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An Introduct|on to Coa| Seam Gas f|e|d deve|opments of the Surat 8as|n, LD

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1ab|e of Contents

1. ln18CuuC1lCn ....................................................................................................... 1
1.1. PlS1C8? Cl CSC 8CuuC1lCn ln CuLLnSLAnu. ...................................................... 1
1.2. CSC LnC uLvLLCMLn1S ln CuLLnSLAnu ............................................................... 2

2. CSC 8CuuC1lCn S?S1LMS .................................................................................... 3
2.1. CSC WLLLS ................................................................................................................... 3
2.2. C8lClnS Cl CSC 8LSL8vCl8S ...................................................................................... 8
2.3. uuAL C8CSl1? S?S1LM ............................................................................................. 9
2.4. LAnCMul8 lSC1PL8M Anu CAS ln LACL (Cl) ...................................................... 10
2.3. ullluSlCn Anu L8MLA8lLl1? ................................................................................. 12
2.6. LllLC1lvL L8MLA8lLl1? .......................................................................................... 14
2.7. 8CuuC1lCn 8CllLL ............................................................................................... 16
2.8. 8LSL8vCl8 uLLL1lCn .............................................................................................. 18
2.9. Su8lACL lAClLl1lLS ................................................................................................... 19

3. MCuLLLlnC CSC 8CuuC1lCn S?S1LMS ............................................................. 23
3.1. ln18CuuC1lCn ......................................................................................................... 23
3.2. WLLL MCuLL ............................................................................................................. 24
3.3. MA1L8lAL 8ALAnCL MCuLL ..................................................................................... 29
3.4. Su8lACL lnl8AS18uC1u8L MCuLL ......................................................................... 30

4. Su8Su8lACL vA8lA8lLl1? Anu unCL81Aln1? ln 1PL Su8A1 8ASln ................... 32
4.1. Su8A1 8ASln uLSC8l1lCn ....................................................................................... 32
4.2. Su8Su8lACL vA8lA8lLl1? ......................................................................................... 32
ll

4.3. SlCnlllCAn1 8LSL8vCl8 A8AML1L8S .................................................................... 33
4.4. MAnAClnC Su8Su8lACL unCL81Aln1? ln CSC llLLu uLvLLCMLn1S ................. 36

3. CCnCLuSlCnS ....................................................................................................... 39
3.1. lM AS A 1CCL lC8 MAnAClnC Su8Su8lACL unCL81Aln1? ................................. 39
3.2. PlCP vALuL CAlnS lC8 1PL CSC LnC lnuuS18? ..................................................... 41

6. 8LlL8LnCLS .......................................................................................................... 42







lll

L|st of I|gures
llqote 1.1 - c5C ltoJoctloo blstoty lo OoeeoslooJ ................................................................. 3
llqote 1.2 - c5C wells JtllleJ lo OoeeoslooJ ........................................................................... 4
llqote 1.J - c5C 2l kesetves lo OoeeoslooJ ............................................................................ 4
llqote 1.4 - c5C well oombet pteJlctloos fot lNC loJostty ..................................................... 3
llqote 2.1 - loteqtoteJ ltoJoctloo MoJel - wotk flow fot flelJ optlmlsotloo stoJles ..............
llqote J.1 - c5C cool foce completloos .................................................................................... 6
llqote J.2 - 1yplcol 5otot 8oslo c5C well beoJ wltb lcl motot ............................................. 6
llqote J.J - 1yplcol 5otot 8oslo c5C well completloo ............................................................. 7
llqote J.4 - Cos qeoetotloo wltb cool took ............................................................................. 9
llqote J.5- 5ectloo tbtooqb cool mottlx ................................................................................ 10
llqote J.6 - xomple of o looqmolt lsotbetm fot typlcol sob bltomlooos cool somple ......... 12
llqote J.7 - Cos ttoospottotloo mecboolsms ........................................................................ 13
llqote J.8 - 8olk Jlffosloo ...................................................................................................... 13
llqote J.9 - kooJseo Jlffosloo ............................................................................................... 14
llqote J.10 - kelotlve petmeoblllty ........................................................................................ 16
llqote J.11 - ltoJoctloo ptoflle ............................................................................................. 17
llqote J.12 - kesetvolt Jepletloo ........................................................................................... 18
llqote J.1J - 5otfoce loftosttoctote ....................................................................................... 22
llqote 4.1 - looqmolt lsotbetm ............................................................................................. 23
llqote 4.2 - c5C loteqtoteJ ltoJoctloo MoJel - uoto llow uloqtom
llqote 5.1 - Cteot Attesloo 8oslo ........................................................................................... 33
llqote 5.2 - Cos tote seosltlvlty to Cos cooteot (koqets ooJ koqets 1994) .......................... 34
llqote 5.J - Cos tote seosltlvlty to letmeoblllty (koqets ooJ koqets 1994) .......................... 33
llqote 5.4 - 5otot 8oslo lltboloqy .......................................................................................... 38
L|st of 1ab|es

1able 1.1 CommlLLed LnC developmenLs ............................................................................... 2
l

Abbrev|at|ons

2 roved And robable 8eserves CCl
Crlglnal Cas ln lace
3
roven, robable And osslble
8eserves
CWl
Crlglnal WaLer ln lace
A
Coal 8ed uralnage Area

Average 8eservolr ressure (sla)
Ac
Absorbed Cas CapaclLy
C
rogresslve CavlLy ump
bbl
8arrels
!
eLa[oules
C8M
Coal 8ed MeLhane
L
Langmulr ressure
cf
CleaL CompresslblllLy
wf
8oLLom Pole llowlng ressure (sla)
CSC Coal Seam Cas Cdlff 8aLe Cf Cas uesorpLlon And ulffuslon
uc ulffuslon CoefflclenL qg Cas 8aLe
Cc Cas ConLenL qw WaLer 8aLe
Cl Cas ln lace re LxLernal 8adlus Cf 8eservolr
Clc Cl ulssolved ln CleaL WaLer rw Wellbore 8adlus
Clm
Cl ln Coal MaLrlx
S
normallzed SaLuraLlon
Cs
Langmulr Cas SaLuraLlon
s
Skln
h
neL Coal 8ed 1hlckness
SCAuA
Supervlsory ConLrol And uaLa AqulslLlon
llM
lnLegraLed lleld ManagemenL
Scf
SLandard Cublc leeL
lM
lnLegraLed roducLlon Model
Sgc lrreduclble Cas SaLuraLlon
k
ermeablllLy
Sw lnlLlal WaLer SaLuraLlon
kg
Cas LffecLlve ermeablllLy
Swc lrreduclble WaLer SaLuraLlon
kl lnlLlal ermeablllLy
r CharacLerlsLlc SorpLlon 1lme
krg0 LndpolnL 8elaLlve ermeablllLy 1o Cas
1 1emperaLure
krw0 LndpolnL 8elaLlve ermeablllLy 1o WaLer
1scf/d 1era SLandard Cublc leeL er uay
kw WaLer LffecLlve ermeablllLy
vL Langmulr volume
L LlLre
Wl WaLer ln lace
LnC
Llquld naLural Cas
w WaLer vlscoslLy
mg
Mllllgram
p Average Coal 8ed uenslLy
mu
Mlllldarcy
o 1ransfer Shape lacLor
MM
Mllllon
ob PydrosLaLlc ressure
MLpa
Mllllon 1ons er Annum
1 CleaL oroslLy
ng
LxponenL Cf 1he Cas 8elaLlve
ermeablllLy Curve
!g Cas lormaLlon volume lacLor
nw
LxponenL Cf 1he WaLer 8elaLlve
ermeablllLy Curve
!w WaLer lormaLlon volume lacLor
Un|ts
33.313 Scf = 1m
1 MLpa = 1.6 x 10
9
m naLural gas aL sLandard condlLlon
1 psl = 6.8948 ka

