INDIA AND THE WORLD

1. India and Japan

Why relations between New Delhi and Tokyo have warmed and stand to prosper
in the future?
SECURITY ASPECTS
1. Geopolitically China has dominated the south-Pacific region and globally
also. So Japan and India have strategically converged to expand relative
power and to avoid security dilemma with China.
2. Alignment between India & Japan forms a formidable geostrategic bulwark
that give pause to Chinese assertiveness in the South China Sea and Indian
Ocean.

3. China and Japan has turbulent history, territorial disputes as inhibitor to

true diplomatic normalization. Indias border disputes with China
in Arunachal Pradesh and Aksai Chin, Delhis hosting of the Dalai Lama
chapter creating friction with China. This disagreement with China has
reasons to make India-Japan tie.
4. India and Japan have a vital interest in the protection of sea-lanes along
the Hormuz-Malacca-Sea of Japan axis.PM Abe during visit to India in 2007
emphasized the common interests between New Delhi and Tokyo in these
critical sea-lanes.
5. When United States decides to mute its naval presence in the region, Indian
and Japanese forces will fill the vacuum.
6. In present context U.S. dominancy has come under widespread doubt, and
perceptions of an ambitious and assertive China are on the rise, India and
Japan as potential sources can stabilize in the region.

7. The 4,200-kilometer Himalayan land border between India and China is

Asias largest border dispute, over which the two states went to war in
1962.
8. Chinas recent behavior towards Japans control of the Senkaku Islands
(known as the Diaoyu Islands in China) has been seen as extremely
aggressive.

9. With its growing military and economic capabilities, the continued rise of
China is now politically overshadowing established powers like Japan and
rising states like India in equal measure. This disparity of relative power
growth has created a perception of a slow but certain shift in the balance of
power in Asia towards Chinese hegemony. As these asymmetries grow,
smaller states have started hedging against China. In the India-Japan
partnership, one can observe similar strategic maneuvers with shades of
power politics.
10.Despite strong assertions from Washington and the promise of a
rebalancing to the Asia-Pacific, at the recent Shangri La Dialogue, most
states in East Asia understand that they can no longer rely entirely on the
United States for their security, given U.S. defense spending cuts over the
next decade.

11.Another important change lies in Indian attitudes. Whereas Japans

concerns about China have been consistent, India has always sought to
avoid getting boxed in by Asias balance of power politics, to maintain
strategic flexibility. But this also makes India vulnerable when power
asymmetries widen. This sense of vulnerability, thanks to the extremely
rapid accretion of Chinese power, has prompted India to look to Japan.
12.One is their threat perception: while India fears Chinas potential threats
from land, Japan sees threats in the maritime arena.
13.While both have powerful navies, neither is strong enough alone to secure
the maritime commons and thus has an interest in reliable partners.
14.Indias navy and coast guard cannot monitor all the Sea Lines of
Communication (SLOC) traffic that transits the Strait of Malacca through to
the Persian Gulf, so it requires interstate cooperation to handle challenges
in waters near India as well as SLOCs farther away.
15.Indias relationship with Japan is devoid of any tension arising out of
ideological, cultural or territorial dispute.
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
1. Indias vast economic potential in the early-2000s promised gains for
Japanese firms and interests.
2. In December 2006 signing of the "Joint Statement Towards Japan-India
Strategic and Global Partnership".
3. Japan has helped finance many infrastructure projects in India, most
notably the Delhi Metro system. Indian applicants were welcomed in 2006
to the JET Program, starting with just one slot available in 2006 and 41 in
2007.
4. Since 2006, India and Japan have held annual Prime Ministerial level talks
a privilege afforded by each to no other state not even to the United States.
5. Avoiding of overreliance on China, Japanese firms have moved
manufacturingnotably, that of rare-earth metalsto India in a move
indicating a hedging strategy.
6. Trilateral cooperation between the U.S., India, and Japan will be the
bolstering of regional multilateralism through institutions such as the ASEAN
Regional Forum, the East Asia Summit, and the Regional Cooperation
Agreement on Combating Piracy.
7. Japan is an indispensable economic partner of India and has been the
leading source of capital and technology. New Delhi is by far the largest

