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VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE

Diego Aragn Sotelo, 42091003

AbstractThe DC to AC converters is known as

investors. The function of an inverter is to change a DC
input voltage to a symmetrical AC output voltage with the
desired magnitude and frequency. Both the output voltage
and frequency can be fixed or variable. The Inverter 3phase frequency variable and opto-coupled interface
basically consists of two parts: the control circuit and the
circuit Force. The control circuit consists of a clock circuit
tone burst type, consisting of two circuits It integrated
cascade, where the frequency is varied by a pot (variable
resistor); which enable two cascaded flip-flop where the
pulses are 180 out of phase reach the opto couplers, there
are connected to the power circuit. Power circuit
arrangement
comprises
a
six-transistor
diode
corresponding to an inverter phase fed a 12 volt DC
source. This is where the resistive loads are connected and
/ or Inductive either delta or star; should be noted that the
supply of this equipment is alternating (AC), but the
power integrated circuits is DC so they were designed and
implemented rectified sources for effect..
Index Termsinverter, igbt, SPWM, three phase, PID
contol, harmonics, phase, AC voltage, DC.

INTRODUCTION
I.
THe drive maintains constant engine speed, to change the
speed you need to use a mechanical clutch to change the motor
poles or as in most industries frequency to the motor to change
speed is used, the speed change is possible do so through a
change of voltage at the motor or by placing a variable resistor
in the rotor, but these methods have serious drawbacks in the
engine and they are very expensive, efficient way to change
the motor speed through change of frequency at a time should
be accompanied by a voltage change not to saturate the
magnetic flux, so it is now so widespread use of the inverter
and voltage: most of these devices require a three-phase
power; but they are very expensive equipment and therefore if
you do not have sufficient resources to purchase it will be
necessary to search for similar equipment becomes the only
option; The objective of this project is the realization of a
frequency and voltage at very low cost and easy accessibility
to the recommended elements for its realization; thus
benefiting the small businessman.
.
Rectifier circuit: this stage consists of a diode bridge rectifier
or thyristor, for transforming the alternating current.

Intermediate circuit: This step consists of an LC circuit for

smoothing the ripple wave
Investor: at this stage the voltage intermediate circuit delivers
a voltage which is variable as it should at this stage frequency
IGBT pulse generated by the variation are used.
Control Circuit: This circuit is going to be used to control
switching and IGBT switching is also possible to control
variables such as temperature and voltage peaks
Current circuits are controlled by the pulse generating PWM
(Pulse Width Modulation), the alternating current passing
through a bridge rectifier and reaches de4spues LC circuit
which smoothes the ripple also helps reduce coil harmonics
which significantly increases the efficiency of the motor,
another option is to use the DC coils which generate a large
voltage across which can have a negative influence on the
engine performance, the IGBTs working at frequencies
between 2 and 16 KHz when the frequency of the IGBT is
very high it dissipates more heat in the circuit and faults in the
IGBT, also more often a decrease is obtained in noise but
significantly reduces engine efficiency, must take precautions
to IGBTs as these generate some peaks in voltage depending
on cable length or very high frequencies which are detrimental
to the long term engine, so it is necessary to electrically isolate
the circuitry to protect the control stage in which sensors are
or microcontrollers that operate at low voltages and currents,
some manufacturers to avoid these drawbacks do not permit a
greater connection to 7 m.

II.

DESCRIPTION

To construct a frequency and voltage is necessary to divide the

system into several blocks; This conversion is voltage and
variable frequency voltage has a step to facilitate mounting in
many ways so it is advisable before mounting the circuit
simulating each of the stages to ensure each. The steps for the
project are described below:

Rectifier stage: This stage will feed the circuit with two
sources, the first of 5V connect to the control part; ie the stage
that controls the frequency, shooting and Gap waves being
generated in the IGBT, also at this stage we must ensure 9 V
in the coupling step, the power that results from the phase
network not controlled the which rectifies the three-phase
lines turning AC current into DC current, then the current
passes through filters that add up to the total 2100uF at 500V,
the current flowing in the circuit is determined by the diode
source; in our case the current is 12 mA, which can cause
problems in the plate to fix this current is necessary to install 2
mA current sources each, so it is possible to neutralize the

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stream exiting the diode in the inverters in the industry today
diodes are replaced by SCR because these devices support
higher current and voltage is variable.

and the output according to the output give a diagnosis about

the signal. There is an internal amplifier that generates an
analog signal that is proportional to the frequency Vss.

Frequency Control: In this step, an LM555 device will need to

generate a pulse or stable clock is chosen, the LM555 for his
versatility and why programming is only electronic ie
according to the value of the resistors used in the
configuration as an oscillator, to calculate the necessary
frequency must take into account that the motor moves in 6
step therefore minimum frequency and maximum frequency
calculated to be multiplied by 6 to thereby obtain the
frequency range leaving the LM555. To calculate the
maximum frequency is necessary to set the knob to the
smallest ohmic value, once there is no load on the electrolytic
capacitor is discharged across the frequency is out of the
output pin of the LM555, and thus by mathematical
calculations relating the time to the frequency is calculated
and the frequency may work on each of the phases. If you
want greater precision is necessary to replace the resistance of
LM 555 for precision potentiometer

Low Voltage Protection: Set by a condition that Vss is less

than 8.9V for the circuit to operate normally and when the
potential difference of 9.3 V greater off all outputs.