AnLhony Shaw age 1 !uly 2013
Chapter 1

1. IN1kCDUC1ICN

1.1. nIS1Ck CI CSG kCDUC1ICN IN ULLNSLAND.
1he Asla aclflc reglon ls esLlmaLed Lo conLaln approxlmaLely 40 of Lhe world's Coal 8ed
MeLhane reserves. WlLhln Lhls reglon, Lhe maln 3 reserve esLlmaLes are locaLed ln Chlna
(1200 1cf), lndonesla (433 1cf), lndla (92 1cf) and AusLralla (98 1cf).
ApproxlmaLely 93 of AusLrallan Coal 8ed MeLhane reserves are locaLed ln Lhe 8owen and
SuraL 8aslns of souLhern Cueensland where Coal 8ed MeLhane ls referred Lo as Coal Seam
Cas (CSC).
1he flrsL commerclal producLlon of CSC ln Cueensland commenced from Lhe ermlan coal
measures of Lhe 8owen 8asln aL uawson 8lver ln 1996 wlLh producLlon currenLly conLlnulng
ln Lhe cenLral and souLhern areas of Lhe basln around Moranbah. ln Lhe SuraL 8asln,
developmenL commenced around ualby ln 2000 encouraged by Lhe prollflc performance of
analogous low rank coal measures ln Lhe owder 8lver 8asln of Lhe unlLed SLaLes of
Amerlca.
Cueensland's CSC lndusLry has grown rapldly slnce 1996. ln 2011, producLlon from 1008
CSC wells dellvered 234 ! (llgure 1.1), supplylng 90 of Cueensland domesLlc gas use and
18 of elecLrlclLy requlremenLs from gas flred power generaLlon.
uurlng Lhe 2010 Lo 2011 perlod, 600 new exploraLlon, appralsal and produclng wells were
drllled ln Lhe 8owen and SuraL baslns (llgure 1.3). 1he lncreased drllllng acLlvlLy has
augmenLed 3 esLlmaLes wlLhln Lhe basln Lo 98,000 ! wlLh a subsLanLlaLed 2 reserve
esLlmaLe currenLly sLandlng aL 33,000 !. 73 of Lhe 2 reserves are locaLed ln Lhe SuraL
8asln and 23 ln Lhe 8owen 8asln (llgure 1.4).
1he 2 reserves equaLe Lo 11,000 ! per annum over a 30 year perlod and are sufflclenL Lo
supply 18 MLpa of LnC ln 4 processlng Lralns. 1he accesslblllLy of Lhe 2 reserve,
poLenLlally vasL 3 reserve and a pro[ecLed lncrease ln global demand for LnC has placed
Cueensland aL Lhe cenLre of a developlng LnC exporL lndusLry. 1hree ma[or LnC planLs and

AnLhony Shaw age 2 !uly 2013
exporL faclllLles, worLh $60.8 bllllon, are now under consLrucLlon on CurLls lsland
(CladsLone) wlLh expecLed shlpmenLs Lo Asla-aclflc markeLs commenclng ln 2014

1.2. CSG LNG DLVLLCMLN1S IN ULLNSLAND
1he Lhree currenLly commlLLed LnC proponenLs possessed 734 CSC reducLlon wells ln mld
!une 2012 (1able 1.1). Powever by 2020, Lhe number of produclng wells wlll be lncreased Lo
approxlmaLely 14,000 (requlrlng 42,000 km of addlLlonal gaLherlng plpellnes and assoclaLed
faclllLles) Lo susLaln Lhe Lhree LnC exporL planLs currenLly ln consLrucLlon.
Long Lerm esLlmaLes of well numbers (lncludlng a proposed Shell/ eLro-Chlna Arrow LnC
ro[ecL) predlcL LhaL a peak number of 20,000 Lo 23,000 produclng wells wlll be requlred
beLween 2020 and 2040 (llgure 1.3).
lL ls Lherefore clear LhaL Lhe souLhern Cueensland CSC lndusLry ls enLerlng a phase of
slgnlflcanL expanslon wlLh aL leasL a 20 fold lncrease ln well numbers and assoclaLed
plpellnes and processlng faclllLles planned durlng Lhe llfe of Lhe LnC exporL lndusLry.

1oble 1.1 - commltteJ lNC Jevelopmeots
(OoeeoslooJ Cos compooy 2012, Aosttollo loclflc lNC 2012, 5ootos 2012
ro[ect Name roponents roduc|ng
We|| Nos
2012
I|rst LNG
Lxport
In|t|a|
|ant
Capac|ty
(mtpa)
kequ|red
roduc|ng
We|| Nos
201S-2020
Inf|e|d
gather|ng
p|pe||nes
(km)
Cueensland
CurLls LnC

CCC (8rlLlsh
Cas Croup)
360 2014 8.3 3000-
6000
18,000
CladsLone
LnC

SanLos,
eLronas
123 2014 4 1300-
4000
12,000
AusLralla
aclflc LnC
Crlgln,
Conoco
hllllps
249 2013 4.3 1000-
4000
12,000

AnLhony Shaw age 3 !uly 2013


llqote 1.1 - c5C ltoJoctloo blstoty lo OoeeoslooJ
(Ceoloqlcol 5otvey of OoeeoslooJ 2012)

llqote 1.2 - 5ceootlos fot c5C well oombet pteJlctloos fot lNC loJostty
(OoeeoslooJ uepottmeot of Nototol kesootces ooJ Mloes 2012)


AnLhony Shaw age 4 !uly 2013

llqote 1.J - c5C wells JtllleJ lo OoeeoslooJ
(Ceoloqlcol 5otvey of OoeeoslooJ 2012)

llqote 1.4 - c5C 2l kesetves lo OoeeoslooJ
(Ceoloqlcol 5otvey of OoeeoslooJ 2012)


AnLhony Shaw age 3 !uly 2013
CnA1Lk 2
2. CSG kCDUC1ICN SS1LMS

CSC producLlon sysLems dlffer from convenLlonal reservolrs ln several ways (8ogers and
8ogers 1994):
Coal ls slmulLaneously a source, reservolr and seal rock for gas and ls composed of
a porous coal maLrlx conLalnlng naLural fracLures called cleaLs.
Cas ls adsorbed Lo mlcropore surfaces wlLhln Lhe coal maLrlx and ls held ln place by
hydrosLaLlc pressure.
Cas desorbs under a negaLlve pressure gradlenL caused by reduclng Lhe reservolr
hydrosLaLlc pressure (dewaLerlng).
Cas molecules mlgraLe by dlffuslve mechanlsms wlLhln Lhe coal maLrlx and Lhen by
permeable flow Lhough Lhe coal cleaLs.
uue Lo Lhe frlablllLy of coal, permeablllLy and poroslLy ls sLress dependanL.
1he ma[orlLy of reservolr gas remalns adsorbed unLll a slgnlflcanL reducLlon of
reservolr pressure ls achleved
CSC producLlon sysLems operaLe aL low pressures aL Lhe surface, ofLen below 73
psla.

2.1. CSG WLLLS
CSC wells ln Cueensland are generally shallow verLlcal wells (300-600m) wlLh low drllllng
and compleLlons cosLs. ConducLor and surface caslng are lnsLalled Lo sLablllze Lhe well head
and lsolaLe surface aqulfers. (Lagendl[k and 8yan 2010)
uewaLerlng ls achleved wlLh a boLLom hole rogresslve CavlLy ump (C) (llgure 3.2).
C's provlde a wlde Lurndown and reslllence Lo cavlLaLlon and Lhe hlgh sollds raLes
experlenced ln coal bed formaLlon waLer. 1he C ls drlven by a surface moLor powered by
a varlable speed drlve (vSu) and ls seL ln Lhe producLlon Lublng aL an opLlmal depLh for
dewaLerlng Lhe well and conLrolllng Lhe well waLer level. WaLer ls pumped from Lhe well
boLLom Lo Lhe surface Lhrough Lhe producLlon Lublng allowlng gas Lo pass from coal beds
vla Lhe annulus Lo Lhe wellhead and downsLream gas plpellne. uurlng producLlon, Lhe well

AnLhony Shaw age 6 !uly 2013
waLer level ls malnLalned aL boLLom of coal seam level Lo allow egress of gas from Lhe coals.
(Lagendl[k and 8yan 2010)
ln Lhe SuraL 8asln, due Lo hlgh permeablllLy, coal face compleLlons ofLen conslsL of sloLLed
llner or are under reamed Lo maxlmlze Lhe number of cleaLs lnLersecLlng Lhe wellbore
(llgure 3.1). (Lagendl[k and 8yan 2010)

llqote 2.1 - c5C cool foce completloos (loftlo 2009)


llqote 2.2 - 1yplcol 5otot 8oslo c5C well beoJ wltb lcl motot

CSG Well Code of Practice Page 19 of 37 pages
Version 1.0 Nov 2011

Wellheads are threaded or welded onto the first string of casing, which has
been cemented in place during drilling operations, to form an integral structure
of the well.
Wellhead design needs to facilitate installation of Blow Out Preventor
equipment
6.4.2 Mandatory Requirements
a) Operators are required to use wellheads compliant with the Petroleum
and Gas (Production and Safety) Regulation 2004
b) Operators must monitor wellheads for leaks or emissions in
accordance with the separate code of practice for this purpose: Code
of Practice for coal seam gas well head emissions detection and
reporting, published by DEEDI on its website.
6.4.3 Good Industry Practice
a) CSG operators should ensure that during initial wellhead installation
and subsequent well intervention workovers, wellhead seal tests are
conducted to test the mechanical integrity of the wellhead sealing
components (including valve gates and seals) and confirm they are
capable of holding against well pressure.
b) It may be advisable in some circumstances and CSG well types to
ensure A and B wellhead sections are used to ensure surface integrity
of the surface casing annulus (between production casing and surface
casing), as an additional barrier to potential leak paths.
