recipient of Japanese aid, which has helped the South Asian giant to take
massive strides in infrastructure development.
8. Economic cooperation between India and Japan, originating in the 1950s,
does offer a reciprocal win-win opportunity to both the nations. As per
Indias Planning Commission assessment, the country is in desperate need of
around $1 trillion of investment for upgrading infrastructure, so essential to
ease supply-side constraints in national growth.
9. Japanese development assistance eases the burden of borrowing from the
market. Japan too reaps benefit by way of earning extra income through
loan interests as the Japanese economy struggles to stimulate growth.
10.Japanese businesses get India as lucrative platform for an alternative market
in Asia in the backdrop of an increasing volatility in Sino-Japanese
relationship.
11.India has seized the opportunity presented by Prime Minister Abe with both
hands by inviting Japanese financial and technological investment especially
in the development of the countrys politically sensitive northeastern
fringes.
12.By asking Japanese companies to share their expertise in building road
infrastructure, aiding agricultural value-chain development, collaborate in
forestry to promote sustainable management in the sector plus preserving
the regions unique flora and enhancing water supply and sewerage
infrastructure, the Indian government has effectively killed two birds with
one stone.
13.Beijing has often used the trade asymmetry with Japan to its own
advantage, stopping the supply of commodities such as rare earth metals on
which Japan depended.
14.Japan has a large industrial capacity, and is home to some of the largest and
most technologically advanced producers of motor vehicles, electronics,
machine tools, steel and nonferrous metals, ships, chemical substances,
textiles, and processed foods. Some of the largest enterprises in Japan
include Toyota, Nintendo, NTT, DoCoMo, Canon, Honda, Takeda
Pharmaceutical, Sony, Panasonic, Toshiba, Sharp, Nippon Steel, Nippon Oil.
15.It has some of the world's largest banks, and the Tokyo Stock Exchange
(known for its Nikkei 225 and TOPIX indices) stands as the second largest in
the world by market capitalization.

16.Japan is a also a leading nation in scientific research, particularly technology,

machinery and biomedical research. Japan is a world leader in fundamental
scientific research.
17.Japan is currently Indias third largest source of foreign direct investment;
Japanese companies have made cumulative investments of around $2.6
billion in India since 1991.
18. The 2007 annual survey conducted by the Japan Bank for International Cooperation ranked India as the most promising overseas investment
destination for Japanese companies over the long term.
19.In recent years, The Japanese government has also expressed interest to
help establish a Chennai-Bangalore Industrial corridor and a Dedicated
Freight project in the south, connecting the cities of Bangalore and Chennai.
20.In October 2008, Japan signed an agreement with India under which it
would provide the latter a low-interest loan worth US$4.5 billion to
construct a railway project between Delhi and Mumbai.
21. This is the single largest overseas project being financed by Japan and
reflected growing economic partnership between the two nations.
22. India is also one of the only three countries in the world with whom Japan
has security pact, the other two being Australia and the United States.
23.As of March 2006, Japan was the third largest investor in India with an
estimated total investment of US$2.12 billion.
24. Indian engineers are becoming the backbone of Japan's IT industry and that
is important for Japanese industry to work together with India.
25.Japanese companies, such as Sony, Toyota, and Honda, have manufacturing
facilities in India, and with the growth of the Indian economy, India is a big
market for Japanese firms. some of the first firms to invest in India. The
most prominent Japanese company is Suzuki.
CULTURAL ASPECTS
1. Japan and India have strong cultural ties, based mainly on Japanese
Buddhism, which remains widely practiced through Japan today.
2. The two nations announced 2007, the 50th anniversary year of Indo-Japan
Cultural Agreement, as the Indo-Japan Friendship and Tourism-Promotion
Year, holding cultural events in both the countries.
3. Japan has also supported the reconstruction of Nalanda University, an
ancient Buddhist centre of learning and has agreed to provide financial

assistance, and recently approached the Indian government with a

proposal.
4. Bollywood has become more popular among the Japanese people in recent
decades which may bring good business.
ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION
1. India-Japan Global Partnership was announced in the year 2000, by the
then Indian Prime Minister Hon. Atal Bihari Vajpayee & then Japanese
Prime Minister Hon. Mori Yoshiro. India-Japan Global Partnership is a
mutually beneficial partnership, where both India and Japan will work for
their mutual strengths together and mutual national interest of both the
nations.
2. Japanese companies have been investing in Indian IT and other technology
projects, and the Japanese government has been sending India significant
amounts of Official Development Assistance (ODA).
3. In November 2009, the Japanese steel manufacturer JFE Steel agreed to
partner with JSW Steel, India's third-largest steel producer, to construct a
joint steel plant in West Bengal.
4. On 26 October 2010, Japan and India concluded negotiations on a bilateral
Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement(CEPA)
5. Other highlights of this visit includes abolition of customs duties on 94 per
cent of trade between the two nations over the next decade. As per the
agreement, tariffs will be removed on almost 90 per cent of Japan's exports
to India and 97 per cent of India's exports to Japan.
6. In fact, India was the first country Japan ever extended an ODA loan to back
in 1958; and since FY 2003-2004 India has been the single largest recipient
of Japanese ODA. Japan also exempted India from the cuts it made in ODA
following the March 2011 disasters.
7. CEPA means greater economic connectivity.
8. Today the two states enjoy a Comprehensive Economic Partnership
Agreement that liberalizes bilateral economic activity, and eases Japanese
activities in a country often perceived by OECD countries as highly
regulated and hostile to foreign investment.
9. Continued Japanese growth will require more workers and greater
engagement with growing markets. India can therefore play a vital role with
its booming economy, lower production costs, and an expanding middle
class that is creating greater demand for high-end products.

