water is very difficult to clean
up.
Water Treatment
A water company must go through several steps to insure safe and pure drinking water
for the community.
The water that is processed comes from the natural water cycle and has usually been
transferred and stored in a reservoir before processing.
The following steps are followed in a typical water treatment plant:
Aeratioin
Coagulation
Sedimentation
Filtration
Chlorination
of drinking water. Oil spills on water can be harmful to aquatic plants, fish and
other animals. Some of the largest oil spills have occurred in the oceans, seas,
and most recently in the Gulf of Mexico.
Several techniques can be used to clean up oil spills on water such as surrounding
the spill with a floating barrier and suing pumps or skimmers to remove the oil or
spreading dispersants over the oil which cause the oil to break up into very tiny
drops that mix with the water.
Runoff of fertilizers from farmland when it rains and the release of wastewater
containing phosphates can cause phosphates to end up in ponds and lakes. This
causes algae and other aquatic plants to grow so rapidly that the water becomes
choked with plants. This process is called eutrophication. Because phosphates
can lead to eutrophication, many areas of the country have banned or restricted
the use of detergents with high phosphate content.
Wastewater treatment plants use techniques to remove the phosphate from
wastewater before the treated water is released into rivers or lakes. The activity
can be used to demonstrate how phosphate can be removed from water using
aluminum ions in a process very similar to that used in water treatment facilities.
10. Disinfection: add a small amount of very dilute bleach solution to disinfect the
sample. At this point, you can us a pool kit capable of measuring chlorine to
measure how much disinfectant is present in the finished sample.
11. A small amount of disinfectant is added to kill the remaining bacteria.
a. Note: DO NOT allow students to drink this water!
12. *Optional: Review the water treatment process using visuals provided at the
training session. Give to student groups in random order and have them put them
in the order they followed.
Discussion / background information:
Hold a class discussion about the results of the investigation. Allow students to record
observations and conclusions in their lab notebook. Use the following discussing points to
guide their learning.
1. A water company must go through several steps to insure safe and pure
drinking water for the community.
2. The water that is processed comes from the natural water cycle and has
usually been transferred and stored in a reservoir before processing.
3. The following steps are followed in a typical water treatment plant:
a. Aeration
b. Coagulation
c. Sedimentation
d. Filtration
e. Chlorination
Making the Connection:
Questions:
Summarize what we learned about the water treatment process.
Why are there so many steps?
Why is each step important?
Why is water treatment important for human health?
Do we need to treat water for other uses other than drinking?
Review new vocabulary:
Aeration
Coagulation
Sedimentation
Filtration
Chlorination
Floc
Suspended
dissolved
Activity Closure:
Allow students to share their new learning with a partner, or summarize three things they
learned in their science notebook or lab journal.