Typical wellhead with pump

AnLhony Shaw age 7 !uly 2013


llqote 2.J - 1yplcol 5otot 8oslo c5C well completloo (Attoweoetqy 2012)


AnLhony Shaw age 8 !uly 2013
2.2. CkIGINS CI CSG kLSLkVCIkS
Coal occurs ln areas where, ln geologlcal Llme, large volumes of planL maLerlal were
deposlLed ln swamp llke envlronmenLs LhaL laLer submerged aL a raLe LhaL llmlLed oxygen
lngress and creaLed anoxlc condlLlons sulLable for anaeroblc mlcroblal decomposlLlon of Lhe
planL maLLer. 1he shallow waLers, sedlmenL deposlLlon and dense vegeLaLlon of plaln fluvlal
sysLems and coasLal esLuarles provlded Lhe ldeal hlsLorlcal condlLlons for Lhe accumulaLlon
of peaL beds LhaL subsequenLly developed lnLo modern day coal beds. (8ogers and 8ogers
1994)
CSC ls a naLural gas sLored wlLhln Lhe coal maLrlx of Lhe coal bed. CSC ls composed of 93-
98 meLhane, occaslonally Lraces of hydrocarbon llqulds and small amounLs of carbon
dloxlde and nlLrogen. CSC accumulaLlons develop due Lo boLh geochemlcal and
blochemlcal processes.
8logenlc gas ls creaLed durlng Lhe blochemlcal process durlng peaLlflcaLlon as an excreLlon
producL of mlcroblal anaeroblc resplraLlon aL LemperaLures below 80C. 1he blogenlc gas
generaLed durlng peaLlflcaLlon ls losL unless burlal of Lhe peaL conLlnues and Lhe gas
becomes Lrapped by lnLerbedded shale lenses. Plgh levels of blogenlc gas are assoclaLed
wlLh shallow depLh, peaL and low rank coals such as sub-blLumlnous coal and llgnlLe.
(8ogers and 8ogers 1994)
1hermogenlc gas ls creaLed durlng Lhe geochemlcal process of coallflcaLlon when burlal
depLhs provlde LemperaLures ln excess of 80C. 1hermal gas generaLlon reaches a
maxlmum raLe aL LemperaLures beLween 130C and 180C durlng Lhe caLagenesls of
blLumlnous coals. ln LemperaLures beLween 180C and 220C Lhe generaLlon of gas reduces
durlng Lhe meLagenesls of blLumlnous coals Lo anLhraclLe. 1hermal cracklng of meLhane
occurs ln LemperaLures ln excess of 230C and leads Lo a loss of gas conLenL wlLhln Lhe coal
bed. (8ogers and 8ogers 1994) (llgure 3.4)


AnLhony Shaw age 9 !uly 2013

llqote 2.4 - Cos qeoetotloo wltb cool took (loftlo 2009)

2.3. DUAL CkCSI1 SS1LM
1he coal bed ls a dual poroslLy sysLem composed of a maLrlx conLalnlng mlcropores and a
neLwork of naLural fracLures known as cleaLs (macropores) LhaL are lnlLlally fllled wlLh waLer
and dlssolved gas. 1he mlcropores are responslble for Lhe ma[orlLy of coal poroslLy and gas
sLorage (99). 1he macropores provlde Lhe flow paLhs Lhrough Lhe reservolr Lo Lhe well.
(Seldle, 2011)
1he cleaL sysLem ls characLerlsed by Lwo seLs of orLhogonal verLlcal fracLures referred Lo as
face and buLL cleaLs. 1he face cleaL ls relaLlvely conLlnuous whlle Lhe buLL cleaL ls less
conLlnuous and lnLerconnecLs Lhe face cleaLs. 1he cleaLs form durlng Lhe heaLlng and
shrlnkage process of coallflcaLlon and are orlenLaLed accordlng Lo local LecLonlc prlnclpal
sLresses experlenced durlng coallflcaLlon. (llgure 3.3)

AnLhony Shaw age 10 !uly 2013

llqote 2.5- 5ectloo tbtooqb cool mottlx

2.4. LANGMUIk ISC1nLkM AND GAS IN LACL (GI)
uurlng coallflcaLlon and gas generaLlon, meLhane molecules adsorb onLo mlcropore
surfaces wlLhln Lhe coal maLrlx and are consLralned ln place by ground waLer pressure. Coal
conLalns a very large number of lnLernal mlcropores, Lhe surfaces of whlch have a hlgh
afflnlLy for meLhane molecules and resulLs ln a hlgh gas sLorage capaclLy. 1he maxlmum
amounL of gas sLored wlLhln Lhe coal ls a funcLlon of Lhe coal rank (exLenL of coallflcaLlon)
and hydrosLaLlc pressure and ls referred Lo as Lhe Absorbed Cas CapaclLy (8ogers and
8ogers 1994):
Absorbed Cas CapaclLy (Ac)
Absorbed Cas CapaclLy (Ac) ls Lhe maxlmum amounL of gas volume per Lon of coal LhaL can
be sLored wlLhln Lhe coal maLrlx for Lhe hydrosLaLlc pressure experlenced aL Lhe coal depLh.
1he Absorbed Cas CapaclLy (Ac) for any PydrosLaLlc ressure ls shown ln Lhe graph of Lhe
Langmulr lsoLherm (llgure 3.6) for Lhe parLlcular coal rank found wlLhln Lhe coal bed.
8utt C|eat
Iace C|eat
Coa| Matr|x

AnLhony Shaw age 11 !uly 2013

Cas ConLenL (Cc)
Cas ConLenL ls Lhe acLual measured adsorbed gas volume per Lon of coal.
Langmulr Cas SaLuraLlon (Cs)
Langmulr Cas SaLuraLlon ls Lhe raLlo of Cas ConLenL Lo Absorbed Cas CapaclLy (Cc/Ac)
1he Cas ConLenL (Cc) ls a funcLlon of Lhe burlal hlsLory of Lhe coal bed. LlmlLed gas loss
from Lhe coal bed durlng Lhe burlal hlsLory leads Lo gas saLuraLed coals (Cc = Ac) and gas
desorpLlon pressure ls slmllar Lo Lhe hydrosLaLlc pressure. Conversely, Lhe burlal hlsLory
may have led Lo a slgnlflcanL loss of gas from Lhe coal bed. ln Lhls case, Lhe coals are under
saLuraLed (Cc < Ac) and Lhe gas desorpLlon pressure may be slgnlflcanLly lower Lhan Lhe
hydrosLaLlc pressure. (8ogers and 8ogers 1994)
1he exLracLlon of gas durlng CSC producLlon flrsL requlres LhaL Lhe hydrosLaLlc pressure ln
Lhe coal bed ls reduced Lo Lhe desorpLlon pressure by dewaLerlng pump Lo allow Lhe
meLhane molecules Lo desorb from Lhe coal maLrlx. 1he exLenL of dewaLerlng requlred ls
lndlcaLed by Lhe Langmulr Cas SaLuraLlon (Cs).
1he correlaLlon beLween Absorbed Cas CapaclLy (Ac) and hydrosLaLlc pressure ls expressed
ln Lhe Langmulr lsoLherm. 1he Langmulr lsoLherm allows esLlmaLlon of:
1he reducLlon ln hydrosLaLlc pressure requlred Lo allow gas desorpLlon for a
measured Cas ConLenL (Cc) found ln a coal sample aL a parLlcular depLh.

1he volume of gas LhaL wlll desorb aL a glven reservolr pressure from a coal bed of
known volume and denslLy.

Cas ln lace ls a funcLlon of reservolr volume and Cas ConLenL plus any soluLlon gas wlLhln
Lhe formaLlon waLers Lrapped wlLhln Lhe coal bed cleaLs.