10.Indias growth, on the other hand, requires investments in 21st century

infrastructure and technological expertise, both of which Tokyo can help
provide. For example, Delhi intends to spend $1 trillion on infrastructure
projects over the next five years, and hopes to finance 40 percent of this
with private capital. Similarly, India will require Japans technology and
investment to help close technological gaps and an infrastructure deficit.
11.India is the largest recipient of Japanese official development assistance
(ODA).
12.During Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's visit to Japan in 2010, both
countries agreed to foster increased business exchanges, people-to-people
contact and signed a memorandum of understanding to simplify visa
procedures for each other's citizens. Under the memorandum, any
Japanese coming to India for business or work will be straightway granted a
three-year visa and similar procedures will be followed by Japan.
13.Japan has assisted India in infrastructure development projects such as the
Delhi Metro Rail Project. Both sides are discussing the Delhi-Mumbai
Industrial Corridor Project and Dedicated Freight Corridor Projects on the
Mumbai-Delhi and the Delhi-Howrah routes.
14.The Chennai-Bangalore Industrial Corridor Project is an upcoming mega
infrastructure project of Government of India and the department of
industrial policy and promotion (DIPP) and the Japan International
Cooperation Agency (JICA) to boost commerce between south India and
east Asia by enabling quicker movement of goods from these places to the
Chennai and Ennore ports.
15.The Chennai-Bangalore industrial corridor is being modelled along the $100
billion Delhi-Mumbai (DMIC) industrial corridor that will provide world-class
connectivity to a port (Chennai) in the Bay of Bengal. 2 major backbone
infrastructure projects are Bangalore - Chennai Expressway and Bangalore Chennai Dedicated Freight Corridor.
JAPAN-INDIA SECURITY COOPERATION
1. The five-nation Malabar 2007 naval exercises allowed for direct contact
between the Indian Navy and JMSDF(Japan Air Self-Defence Force) in an
operational capacity.

2. Japan and Indias security cooperation includes: building naval capacity

through port calls, naval and coast guard exchanges, joint naval and coast
guard exercises, and greater cooperation in information sharing and
technical assistance; the protection of sea lines of communication (SLOCs)
and anti-piracy efforts in the Gulf of Aden; and extending patrol boats and
capacity building training to the littoral states in the Strait of Malacca.
Along with their strategic dialogue, the two sides have launched a bilateral
Shipping Policy Forum, a Maritime Security Dialogue, and a Cyber-security
Dialogue.

3. By 2008 the two referred to each other as Strategic Global Partners as

per their 2006 StrategicGlobal Partnership, and have concluded a Joint
Declaration on Security cooperation.
4. Institutionalization of bilateral security cooperation continued, with the
two countries issuing the Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation
between Japan and India in October 2008, and commencing the bilateral
2+2 dialogue in 2009.
5. Both India and Japan have agreed to regularize and increase the frequency
of maritime defense exercises, while India agreed to purchase the US-2
amphibious aircraft for reconnaissance along its maritime frontier.

6. To enhance science and technology cooperation, the two countries agreed

to step up cooperation in cyber security.
7. Other growing areas of cooperation such as bilateral coast guard and naval
exercises and the rapid institutionalization of the US-Japan-India Trilateral
Dialogue, Japan-India channels of communication have expanded bilateral
political and diplomatic confidence to establish the Asias Democratic
Security Diamond.
8. The General Security of Military Information Agreement (GSOMIA), to
assess the changing strategic landscape in East Asia and understanding the
threat of both side and enabling India and Japan to evaluate the
possibilities and limitations of security cooperation.
9. Japan and India agreed to step up efforts to conclude a civil nuclear
agreement that would allow Japan to export its nuclear plant;India has yet
to sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) the first step of
negotiation to promote such a deal.
DIPLOMATIC CO-OPERATION
1. At the UN, they actively involved reforming the Security Council.
2. Both countries cooperate in promoting the G-20 and East Asia Summit as
the primary venues for international economic cooperation and regional
multilateralism.
3. Tokyo and Delhi cooperate on a number of issues including nuclear
disarmament and non-proliferation, counterterrorism, and climate change
and energy security.
4. Both countries want international institutions to reflect todays multipolarity. They also advocate nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation,
and hope to prevent the proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destructions
and the means to deliver them.
5. Tokyo and Delhi share a strong and growing interest in preserving freedom
of navigation in the maritime commons, which both are heavily reliant on
for their energy imports and trade.
6. India and Japan share common liberal-democratic values, and India is one
of the few powerful states in the Indo-Pacific arc without historical
grievances against the Japanese.