And firing phase control: It is now necessary to use a shift

register of 8 bits, the NOR gates LM555 and 6, the shift
register will scan then 6 bits, when the control circuit sends
the signal device it restarts automatically and be in a QF
e4stado returns to the initial Q0 and again make another sweep
recording when it detects another signal; while 6 gates
generate the gap and maintain the constant voltage to drive the
inputs of the coupling step, the oscillator LM555 is
responsible for generating the data to the log entry. This way
you can create a shot every 62.7 ms which is ideal for smooth
engine operation this control it is called 6-step drive

COUPLING STEP:

Fig. 1

At this stage there are 3 output handlers receiving the high

signal low, each generator provides 2 outputs for this circuit is
necessary to have a low voltage sensor in each of the outputs,
to ensure that the voltage at the top not change as this can
cause failures motor voltage is carried to a man who compares
this voltage load 0.5Vy there is a comparator signal that
inhibits signal to each of the outputs, this gives a TTL signal

Over current protection: In case of short circuit is advisable to

turn the 6 outputs, for it ITRIP protection resistor, which is
installed on the low side is used is compared.

BLOCK DIAGRAM SYSTEM

In the block diagram shown he circuit consists of five

stages, including feeding it through the three-phase network,
the detailed explanation of each stage is developed where the
development of each stage separately explain, to serve thus the
suggestions of the activity guide. At the moment it is
mentioned that the three-phase AC voltage is converted to AC
through the inverter, the output of the inverter is filtered by a
full wave based on elements SCR power to rectify its output
signal, from there is a circuit of frequency variation, they are
precisely the variations in frequency which must control
generally the speed of the induction motor, considering that
there is a direct relationship between the frequency inverter
output circuit frequency and supply voltage of the induction
motor, the fourth stage involved in the design is a control step,
which should handle the trip command IGBT comprising the
step
power or gain of the circuit, which links the stages of
filtering and frequency variation with engine power itself.
III.

RESULTS

To calculate the minimum and maximum frequency, it must

be borne in mind that this type of drive is six steps, and
therefore the minimum frequency and the maximum desired
frequency inverter must be multiplied by 6, to determine the

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value of the frequency that must exist in the output of the 555,
in our case the values are:
minimum frequency = 5 Hz
maximum frequency = 67 Hz
6 HZ * 6 = 30 Hz
67 Hz * 6 = 402 Hz
The frequency to be obtained at the output of 555 is at least
30 Hz and a maximum of 402 Hz.

Desired in a process minimum frequency was 30 Hz a value of

30.44 Hz and the maximum frequency was 402 Hz and
401.683 Hz was obtained was obtained, if these values are
divided by 6 is obtained that the end frequency of the lines
would be between 5 and 66 Hz. Both values are quite close to
those originally proposed to improve the accuracy of the
desired frequency must replace the resistors for adjustment
potentiometers because with this' can achieve a value more
accurate.
Simulation.

What time is known T = 1/f

Therefore:
T min = 1/30 = 33,333 ms.
Tmax = 1/402 = 2,487 ms.
Estos tiempos dados incluyen los tiempos ON y OFF de la
seal, los cuales deben de ser separados en partes iguales para
as obtener un ciclo positivo y negativo idnticos:
T min = 33,333 ms / 2= 16,666 ms
T max = 2,48 m / 2 = 1,2437 ms
En esta etapa los tiempos de encendido y apagado son
aproximadamente iguales producto del diodo que se encuentra
en el paralelo a la Resistencia y al potencimetro. El tiempo se
obtiene de la siguiente formula:

The shape of each transistor drive waveform and these lead

lines presented below separately.

T = tiempo segundos
0,69 = constante
T = 0,69 * R * C
C = capacitor value
R = depending on how often you want to calculate.
The resistance value depends on the frequency value being
calculated, bone, to calculate the maximum frequency, the
potentiometer must be at its minimum ohm value, with this
load resistance of the electrolytic capacitor decreases, causing
the frequency is maximized at the output of 555, then this
calculation only due to take the resistance of 820 ohms and a
minimum frequency, the potentiometer 10 k ohm be calculated
at the maximum value then it must add the ohmic value
maximum resistance potentiometer. With this in mind the
calculation is as follows:

C = 2,2 uf
T = 0,69 * (820 + 10E3) * 2,2E-6
T = 16,424 ms.
T = 16,424 ms * 2= 2,489 ms
F = 1/T= 1/32,849 ms= 401,683 HZ

IV.

CONCLUSIONS.

The three phase supply, especially the diodes can be replaced

by the SCR, to obtain a voltage control and get more power
from the source, if this variation should increase the power of
the Resistance .
Remove the power supply of the control circuits and mating
to replace it by a power zener governed by, the idea is not
having to rely on a neutral for use and thus eliminate this
source transformer, this reduces to weight, space and possible
interference from the natural magnetic field produced by this
type of transformers.
V.

REFERENCES

[1] Quintero, Jorge. Mdulo de electrnica industrial.

(2008).Bogot. Universidad Nacional Abierta y a

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distancia-UNADW.-K. Chen, Linear Networks and
Systems. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1993, pp. 123135.
[2] J. U. Duncombe, Infrared navigationPart I: An
assessment.
[3] High Power Converters and AC Drives, BIN WU,
IEEE.
[4] R.G. Seippel, Optoelectronics (Reston-Virginia, PrenticeHall, 1981).
[5] M. Rashid, Electrnica de Potencia; Circuitos,
Dispositivos y Aplicaciones pp. 356
[6] R. Boylestad, Electrnica de Circuitos pp. 155