AnLhony Shaw age 12 !uly 2013
llqote 2.6 - xomple of o looqmolt lsotbetm fot typlcol sob bltomlooos cool somple
AJopteJ ftom (loftlo 2009)
2.S. DIIIUSICN AND LkMLA8ILI1
uurlng CSC well dewaLerlng, Lhe hydrosLaLlc pressure ls lowered Lo Lhe gas desorpLlon
pressure by C pump. Cn reachlng Lhe desorpLlon pressure, meLhane molecules desorb
from Lhe coal maLrlx mlcropore surfaces and dlffuse Lhrough Lhe mlcropore Lunnels along
Lhe concenLraLlon and pressure gradlenL Lo Lhe cleaLs (macropores) where permeable flow
occurs. (8ogers and 8ogers 1994) (Seldle 2011) (llgure 3.7)

A
b
a
n
d
o
n
m
e
n
t

r
e
s
s
u
r
e

=

1
0
0

p
s
|
a

In|t|a| Gas Content of coa| samp|e
at 4S0m depth = 4.8 m]t
Absorbed Gas Capac|ty (Ac) at
4S0m = 6.2 m]t
D
e
s
o
r
p
t
|
o
n

r
e
s
s
u
r
e

=

4
0
0

p
s
|
a


Dewater|ng
G
a
s

C
a
p
a
c
|
t
y


m

]
t

nydrostat|c ressure (ps|a)
Langmu|r Isotherm
6
4
2
0
8
10
0
Gc = 4.8 m!/t
Abandonment Gc = 1.6 m]t

r
o
d
u
c
t
|
o
n

800 400
Under saturated coa|s:
Gs = Gc ] Ac = 0.77
1600 1200
n
y
d
r
o
s
t
a
t
|
c

r
e
s
s
u
r
e

=

6
4
0

p
s
|
a


AnLhony Shaw age 13 !uly 2013

llqote 2.7 - Cos ttoospottotloo mecboolsms (loftlo 2009)


2.S.1. MICkCCkL DIIIUSICN
1hree Lhermally promoLed dlffuslon mechanlsms occur durlng desorpLlon of meLhane
molecules wlLhln Lhe coal maLrlx:
8ulk dlffuslon
1he bulk dlffuslon process occurs ln volumes unaffecLed by lnLeracLlon wlLh boundarles and
ls generallsed by llck's Law. ln larger mlcropore spaces, gradlenLs of specles concenLraLlon
lead Lo spaLlal equallsaLlon as a resulL of Lhe random 8rownlan moLlon of molecules.

llqote 2.8 - 8olk Jlffosloo

knudsen Lype dlffuslon
knudsen Lype dlffuslon occurs when Lhe lengLh of Lhe free paLh of Lhe molecule ls long
relaLlve Lo Lhe area of Lhe free paLh. 1he dlffuslon of a molecule ls Lherefore effecLed by Lhe
dlmenslonal relaLlonshlp of Lhe free paLh.

AnLhony Shaw age 14 !uly 2013

llqote 2.9 - kooJseo Jlffosloo

Surface dlffuslon
Surface dlffuslon descrlbes Lhe behavlour of Lhe moLlon of molecules beLween adsorpLlon
slLes on boundary surfaces.

1he dlsLrlbuLlon of surface maLerlal specles form varlable areas
of relaLlve adsorpLlon and Lhus effecL Lhe dlffuslon of molecules near Lo Lhe surface.

2.S.2. MACkCCkL LkMLA8LL ILCW
1he cleaL sysLem provldes Lhe flow paLh for waLer and gas Lhrough Lhe coal seams Lo Lhe
wellbore and ls characLerlsed uslng uarcy's law. llow wlLhln Lhe cleaLs depends upon Lhe
wldLh and frequency of Lhe cleaL flssures, phase saLuraLlon and phase relaLlve permeablllLy.
Slnce permeablllLy wlLhln Lhe cleaLs ls a funcLlon of cleaL frequency and flssure dlmenslons,
lL ls Lherefore anlsoLroplc slnce face cleaLs draln a larger area of coal maLrlx Lhan Lhe buLL
cleaLs. (Seldle 2011) (8ogers and 8ogers 1994)

2.6. LIILC1IVL LkMLA8ILI1
1he neL effecLlve permeablllLy wlLhln Lhe cleaL sysLem ls a dynamlc funcLlon of several
facLors lncludlng phase saLuraLlon, cleaL frequency, cleaL flssure slze, coal bed sLresses, gas
conLenL, LemperaLure and pressure (almer and Mansoorl 1998). LffecLlve permeablllLy can
be generallzed by grouplng Lhe causal physlcal behavlour lnLo Lwo characLerlsLlc groups:
dynamlc permeablllLy and relaLlve permeablllLy (8ogers and 8ogers 1994).



AnLhony Shaw age 13 !uly 2013
2.6.1. DNAMIC LkMLA8ILI1
kllnkenberg LffecL
kllnkenberg effecL lncreases effecLlve permeablllLy as reservolr pressure decreases.
AL hlgh pressures Lhe gas layer ln conLacL wlLh Lhe cleaL walls has reduced moblllLy due Lo
belng effecLlvely blocked by Lhe pressure exerLed by Lhe free volume of fluld ln Lhe cleaL
space. uecreaslng reservolr pressure reduces Lhe blocklng effecL and allows Lhe gas layer ln
conLacL wlLh Lhe cleaL wall Lo flow.
MaLrlx shrlnkage
MaLrlx shrlnkage lncreases effecLlve permeablllLy as reservolr pressure decreases.
1he presence of adsorbed gas molecules swells Lhe coal maLrlx volume. 1he removal of gas
molecules durlng desorpLlon reduces Lhe volume of Lhe coal maLrlx and leads Lo an lncrease
ln Lhe flssure slze of Lhe cleaL sysLem.
LffecLlve sLress
lncreaslng effecLlve sLresses decrease effecLlve permeablllLy as hydrosLaLlc pressure
decreases.
1he hydrosLaLlc pressure ln Lhe coal bed reslsLs Lhe overburden and local LecLonlc sLresses
and Lhus supporLs Lhe cleaL openlngs. 1he reducLlon of hydrosLaLlc pressure requlred Lo
allow gas desorpLlon leads Lo a reducLlon of pressure supporL and allows Lhe cleaL flssures
Lo parLlally close.

2.6.2. kLLA1IVL LkMLA8ILI1
8elaLlve permeablllLy behavlour characLerlzes Lhe change ln phase permeablllLy as Lhe raLlo
of gas Lo waLer changes ln Lhe reservolr. As gas saLuraLlon lncreases, Lhe gas relaLlve
permeablllLy (krg) lncreases and Lhe waLer relaLlve permeablllLy decreases (krw). (8ogers
and 8ogers 1994)

AnLhony Shaw age 16 !uly 2013

llqote 2.10 - kelotlve petmeoblllty (loftlo 2009)

2.7. kCDUC1ICN kCIILL
llgure 3.11 shows represenLaLlve CSC well producLlon proflles for gas and waLer (8ogers
and 8ogers 1994).
Larly llfe
uewaLerlng sLage occurs aL well sLarL up Lo reduce reservolr hydrosLaLlc pressure Lo
desorpLlon pressure. 1he magnlLude and duraLlon of Lhe dewaLerlng sLage ls a funcLlon of
Lhe Langmulr Cas SaLuraLlon (Cs) and cleaL volume and conLlnues unLll hydrosLaLlc pressure
reaches adsorpLlon pressure. uewaLerlng may be prolonged by lnflux from nelghbourlng
aqulfers.
Cas producLlon lnlLlaLes when Lhe gas conLenL of Lhe cleaL waLers lncreases above Lhe
crlLlcal saLuraLlon level Lo allow gas moblllLy. Cas producLlon lncreases wlLh Lhe change ln
relaLlve permeablllLy as Lhe proporLlon of gas Lo waLer lncreases ln Lhe cleaLs durlng
dewaLerlng.
eak Cas
Cn reachlng desorpLlon pressure, bulk gas dlffuses from Lhe coal maLrlx lnLo Lhe cleaL
sysLem and flows Lo Lhe well bore whllsL Lhe waLer raLe decllnes Lo mlnlmum.