HISTORICAL RELATIONS
1. Cultural exchanges between India and Japan began early in the 6th century
with the introduction of Buddhism to Japan from India.
2. Buddhism and the intrinsically linked Indian culture had a great impact on
Japanese culture,
3. famous Japanese traveller to the Indian subcontinent was Tenjiku Tokubei
(16121692), named after Tenjiku ("Heavenly Abode"), the Japanese name
for India.
4. Cultural exchange occurred during the mid-late 20th century through Asian
cinema, with Indian cinema and Japanese cinema both experiencing a
"golden age" during the 1950s and 1960s. Indian films by Satyajit Ray, Guru
Dutt and Rajinikanth were influential in Japan.
5. During the Second World War, Subhas Chandra Bose's Indian National Army
and the Japanese Imperial Army fought together in battles against the
British forces.
MODERN RELATIONS
1. Japan and India signed a peace treaty, establishing official diplomatic
relations on 28 April 1952, in which India waived all reparation claims
against Japan. This treaty was one of the first treaties Japan signed after
World War II.
2. India's iron ore helped Japan's recovery from World War II devastation, and
following Japanese Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi's visit to India in 1957,
Japan started providing yen loans to India in 1958, as the first yen loan aid
extended by Japanese government.
3. Indias Look East policy posited Japan as a key partner. Since 1986, Japan
has become India's largest aid donor, and remains so.
4. 1998 Pokhran-II, Japan imposed suspension of all political exchanges and
the cutting off of economic assistance which were lifted three years later.
Relations improved exponentially following this period, as bilateral ties
between the two nations improved once again, to the point where the
Japanese prime minister, Shinzo Abe was to be the chief guest at India's
2014 Republic Day parade.

HURDLES IN RELATION
1. despite the rapid growth of economic ties in recent years, Japanese
investors are not completely sold on Indias business climate.
2. Not only do they find it difficult to work through the labyrinthine Indian
bureaucracy,
3. Indias poor infrastructure,
4. Opaque legal and taxation systems
5. Official corruption.
6. Civilian nuclear cooperation remains stalled due to Indias refusal to join
the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) as a non-nuclear weapon state.
7. China is the most important economic partner for each state, and will
remain in future.
8. The consequences of security cooperation between Japan and India may
carry economic consequences between these two nations and China.

India Pakistan Relations

Pakistan was born out of M.A.Jinnahs Two nation theory
Hindus and Muslims were two separate nations, and therefore two states
must be constituted for the two communities.
Pakistan foreign policy has been more on hostility towards India
Various issues that have played up between India & Pakistan
The Birth of Independence:
The announcement that paramount would lapse and choice was given to
the princes who ruled the state was most complicated problem that
independent India faced on her Independence
Sardar Patel, who was Home Minister in Nehru Cabinet, used his persuasive
as well as coercive power to bring about merger of 567 of the native states
with India.
Five of the states decided to join Pakistan .Three of the states failed to take
any decision.
These were Junagarh ,Hyderabad and Jammu& Kashmir.

 The state of Junagarh ,in Kathiawad region, was ruled by a Muslim

Nawab,but had a majority of Hindu population.
He prolonged the decision on merger ,and finally chose to join Pakistan
.Since Junagarh his surrounded by Indian territory
Pakistan showed no interest
India was forced to take military action in Junagarh .The Nawab fled to
Pakistan
Plebiscite was conducted which india won
This was followed by Nizam of Hyderabad,who dreamt of a independent
country and yet maintaining contacts with Pakistan
The Nizam let loose Razakars, who were fundamentalists who attacked the
population
Finally operation Polo was launched and situation was brought under
control
Kashmir Dispute
Kashmir was called the heaven on earth but the hostile conditions between
two nations has made it most affected since partition
This northern state was populated predominantly by Muslims and was
ruled by a Hindu Maharaja ,Hari Singh.
Maharaja Hari Singh did not take any decision regarding state' s accession
before ,or immediately after,August15,1947
He planned to declare his kingdom Independent
Pakistan started mounting pressure on him
Prior to attack on Kashmir by Pakistan sponsored tribals Pakistani foreign
official tried persuading him after the failure ,Pakistan sponsored tribesmen
attacked Kashmir
After this aggression by Pakistan Hari singh went in favor of accession to
india
India sent her troops,said after the aggression was vacated the wishes of
the people would be ascertained on the question of accession.
The Pakistani side disapproved the accession