AnLhony Shaw age 17 !uly 2013
1he Llme Lo reach plaLeau gas ls a funcLlon of Lhe Langmulr lsoLherm and Langmulr Cas
SaLuraLlon. 1he less saLuraLed Lhe reservolr, Lhe longer Lhe dewaLerlng duraLlon prlor Lo
reachlng full gas producLlon. 1he magnlLude and duraLlon of Lhe plaLeau raLe ls a funcLlon
of Lhe Cas ConLenL (Cc), effecLlve permeablllLy and neL Coal (cross secLlonal area of coal
seam).
Mld Llfe
uurlng mldllfe, gas producLlon decllnes from plaLeau Lo a relaLlvely consLanL laLe llfe flow
raLe. 8elaLlve permeablllLy of waLer remalns low due Lo bulk gas flow ln cleaLs and Lhus
mlnlmal dewaLerlng ls requlred Lo malnLaln well waLer level below Lhe coal bed.
LaLe Llfe
uurlng laLe llfe, Lhe gas producLlon raLe ls relaLlvely consLanL and may conLlnue for over 10
years wlLhouL appreclable decllne. Mlnlmal dewaLerlng ls requlred Lo malnLaln well waLer
level below Lhe coal bed. 1he magnlLude of Lhe laLe llfe raLe ls a funcLlon of Lhe Cas ConLenL
(Cc), effecLlve permeablllLy and well head pressure.










llqote 2.11- ltoJoctloo ptoflle


Gas rate
Water rate
I
|
o
w

r
a
t
e

(

b
p
d

]

M
s
c
f
]
d
)

1|me (years)
1
2
3 4 S
1000
eak Gas Lar|y ||fe
M|d ||fe Late ||fe
1S

AnLhony Shaw age 18 !uly 2013
2.8. kLSLkVCIk DLLL1ICN
A represenLaLlve decllne curve for CSC reservolr depleLlon ls shown ln llgure 3.12. CSC
depleLlon does noL exhlblL Lhe characLerlsLlcs of volumeLrlc depleLlon experlenced ln
convenLlonal reservolrs. (Seldle 2011) (8ogers and 8ogers 1994)
ln convenLlonal gas reservolrs, wlLhouL waLer lnflux, volumeLrlc depleLlon ls a llnear
funcLlon of reservolr pressure. Powever, ln CSC reservolrs, Lhe adsorbed gas sLorage
mechanlsm ensures a large lnvenLory of gas ls reLalned aL low CSC reservolr pressures. ln
Lhe example shown ln llgure 3.12, 30 of Lhe orlglnal gas ln place (CCl) remalns
unproduced from Lhe coal bed when Lhe reservolr pressure reaches 20 of orlglnal
desorpLlon pressure.
1he lmpllcaLlon of Lhls characLerlsLlc of CSC reservolr decllne ls Lhe lmpacL of wellhead
pressures on ulLlmaLe recovery. Mlnlmlzlng surface sysLem back pressure ls crlLlcal ln
maxlmlzlng a susLalned release of Lhe adsorbed gas lnvenLory and Lhus maxlmlzlng ulLlmaLe
recovery from Lhe developmenL.











llqote 2.12 - kesetvolt Jepletloo AJopteJ ftom (loftlo 2009)
Convent|ona| we||
dep|et|on
C8M we||
dep|et|on
100
100 0
0
S0
S0
ressure as of |n|t|a| desorpt|on pressure
G
a
s


|
n

p
|
a
c
e

a
s


o
f


C
G
I


20

AnLhony Shaw age 19 !uly 2013
2.9. SUkIACL IACILI1ILS
ln addlLlon Lo C drlve and well head, a C8M well slLe conLalns gas and waLer producLlon
flow llnes, measuremenL lnsLrumenLs, safeLy rellef valve and a supervlsory, conLrol and daLa
acqulslLlon (SCAuA) sysLem.
As a mlnlmum, Lhe SCAuA sysLem provldes Lhe capablllLy for LelemeLry of Lhe raLe and
pressure daLa Lo a cenLral locaLlon, where performance can be monlLored.
1he gas and waLer producLlon from C8M wells are collecLed ln separaLe flowllnes from Lhe
annular and Lublng connecLors on Lhe wellhead. 1he surface waLer and gas flowllnes
connecL Lo separaLe underground hlgh-denslLy polyeLhylene (PuL) waLer and gas plpellnes
referred Lo as gaLherlng sysLems. 1he gaLherlng sysLems connecL Lo maln Lrunk llnes whlch
conducL produced gas and waLer Lo a WaLer LreaLmenL faclllLy (for waLer LreaLmenL and
dlsposal) and a CenLral Cas rocesslng laclllLy (CCl) for condlLlonlng and exporL
compresslon. (Slmpson, l. Lea, 2003)

2.9.1. GAS GA1nLkING SS1LM
1he gas gaLherlng sysLem ls deslgned Lo convey gas from Lhe fleld wells Lo Lhe CCl whllsL
mlnlmlslng sysLem pressure loss. 1hls ls ofLen achleved by Lhe use of large-dlameLer plpes
and, lf requlred, sLraLeglcally placed pressure boosLlng fleld compressors (nodal
compressors). (Pollub and Shafer, Cas 8esearch lnsLlLuLe, 1992) (Slmpson, l. Lea, 2003)
(llgure 3.13)
ldeally, Lhe gas gaLherlng sysLem would operaLe ln slngle phase Lo mlnlmlse sysLem
pressure losses and be predlcLably managed by approprlaLe plpellne slzlng. Powever, a
number flow assurance lssues effecL Lhe performance of Lhe gas gaLherlng sysLem:
WaLer condensaLlon
CSC conLalns approxlmaLely 4 Lo 7 bbl/MMScf of waLer vapour aL Lyplcal surface condlLlons.
SlgnlflcanL waLer condensaLlon Lakes place lnslde Lhe gaLherlng sysLem due Lo coollng of
Lhe gas durlng LranslL. As a resulL, a Lwo phase gas producLlon sysLem ofLen occurs requlrlng
slgnlflcanL operaLlonal lnLervenLlon (manual dralnlng) Lo mlnlmlse Lhe back pressure effecLs
of llquld poollng and slugglng ln gas gaLherlng sysLems. (Pollub and Shafer, Cas 8esearch
lnsLlLuLe, 1992) (Slmpson, l. Lea, 2003)

AnLhony Shaw age 20 !uly 2013
Scale and coal flnes.
Plgh peak gas flow raLes ln prollflc wells brlng formaLlon waLer dropleLs Lo Lhe surface
conLalnlng dlssolved sollds (10,000 mg/L) and coal flnes. ressure drop aL Lhe surface leads
Lo flashlng. ueposlLs of coal flnes and scale bulld up over Llme Lo reduce plpe bore locally,
lncrease back-pressure on Lhe well and cause blockage of Lhe surface gas gaLherlng
plpellne. (Slmpson, l. Lea, 2003)
Well pressure lnequallLy
1he pressure wlLhln a gaLherlng sysLem neLwork wlll equallse wlLh Lhe flowlng well head
pressures of connecLed wells. Plgh raLe, relaLlvely hlgh pressure wells, can ralse Lhe
gaLherlng sysLem pressure above Lhe pressure of low raLe, relaLlvely low pressure wells. As
a resulL producLlon from low pressure wells wlLhln Lhe sysLem wlll be choked.

2.9.2. NCDAL CCMkLSSICN
1he lnsLallaLlon of weL screw Lype nodal Compressors has Lhree poLenLlal beneflLs:
A low wellhead pressure ls achleved whlch allows maxlmlslng recovery from Lhe
large lnvenLory of low pressure CSC adsorbed ln Lhe reservolr.
1he lncreased gaLherlng sysLem pressure and flow raLe allows use of smaller plpe
slzes, mlnlmlses condensaLlon and lmproves sweeplng of condensaLlon Lo Lhe CCl
and Lhus reduces llquld slugglng, poollng and assoclaLed pressure losses and
dralnage requlremenLs. (Slmpson, l. Lea, 2003)
1he nodal Compressor can be locaLed sLraLeglcally Lo manage dlfferences ln
reservolr pressures wlLhln a fleld. Selsmlc daLa and reservolr Lrends wlLhln Lhe
reglon can be used Lo ldenLlfy fleld secLors expecLed Lo produce slmllar reservolr
desorpLlon pressures and raLes. Wells wlLhln a secLor can Lhen be produced lnLo a
common gaLherlng sysLem feedlng a nodal Compressor whlch dlscharges Lo Lhe
maln gaLherlng Lrunkllne. ln Lhls way, flow raLes from low pressure wells can be
proLecLed from Lhe back pressure effecLs of hlgh performance wells connecLed Lo
Lhe same Lrunkllne.
1he lncrease ln ulLlmaLe recovery from Lhe fleld as a resulL of nodal Compresslon
lnsLallaLlon requlres evaluaLlon agalnsL Lhe lncreased cosL of Lhe fleld developmenL and ls a