 On January1 ,1948 India brought the matter to the notice of the United
Nations Security Council under Article35 of the Charter .India sought UN
assistance to have Pakistan-supported aggression vacated.
Pakistan had installed a so-called Azad Kashmir Government in the territory
occupied by the invaders .
Even today Pakistan insists that the area under its control is independent or
Azad Kashmir.
During the pendency of the dispute in the Security Council,Liaquat Ali
Khan,the Prime Minister of Pakistan ,announced that his government was
willing to accept the proposal of plebiscite ,
but stipulated certain conditions on which Azad Kashmir Government could
be persuaded to accept ceasefire.
Liaquat Ali wanted withdrawal of Indian troops and immobilization of
State's security forces, substitution of Sheikh Abdullah's government by a
coalition including representatives of Azad Kashmir ,and then holding of
plebiscite under international supervision .
These conditions were totally unacceptable to India.
Taking the issue to UN turned out to be one of gravest of mistakes by
Nehru govt.
After careful consideration, the Security Council appointed a three-member
Commission on January20,1948
The Commission had one nominee each of India and Pakistan and the third
member was to be chosen by the two nominees.
India nominated Czechoslovakia & Pakistan nominated Argentina as both
could not agree on common member, USA was appointed for the post
The Security Council added two more members ,Belgium and Colombia,
The Commission was now called the United Nations Commission for India
and Pakistan(UNCIP)
The UNCIP submitted report which said
i) Pakistan should withdraw its troops from Jammu &Kashmir as soon as
possible after the ceasefire

ii) Pakistan should also try for withdrawal of Tribes men and Pakistan
nationals who are not ordinary residents of Kashmir.
iii) The territory thus vacated by Pakistani troops should be administered By
local officials under the supervision of the Commission
iv) India should also withdraw substantial strength of its troops
v) Finally, pending a final agreement India should maintain only such
limited troops as should be essential for law and order.
After initial reluctance ,Pakistan accepted these proposals and a ceasefire
agreement was signed which was implemented by the two commanders on
the Midnight of January1,1949.The war ended and a ceasefire became
effective
The ceasefire line now called the Line of Control was drawn where the fight
ended
The region with Pakistan is called as Azad Kashmir
The UNCIP recommended that the disagreements between the countries
be brought before the Plebiscite Administrator which India refused the
issue fell apart, the Administrator resigned

The McNaughton Plan

General McNaughton was the President of Security council, he worked as
an informal mediator
Pakistan was in no mood to leave the land that it had transgressed on
McNaughton proposed demilitarization of the complete region and a move
towards plebiscite
The plan did not make any mention between the aggressor and the victim,
hence rejected by India
The Dixon Proposal
After the failure of McNaughton plan, Sir Owen Dixon ,a judge of the High
Court of Australia was assigned to look into the Kashmir issue
He proposed complete demilitarization of the region,which india objected
as india was in her territory and Pakistan being the aggressor in the case

 Dixon acknowledged indias contention of Pakistans violation yet kept both

at same par
Dixon proposed partition of Jammu & Kashmir along the cease fire line ,and
yet he suggested plebiscite in the valley to determine its future.
India opposed the proposal, Dixon suggested direct negations between two
countries in the end
The Graham Mission
Post failure of Dixon proposal again at the commonwealth confederacy
held at London,it was proposed demilitarization of Kashmir which india
opposed
It also proposed holding of elections, constituent assembly elections.
This proposal disturbed Pakistan
Pakistan raised the issue in security council,The security council adopted
join anglo American resolution proposing appointment of a mediator
Accordingly,Dr Frank P.Graham of the United States was appointed
Graham held discussion for demilitarization, which dragged on and no
solution was at sight
Admitting failure he proposed direct negotiations, as per grahams proposal
of direct negotiations, both nations held talks and decided to hold
plebiscite in 1954
This could not go ahead as there was no common choice of common
plebiscite administrator
In 1957,UN representative Gunnar reported that the situation in JK was not
supportive of plebiscite as so much has overtaken past events
The Constituent Assembly of Jammu & Kashmir ,elected on the basis of
adult franchise ,ratified the State's accession to India on February 6,1954
A Constitution of the State was adapted on 19 November 1956 which
declared Jammu & Kashmir to be an integral part of India
With this the issue of ascertaining the wishes of the people was
fulfilled,India finalized the accession on jan 26,1957

Sharing of River waters

India Pakistan relations till 1965 War

Pakistan joined the western block against the spread of Communism in
reality it wanted to extract as much resources and forces against India by all
possible means
Joined western bloc in 1954 and signed military pact with USA ,South East
Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) and Baghdad Pact.
Pakistan used USAs fight against communism and played up to its aid
claiming if Kashmir issue was not resolved the spread of Communism to
Kashmir was imminent
Soon USA started giving military aid to Pakistan.
When Pakistan realized western bloc did not serve its purpose, it moved
close towards China. Both turned opportunistic friends post India china war
of 1962
When USA & Britain gave aids to India during the indo china war Pakistan
vehemently opposed it
A joint statement Nov 1962 was issued by Nehru and Ayub Khan that
disputes between India and Pakistan would be solved by dialogue
But on the eve of Calcutta meeting with India,Pakistan transferred to China
territories which India claimed right on proving Pakistans double speak.