AnLhony Shaw age 21 !uly 2013
slgnlflcanL declslon durlng fleld developmenL plannlng. Powever, uncerLalnLy ln subsurface
varlablllLy and well dellverablllLy requlres early appralsal Lo subsLanLlaLe Lhe economlc
beneflLs of nodal Compresslon and avold Lhe regreL cosLs of sub economlc lnsLallaLlon ln
low performance well groups.
ln Lhe absence of appralsal daLa, CSC developmenLs may be sLaged Lo lnlLlally operaLe wlLh
naLurally flowlng wells wlLh Lhe opLlon of fuLure lnsLallaLlon of nodal compressors deslgned
lnLo Lhe gaLherlng sysLem. 1he sLaged developmenL reduced lnvesLmenL rlsk ln four ways:
Mlnlmlses lnlLlal developmenL capex.
Appralsal cosLs avolded.
roducLlon daLa from naLurally flowlng wells can be used Lo callbraLe Lhe lM for
use ln reallsLlcally sLudylng Lhe beneflLs of nodal compresslon, Lherefore
prevenLlng sub economlc nodal compressor lnsLallaLlons.
CallbraLed lM sLudles ensure maxlmum recovery from nodal Compressor
lmplemenLaLlon by ldenLlfylng opLlmum locaLlons and compressor slzlng.





AnLhony Shaw age 22 !uly 2013



llqote 2.1J - 5otfoce loftosttoctote oJopteJ ftom (loftlo 2009)

Low pressure
Cas gaLherlng sysLem
nodal Compressors
Medlum pressure
Lrunkllne
CenLral Cas
rocesslng
laclllLy
LxporL Cas plpellne

AnLhony Shaw age 23 !uly 2013
CnA1Lk 4

3. MCDLLLING CSG kCDUC1ICN SS1LMS
3.1. IN1kCDUC1ICN
Several commerclal programs are avallable for modelllng Lhe behavlour of reservolr, well or
Lhe gaLherlng sysLems ln Lhe plannlng and fleld managemenL of convenLlonal oll and gas
developmenLs. ln addlLlon, lnLegraLed roducLlon Models provlde Lhe ablllLy Lo comblne
Lhe knowledge from Lhe separaLe producLlon sysLem models lnLo an lnLegraLed model Lo
allow LranslenL modelllng of enLlre producLlon sysLems and Lhus more rapldly perform
lnfrasLrucLure opLlmlsaLlon durlng englneerlng and operaLlons. (Slmpson and Lea 2003)
uesplLe Lhls, lM models are noL currenLly uLlllsed ln CSC fleld managemenL due Lo a lack of
hlsLorlcal use lack of approprlaLe lM sofLware modelllng capablllLy for accuraLely
represenLlng Lhe behavlour of exLenslve and hlghly heLerogeneous CSC reservolrs.
Several currenLly avallable numerlcal reservolr slmulaLors provlde Lhe ablllLy Lo model CSC
reservolr and well producLlon raLes (lekeLe lAS1 C8M and Schlumberger Lcllpse).
numerlcal reservolr slmulaLors can rlgorously model reservolr sysLems lf deLalled daLa for
Lhe spaLlal dlsLrlbuLlon of reservolr parameLers ls avallable wlLh a degree of cerLalnLy.
Powever, such daLa ls usually unavallable ln Lhe plannlng sLages CSC developmenLs.
lurLhermore, lL ls lmpracLlcal Lo bulld a full-fleld hollsLlc numerlcal reservolr model of a fleld
conLalnlng hundreds of wells dralnlng numerous heLerogeneous reservolrs and spannlng
hundreds of square kllomeLres for use ln lM slmulaLlons.
lnsLead, reservolr performance ln a full-fleld lM ls more pracLlcally achleved uslng dlscreLe
analyLlcal reservolr Lank models where daLa requlremenLs are less sLrlngenL. AnalyLlcal
models allow reservolr parameLers Lo be averaged wlLhln Lhe well dralnage area and are
Lherefore sulLed Lo predlcLlng well performance wlLhouL Lhe need for deLalled reservolr
daLa. Such llmlLed daLa requlremenLs correspond convenlenLly wlLh Lhe llmlLed daLa LhaL ls
avallable durlng CSC well plannlng and can be easlly hlsLory maLched durlng producLlon Lo
provlde accuraLe long Lerm predlcLlons.
AnalyLlcal Lank models can be creaLed for lndlvldual wells or a slngle Lank can be aLLached
Lo mulLlple wells. lmporLanLly, Lhe Lank model can be easlly callbraLed wlLh well

AnLhony Shaw age 24 !uly 2013
performance daLa obLalned durlng well LesLlng and producLlon. Powever, unLll 2013,
analyLlcal reservolr Lank models have yeL Lo be harnessed by Lhe CSC lndusLry as a Lool for
faclllLaLlng full fleld lM slmulaLlons durlng fleld managemenL.
Cf lmporLance, ls LhaL Lhe reservolr, well and surface models can be callbraLed wlLh Lhe
mosL slgnlflcanL parameLers effecLlng Lhe accuracy of sysLem dellverablllLy and ulLlmaLe
recovery.

3.2. WLLL MCDLL
Seldle (2011) has ldenLlfled maLhemaLlcal models for descrlblng Lhe CSC producLlon sysLem
behavlours descrlbed ln ChapLer 3. Ceneral models were ldenLlfled LhaL can accuraLely
predlcL producLlon raLes uslng relaLlvely accesslble subsurface parameLers.

3.2.1. LANGMUIk ISC1nLkM MCDLLLING
1he Langmulr lsoLherm formula models Absorbed Cas CapaclLy (Ac) for a CSC reservolr and
ls expressed as:
(4.1)

v() = Absorbed Cas CapaclLy (Ac) for a hydrosLaLlc pressure,
1he Langmulr lsoLherm ls modelled uslng Lwo experlmenLally derlved parameLers, Lhe
Langmulr volume (vL) and Lhe Langmulr ressure (L).
Langmulr volume (vL)
1he maxlmum amounL of gas LhaL can be held adsorbed ln a coal volume aL lnflnlLe
pressure. vL ls a funcLlon of Lhe coal rank and exLenL of mlcroporoslLy.
Langmulr ressure (L)
L ls Lhe pressure aL Lhe coal volume desorbs half of Lhe Langmulr volume. L ls a funcLlon
of Lhe coal rank and Lhe desorpLlon characLerlsLlcs.

AnLhony Shaw age 23 !uly 2013

llqote J.1 - looqmolt lsotbetm AJopteJ ftom (loftlo 2009)

3.2.2. LIILC1IVL LkMLA8ILI1
1he effecLlve permeablllLy of Lhe cleaL sysLem Lo gas and waLer flow varles wlLh Lhe
dynamlc permeablllLy mechanlsms and Lhe relaLlve permeablllLy Lo gas and waLer. (8ogers
and 8ogers 1994)
lor Lhe gas phase, Lhe uarcy equaLlon provldes Lhe gas flow raLe as a funcLlon of effecLlve
permeablllLy:

(4.2)
Langmu|r vo|ume (VL)
L
a
n
g
m
u
|
r

r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(

L
)

G
a
s

C
a
p
a
c
|
t
y

m

]
t

nydrostat|c ressure (ps|)
Absorbed Gas Capac|ty
Isotherm (Ac)
6
4
2
0
8
10
0
x VL
800 400 1600 1200
~

k
q
b j l
2
- l
wf
]

AnLhony Shaw age 26 !uly 2013
Where:
p
q
= gas raLe (MCl/d)
k
q
= gas effecLlve permeablllLy (md)
b = neL coal bed Lhlckness (fL)
l = average reservolr pressure (psla)
l
wf
= boLLom hole flowlng pressure (psla)
1 = 1emperaLure (8)
t
e
= exLernal radlus of reservolr (fL)
t
w
= wellbore radlus (fL)
s = skln


lor Lhe waLer phase, Lhe uarcy equaLlon provldes Lhe waLer flow raLe:
(4.3)
Where:
p
w
= waLer raLe (S18/day)
k
w
= waLer effecLlve permeablllLy (md)
b = neL coal bed Lhlckness (fL)
l = average reservolr pressure (psla)
l
wf
= boLLom hole flowlng pressure (psla)

w
= waLer vlscoslLy (cp)
!
w
= waLer formaLlon volume facLor (bbl/S18)
t
e
= exLernal radlus of reservolr (fL)
t
w
= wellbore radlus (fL)
s = skln