Dispute of Rann of Kutch

Situated on Gujarat Sindh border-Pakistan claims right over the region
India refuses, followed by armed clash in april 1965
Pakistan crossed borders and took control of some parts of Kutch, the
weapons used by Pakistan at this time was from USA aids
Following the mediation by British PM Wilson, ceasefire took place and
troops moved back to jan 1965 positions

 Was decided that the issue be placed before a three member tribunal of
arbitrators
The award came in 1968 which was 10% for Pakistan and 90% for India
This order was criticized back in India but as the commitment was made in
1965 she decided to keep her promise
Indo Pak war 1965
The Gamble that Pakistan took in Kutch was followed by the infiltration bid
by Pakistan in Kashmir
Pakistani army men in civilian were sent to infiltrate into Kashmir
Earlier Pakistan had been sending feelers to Soviet Union of friendship
between the two nations which Soviet union responded positively which
disturbed India
Indian PM Lal bahadur Shastri went to Soviet union to strengthen Indias
ties more towards India with little success
The infiltration bid was announced in Radio Pakistan as a fit by the
Kashmiris against the State machinery while the infiltrators were inciting
violence
Radio Pakistan claimed the kashmiris revolted, the airport had fallen and
Srinagar was about to fall whereas the reality was otherwise
The armed forces took up the matter foiled all the bids to destroy peace in
Kashmir followed it with attacking infiltration camps capturing and sealing
pass Hajipir pass which was used to enter India by infiltrators
India requested UN general secretary U.Thant to ensure withdraw of
infiltrators but Pakistan claimed innocence
The disastrous failure of infiltrators lead to war on India, Pakistani Army
crossed borders and attacked India, forcing her into war
Pakistan again started demanding demilitarization and Plebiscite
The war began with Bombing by Pakistan on Indian territories, India
started pushing back Pakistani armed forces. At this juncture China
supported Pakistan making an ultimatum that India close her military base
in Tibet Sikkim border

 When sign of Pakistani defeat was imminent Pakistan accepted ceasefire

agreement
India gained 750 square miles of Pakistani territory
This enabled the armed forces to regain its confidence after the defeat in
the hands of china
But the land gained by India was returned back as Tashkent agreement
brokered by Soviet Union PM Koysigin
Soon Lal Bhadur shastri dies
Tashkent Agreement
The Tashkent agreement was a peace deal brokered by Soviet Union
The Pakistani side maintained the same demand of Kashmir which India
called integral Part
Both sides stood rigid finally the agreement was signed with the following
points in it
1. India and Pakistan would make all efforts to create good
neighborly relations between themselves, and affirmed
their obligations under the UN Charter not to resort to
force, but settle their disputes through peaceful means.
2.AllarmedpersonnelofIndiaandPakistanweretobewithrawnlatestby
February25 ,1966tothepositionstheyheldpriortoAugust5,1965. (There by India
losing the territory She captured during the war)
3.TherelationsbetweenIndiaandPakistanwouldbebasedontheprinciple
interferenceintheinternalaffairsofeachother.

ofnon-

4.Bothsideswoulddiscouragepropagandadirectedagainsteachother,
andencouragepropagandaforpromotionoffriendlyrelationsbetween thetwo .
5.NormaldiplomaticactivitywastoberestoredandtheHighCommissioners
ofIndiaandPakistanweretoresumetheirduties.
6.Economicandtraderelations,communicationaswellasculturalexchanges
wouldberestoredbetweenIndiaandPakistan.

 Sooner than expected the Tashkent agreement was in shambles with

increasing tensions between India and Pakistan due to various factors
Pakistan tried to improve ties with Soviet Union to isolate India
Signed treaties with china to transfer land to china which India claimed
rights as disputed area
The issue of Faraka barrage which invovled later became a contentious
issue between India-Bangladesh relations
At the height of soaring tensions India signed Indo-Soviet Treaty of
Friendship and Cooperation
byApril1971Soviet Union had abandoned the policy of simultaneous
friendship with both India and Pakistan and
Procured more and more arms from USA the final nail on the coffin was the
Indo-Pak war of 1971 ,the liberation of Bangladesh which India won and
East Pakistan was seceded from Pakistan which was followed by Shimla
accord explained in India-Bangladesh relations earlier
Indo-Pak relations post Shimla agreement
Pakistan kept raising the Kashmir issue again and again whereas forums
with little success
Indira Gandhi led government did nuclear test which was for peaceful
purposes which again lead to soaring tensions
With the fall of Indira government post emergency and under PM Moraji
Desai,special focus was given to mending ties with various neibours
Confidence building measures were taken with successful visit by Vajpayee
Indias ties with Pakistan improved far better than the earlier times
With re election of Indira Gandhi more steps were taken but Zia regime
which held power through coup avoided such measures
With this began a new turn of events, Pakistan after repeated defeats
changed its approach from direct confrontation to promoting terror and
destabilizing India ,particularly Kashmir which Pakistan was success in the
earlier years

 The kidnap of Rubina Sayeed, the daughter of the then Union Minister
Mufti Muhammad Sayeed lead to prolonged bargaining
For about 7 years there was no elections, there was prolonged battle
between the militants and the security forces
Since 1991 J&K was unrepresented in Lok sabha,only after 1996 was
election held in which Dr.Farooq Abdullahs National conference emerged
victorious
Steps taken by successive governments in India bore no fruit as both Zia led
government and Bhuto led government had an approach of All or nothing
which led to a diplomatic standstill
On the other had Indias relation with China and USA improved greatly,
thus adding more advantage on the Indian side
The Gujaral Doctrine
The Gujaral doctrine was based on the PMs approach larger neighbor
giving more"
Acccording to this various confidence building measures were takenof
which the notable ones being easing up of Passport norms free visas for
journalists,students,Seniors citizens
But the overtures from the Indian side were not reciprocated by the
Pakistani side as they clung to Kashmir as the core issue and the tug of war
continued
Post Nuclear Tests
As India followed by Pakistan conducted nuclear tests,both countries
were put under sanctions which lead to reduction tensions between two
sides
Under the leadership of then PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee,confidence
building measures were taken under which bus between Delhi and
Lahore was proposed
The Bus diplomacy was seen as a new milestone, Vajpayee himself took
the first trip but the same was reciprocated by the Pakistani side

 At formal official level both PMs signed the Lahore declaration

The Lahore Declaration and the Kargil war 1998

The Lahore declaration was about peace between neighbours

Not to interfere in internal matters of other countries
Commitment to UN charter
While Lahore declaration was signed Pakistani army and civilian dressed
army personnel had intruded the Kargil sector transgressing 10km into
Indian territory
This lead to Operation vijay in which Indian forces flushed out the Pakistani
forces and won the war
While Pakistan claimed it to be Kashmiri freedom fighters nobody was
ready to buy it and Pakistan was isolated in the international community
This was followed by Military coup in Pakistan which Nawaz Sharif declared
himself the Chief executive of Pakistan
Indias Second Gamble
Despite opposition against speaking to a military ruler Vajpayee again tried
to improve Indo-Pak relations which was called Agra talks 2001
Agra talks failed as both sides could not come to agreement on draft
declaration
It got worse as Musharraf blamed India for 1971 war and raked up Kashmir
Thus the declaration failed to cover ground
Matters got worse with when 9/11 attack on twin towers by Al Qaeda
terrorist group which stayed in Afghanistan as USA needed Pakistani help to
sustain attack on Taliban
Musarraf grabbed this opportunity
This alliance solved the monetary and military support that Pakistan was in
dire need of.
India Pakistan Stand off

 India Pakistan relation reached its worst phase when a group of Pakistan
trained militants attacked the Parliament when in session
An attempt was made to bomb the Kashmir secretariat all this snowballed
into a state of war
India recalled her high commissioner from Hyderabadand sent back Deputy
high commissioner of Pakistan as it was found him involved in funding
money to terrorists
India mobilized troops in her borders(Operation Parakarm) which was
responded by Pakistan
Elections were held in J& K despite infiltration bids by Pakistan

Issues and Initiatives till date

The Manmohan singh led UPA government has been rigorously trying to
normalize ties between India and Pakistan
This lead to popular Cricket diplomacy in which Manmohan invited
Pakistan chief Musharraf to India on the lines of UN general assembly
session
Earlier ,a Srinagar-Muzaffarabadbusservicewasstarted (April2005 )to
LinkthecapitalofJammu&KashmirwiththePakistanOccupiedKashmir(POK) .
A sudden turn of event occurred when Ex Pm of Pakistan in exile made
statement that Musharraf was getting ready to deploy nuclear weaponson
India which he was not aware of and was informed by Bill Clinton
Keran sector in J&K has been in news for infiltration bid by Pakistan backed
terrorist operations which was foiled by army after 15day operation
The arrest of Abdul Karim Tunda ,Yasin Bhatkal has helped India in
understanding various modules establish across India
The modules are created using economic backwardness of youth and use of
fake currency notes to fund them
Earlier Pakistan had passed a resolution in Pakistans national assembly
lead by JuD leader over hanging of Afzal guru and state of Kashmir
India responded by passing a resolution stating not to interfere in Indian
affairs