3.2.3. kLLA1IVL LkMLA8ILI1
1he waLer saLuraLlon ln Lhe cleaL sysLem changes as Lhe coal bed ls dewaLered. 1he Corey
relaLlonshlp for relaLlve permeablllLy ls appllcable for modelllng permeable flow ln Lhe coal
bed meLhane cleaL sysLem. 1he relaLlon for relaLlve permeablllLy (Seldle 2011) ls as follows:

AnLhony Shaw age 27 !uly 2013
(4.4)
(4.3)
(4.6)
Where:
5
wc
= lrreduclble waLer saLuraLlon
5
qc
= lrreduclble gas saLuraLlon
k
tq0
= endpolnL relaLlve permeablllLy Lo gas
k
tw0
= endpolnL relaLlve permeablllLy Lo waLer
o
w
= exponenL of Lhe waLer relaLlve permeablllLy curve
o
q
= exponenL of Lhe gas relaLlve permeablllLy curve
5 = normallzed saLuraLlon

3.2.4. DNAMIC LkMLA8ILI1
keduct|on |n permeab|||ty due to |ncreased effect|ve stress
1he reducLlon ln hydrosLaLlc pressure durlng producLlon leads Lo an lncrease ln effecLlve
LecLonlc and overburden sLress ln Lhe coal bed. 1he lncreased sLress lnduces negaLlve sLraln
ln Lhe coal maLrlx and cleaL sLrucLure and Lhus causes a reducLlon ln cleaL macropore
volume and subsequenLly reduced cleaL permeablllLy (Seldle 2011):
(4.7)
Where:
k = permeablllLy
k
l
= lnlLlal permeablllLy
c
f
= cleaL compresslblllLy
o
b
= hydrosLaLlc pressure
o
bl
= lnlLlal hydrosLaLlc pressure

AnLhony Shaw age 28 !uly 2013

1he cleaL compresslblllLy (c
f
) ls funcLlon of coal rank, quallLy and oLher properLles and ls
deLermlned experlmenLally.

Increase |n permeab|||ty due to Matr|x shr|nkage
Adsorbed gas molecules swell Lhe coal maLrlx. 1he desorpLlon of gas molecules durlng
producLlon resulLs ln a reducLlon ln coal maLrlx volume. 1he reducLlon ln maLrlx volume
occurs wlLh a correspondlng and equal lncrease ln cleaL macropore volume. 1he maLrlx
generally accounLs for 99 of Lhe coal bed volume whllsL Lhe cleaL macropores accounL for
1. 1herefore, small reducLlons ln Lhe maLrlx volume can lead Lo a slgnlflcanL relaLlve
lncrease ln cleaL macropore volume and slgnlflcanLly lncrease permeablllLy.
MaLrlx shrlnkage as a resulL of desorpLlon can be consldered a funcLlon of Lhe coal
elasLlclLy. (Seldle 2011)
(4.8)
Where:
e = maLrlx sLraln,
e
mox
= maxlmum maLrlx sLraln, and
l
50
= pressure where sLraln ls one-half maxlmum sLraln.

3.2.S. DIIIUSICN
Cas desorbs from Lhe coal maLrlx surfaces and dlffuses Lhrough Lhe mlcropores Lo Lhe cleaLs
ln varleLy of dlffuslon mechanlsms. A slmpllflcaLlon of Lhe adsorpLlon and dlffuslon
processes ls requlred LhaL allows slmple correlaLlon wlLh measurable parameLers and
sufflclenLly models Lhe raLe of dlffuslon from Lhe coal bed maLrlx:
p
Jlff =
o
u
c
v ( l
m
- l
cl
) (4.9)
Where:

AnLhony Shaw age 29 !uly 2013
O
Jlff
= raLe of gas desorpLlon and dlffuslon
o = Lransfer shape facLor
u
c
= ulffuslon coefflclenL
1he Lransfer shape facLor, o , and Lhe ulffuslvlLy coefflclenL, u
c
can be found by Lhe
relaLlonshlp Lo Lhe measurable parameLer !
(4.10)
1he characLerlsLlc sorpLlon Llme, !, ls found by laboraLory analysls. SorpLlon Llme ls Lhe Llme
requlred for 63.2 of Lhe gas volume Lo desorb aL sLandard condlLlons from a coal sample
Laken aL reservolr condlLlons.



3.3. MA1LkIAL 8ALANCL MCDLL
Crlglnal Cas ln lace (CCl) = Cl
m
+ Cl
c

Where: Cl
m
= Cl ln coal maLrlx, Cl
c
= Cl dlssolved ln cleaL waLer, and,
Cll
m
= ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !" (4.11)
Cll
c
=
! !! !!! !!!"
!
(4.12)
Crlglnal WaLer ln lace (CWl) conLalned wlLhln Lhe cleaLs:
Owll

=
! !! !!! !"
!"
(4.13)
Where:


A = Coal bed dralnage area
b = neL coal bed Lhlckness
1 = CleaL poroslLy

AnLhony Shaw age 30 !uly 2013
p = average coal bed denslLy
5w = lnlLlal waLer saLuraLlon
!! = Cas formaLlon volume facLor
!
w
= waLer formaLlon volume facLor
1herefore,
Cas ln lace (Cl) = CCl - roduced Cas
and,
WaLer ln lace (Wl) = CWl - roduced waLer + Aqulfer lnflux
1he maLerlal balance model would ldeally model:
PydrosLaLlc pressure reducLlon due Lo waLer producLlon durlng dewaLerlng
lnlLlal dlssolved gas producLlon
uesorbed Cas producLlon
ln addlLlon Lo forecasLlng gas producLlon, LranslenL modelllng of waLer producLlon durlng
dewaLerlng provldes lmproved cerLalnLy ln waLer forecasLlng and plannlng of waLer
gaLherlng neLworks and LreaLmenL faclllLles. (Seldle 2011)

3.4. SUkIACL INIkAS1kUC1UkL MCDLL
1he v1 behavlour of CSC producLlon can be accuraLely modelled uslng an approprlaLe
equaLlon of sLaLe (LCS), for example, van uer Waals LCS or 8edllch/kwong LCS are sulLable
models. Cf slgnlflcance, ls Lhe ablllLy of Lhe gas LCS Lo model Lhe lnLeracLlon of pressure
and LemperaLure reducLlon along Lhe flow paLh and Lhus allow accuraLe calculaLlon of
waLer condensaLlon wlLhln Lhe gaLherlng sysLem.
3.4.1. ILCW kLGIML MAING
lpellne hydraullc analysls uLlllzes llow correlaLlon models Lo map flow reglmes, calculaLe
llquld hold up and calculaLe subsequenL pressure losses. Powever, Lhe ma[orlLy of flow
correlaLlons are derlved from daLa obLalned from experlmenLs repllcaLlng Lhe pressure and
flow raLe reglmes experlenced ln Lhe convenLlonal Cll and Cas lndusLry and Lherefore glve
unrellable resulLs when used Lo model condensaLlon and pressure loss ln Lhe very low
pressure of CSC gaLherlng sysLems.

AnLhony Shaw age 31 !uly 2013
ln order LhaL CSC gaLherlng sysLems can be deslgned wlLh mlnlmal pressure loss due Lo
poollng condensaLlon a flow correlaLlon ls requlred wlLh Lhe ablllLy accuraLely model
condensaLlon occurrlng ln low pressure vapour saLuraLed CSC sysLems.
CurrenLly (2013) 1ulsa unlverslLy, uSA, ls conducLlng a low pressure gas, large plpe
dlameLer 'lluld llow ro[ecL' Lo allow developmenL of an accuraLe flow correlaLlon model
for use ln CSC plpellne modelllng.