 Shahryar Khan, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's special envoy for improving
relations with India, said Dawood was in Pakistan but has been "chased
out" and could be in the United Arab Emirates. This after repeatedly
claiming that Dawood was not in Pakistan later Pakistan went back on its
word making a U turn
In 2010 PMs of both nations at the SAARC meet decided to improve Indo
Pak relations
Follow up meetings were held by the two Foreign Ministers (Islamabad,
July 2010), and the two Foreign Secretaries (Thimphu, February 2011).
During the latter meeting it was formally agreed to resume dialogue on
all issues
(i) Counterterrorism & Humanitarian issues at Home Secretary level,
(ii) Economic issues at Commerce Secretary-level,
(iii) Tulbul Navigation Project at Water Resources Secretary-level,
(iv) Sir Creek at Surveyor General-level,
(v) Siachen at Defence Secretary-level, and
(vi) Peace & Security including Confidence Building Measures (CBMs),
(vii) Jammu & Kashmir and
(viii) Promotion of Friendly Exchanges at the level of the Foreign
Secretaries.
The main outcomes of the two rounds of resumed dialogue held
between March 2011 and Sept 2012, were liberalization introduced in
visa regime via a newVisa Agreement (finalized in Sep 2012 and
operationalised in Dec 2012
After two rounds of talks Pakistan chose new PM Nawaz Sharif
Talking at Pakistan Journalist forum Nawaz Sharif said India and Pakistan
should spend less defence budgets and focus to join hands and fight
poverty

In response to a request made by Pak PM Nawaz Sharif for assistance

to tackle power crisis in Pakistan, the possibility of supplying gas by

extending the Dadri-Bawana-Nangal pipeline from Jalandhar via

Amritsar to Lahore is being explored
The attack at LOC by Pakistani army became a eye sore in Indian relations
India stopped the talks temporarily
While India accorded Most Favoured Nation (MFN) status to Pakistan in
1996, Pakistan is yet to accord MFN status to India, even after the
approval by its cabinet in December 2012.
A Joint Judicial Committee on Prisoners comprising retired Judges
from the higher judiciary of both countries has been constituted to
look at humanitarian
issues related to Prisoners and Fishermen in each others jail.
The Committee visitedJails in Karachi, Rawalpindi and Lahore from 26-30
April 2013.
India-Pakistan bilateral trade in 2012-13 was $2.3 billion (Indian exports
to Pakistan are $1.84 billion and imports from Pakistan are $ 513
million).
Pakistan exports to India crossed $500 million mark for the first time during
this period.
On the lines of UNGA Nawaz sharif again raised the Kashmir dispute to
which Manmohan Singh in his speech at the UN General Assembly to
denounce Pakistan as the epicenter of terrorism.
Indias President Pranab Mukherjee, on a foreign trip to Belgium, echoed
these words, condemning Pakistan for failing to apprehend terrorists
operating on its soil.
Pakistan suffers from socerers apprentice problem, funding terrorists for
its own needs who has turned against Pakistan now

Fake currency Notes

Pakistan has been officially printing fake currency notes and pushing into
Indian borders for terror funding

 Recent analysis by whereas intelligence wings proved Pakistans

involvement in fake Indian currency notes (FICN)
Most of the pivotal parameters of the paper like GSM (paper density
measured in grammes per square metre), Wax Pick Quotient, and Poly Vinyl
Alcohol and PH Values were found matching with the legal tender of
Pakistan.
The parliamentary panel was informed that the volume of FICN smuggled
into India in 2010 was between Rs.1,500 and Rs.1,700 crore which went up
to Rs.2,500 crore in 2012 - a rise of 55 per cent.

source: http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/nia-fake-indian-currency-notespakistan/1/321768.html

Conclusion
The only future ahead for Indo-Pak relations is Pakistan giving up terror funding
and making earnest efforts to improve relation with India through trade and other
options

//Personal Opinion(do delete its if found unworthy)

Manmohan Singhs approach towards Pakistan seems to be on the lines of
Gujral doctrine but a modified version
While earlier at the Moraji rule and Indira rule despite earnest efforts from
Indian side the Pakistani side blatantly avoided peace as in case of Zia
In the current condition it is to be observed that while the powerless
civilian government tries to mend ties, the powerful military appears to
dilute such efforts with help of trained terrorists or Loc violations
The Nawaz sharif government should use the people given mandate to
peace with India
The assumption that if Civilian government if made strong in Pakistan could
bear fruit too could be a mirage, It should handle Pakistan both on civilian
and military lines with atmost caution as peace in Afghanistan which is
essential for peace in asia depends
India has other pressing issues of International front with a ever assertive
China growing stronger
India must use Afghanistan to leverage advantage against Pakistan as China does
with India and focus more on China