AnLhony Shaw age 32 !uly 2013
CnA1Lk 4

4. SU8SUkIACL VAkIA8ILI1 AND UNCLk1AIN1 IN 1nL SUkA1 8ASIN

4.1. SUkA1 8ASIN DLSCkI1ICN
1he SuraL 8asln ls a LecLonlc sub unlL of Lhe CreaL ArLeslan 8asln, a large !urasslc-
CreLaceous lnLra-craLonlc basln LhaL covers 1.7 mllllon square kllomeLres of easLern
AusLralla. 1he SuraL 8asln lLself exLends across an area of 270,000 square kllomeLres
locaLed ln souLhern Cueensland and norLhern new SouLh Wales. llgure 3.1
1he geology of Lhe SuraL 8asln ls characLerlsed by flve cycles of LerresLrlal deposlLlon LhaL
Look place durlng Lhe !urasslc Lo CreLaceous perlods and formed sedlmenLs reachlng a
Lhlckness of 2300m. Lach cycle provlded hlghly varlable deposlLlonal envlronmenLs, fluvlal,
lacusLrlne, delLa plaln and marglnal marlne envlronmenLs deposlLed lacusLrlne sllLs, upward
gradlng sLream deposlLs, meanderlng rlver sllLs, marlne sands and swamp sllLs, clays and
coals. (CalverL eL al, 2011)
Mlnor locallsed faulLlng (3-20m Lhrow) ls wldespread LhroughouL Lhe basln alLhough only a
slngle pressure-lsolaLlng faulL exlsLs, Lhe 30km long nnW Lrendlng Porrane faulL (100m
Lhrow). (Lagendl[k and 8yan 2010)

4.2. SU8SUkIACL VAkIA8ILI1
SuraL 8asln CSC wells produce from Lhe subblLumlnous coal packages of Lhe Walloon
Subgroup lylng aL a depLh of 200m Lo 600m. 1he Walloon Subgroup ranges from 300m Lo
400m Lhlckness and was formed durlng Lhe mlddle !urasslc ln a hlghly varlable fluvlal
deposlLlonal envlronmenL domlnaLed by marlne Lransgresslon and peaL swamps.
1he coal packages conLaln up Lo 30 low rank coal plles ranglng from 0.3m Lo 3m ln Lhlckness
LhaL are lnLerbedded wlLh low permeablllLy, sandsLones, sllLsLones and mudsLones. llgure
3.4 (kablr eL al, 2011).

AnLhony Shaw age 33 !uly 2013
1he hlghly varlable deposlLlonal envlronmenL of Lhe SuraL 8asln coal measures has creaLed
a hlgh degree of llLhologlcal varlaLlon and laLeral sLraLlgraphlc dlsconLlnulLy over shorL
dlsLances (10s Lo 100s of meLers) wlLh a subsequenL hlgh spaLlal varlablllLy ln reservolr
characLerlsLlcs. (8yba, LverLs and Alesslo 2011)


llqote 4.1 - Cteot Attesloo 8oslo

4.3. SIGNIIICAN1 kLSLkVCIk AkAML1LkS
Lagendl[k and 8yan (2010) have shown LhaL Lhe Lhree mosL slgnlflcanL CSC reservolr
parameLers effecLlng well dellvery and ulLlmaLe recovery are Cas ConLenL, ermeablllLy and
neL Lo Cross.

AnLhony Shaw age 34 !uly 2013
Cas conLenL and neL coal Lhlckness deLermlne Lhe Crlglnal Cas ln lace (CCl) and are
Lherefore Lhe mosL slgnlflcanL subsurface varlables ln deLermlnlng ulLlmaLe recovery of gas.
(8yba, LverLs and Alesslo 2011) (Lagendl[k and 8yan 2010)
LffecLlve ermeablllLy and neL coal Lhlckness deLermlne well dellverablllLy and are
Lherefore Lhe mosL slgnlflcanL subsurface varlables ln deLermlnlng Lhe Llme Lo peak gas and
duraLlon of peak gas. 1he dellverablllLy of wells effecLs Lhe drllllng sequence and number of
wells requlred Lo meeL exporL demand and Lherefore lmpacLs Lhe economlc cosL of a
developmenL. (8yba, LverLs and Alesslo 2011) (Lagendl[k and 8yan 2010)
llgures 3.2 and 3.3 show LhaL Cas ConLenL and permeablllLy have a slgnlflcanL effecL upon
Lhe producLlon raLe.

llqote 4.2 - Cos tote seosltlvlty to Cos cooteot (koqets ooJ koqets 1994)
Coalbed Methane: Principles and Practices
480 Economics of Coalbed Methane Recovery June 2007
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time, yrs
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
600 scf/ton
500 scf/ton
400 scf/ton
300 scf/ton
200 scf/ton
100 scf/ton
50 scf/ton
G
a
s

R
a
t
e
,

m
s
c
f
d
/
l
e
a
s
e
Fig. 10.6Gas rate for various gas contents.

AnLhony Shaw age 33 !uly 2013

llqote 4.J - Cos tote seosltlvlty to letmeoblllty (koqets ooJ koqets 1994)

lor Lhe Walloon Coal measures of Lhe SuraL 8asln, Lhe followlng ranges have been found ln
relaLlvely conLlnuous dlsLrlbuLlon from currenL producLlon and appralsal wells (Lagendl[k
and 8yan 2010):
Cas conLenL
300m = 1.3 - 6 m/L, 400m = 2 - 8 m/L , 300m = 2 - 10 m/L
ermeablllLy
300m = 10 - 200 md, 400m = 10 - 200 md, 300m = 10 - 200 md
neL Lo Cross (neL coal Lhlckness)
!uandah Coal Measures: Cross 130 m - 200 m, neL Coal 20 m
1aroom Coal Measures: Cross 130 m - 200 m, neL Coal 20 m
Coalbed Methane: Principles and Practices
482 Economics of Coalbed Methane Recovery June 2007
10.4.3 Spacing Sensitivity
InterIerence between CBM wells is imperative to promote gas desorption. This
may be the biggest diIIerence between conventional production and CBM
production. Peak gas desorption rates are Iunctions oI gas content and
permeability, parameters an operator cannot control. Spacing oI wells can be
controlled to obtain maximum gas desorption once the other variables are
determined.
Fig. 10.7Gas rates as permeability is varied.

AnLhony Shaw age 36 !uly 2013
Lagendl[k and 8yan (2010) performed a MonLe Carlo analysls of Lhe probablllLy dlsLrlbuLlon
of producLlon raLes resulLlng from Lhe ranges of Cas ConLenL, neL Lo gross and ermeablllLy
found wlLhln currenL SuraL 8asln producLlon and appralsal wells.. 1he resulLlng dlsLrlbuLlon
had a range of approxlmaLely 1:3 suggesLlng a slgnlflcanL LhreaL Lo developmenL reLurn on
lnvesLmenL.

4.4. MANAGING SU8SUkIACL UNCLk1AIN1 IN CSG IILLD DLVLLCMLN1S
1he declslon Lo lnvesL ln a developmenL requlres confldence ln developmenL cosLs and Lhe
value of generaLed gas sales. 1he acqulslLlon of appralsal well daLa provldes cerLalnLy ln
CCl, well dellverablllLy, well numbers and sequenclng and Lhus provldes confldence ln Lhe
economlc modelllng of a poLenLlal developmenL.
1he ma[orlLy of LnC CSC producLlon ls planned ln new developmenL areas wlLh llLLle
prevlous producLlon or appralsal hlsLory Lo provlde characLerlzaLlon Lrends and analogles Lo
asslsL ln CCl and well dellverablllLy esLlmaLes. (8yba, LverLs and Alesslo 2011)
1he appralsal of SuraL 8asln CSC reservolrs ln new developmenL areas would Lherefore be
beneflclal ln lmprovlng cerLalnLy ln CCl and well dellverablllLy due Lo Lhe hlgh level of
subsurface varlablllLy.
Powever, Lhe appralsal cosLs of SuraL 8asln CSC developmenLs are hlgh due Lo:
Large numbers of planned wells (1-3 wells per square kllomeLre) over vasL areas
(1000s of square kllomeLres) requlre exLenslve appralsal.
numerous varlable CSC reservolrs due Lo sLraLlgraphlc dlsconLlnulLy over relaLlvely
small areas (10s Lo 100s of meLers) requlre lnLenslve appralsal.
1he dewaLerlng phase of appralsal wells requlres hlgh cosL waLer managemenL
lnfrasLrucLure.





AnLhony Shaw age 37 !uly 2013
ln addlLlon, Lhe Llmely success of appralsal campalgns ls lmpeded by:
1he dewaLerlng phase of appralsal wells lnLroduces a Llme lag Lo obLalnlng valuable
resulLs concernlng well dellverablllLy and Lherefore requlres slgnlflcanL early
plannlng.
Appralsal well locaLlons requlre careful selecLlon Lo ensure acqulslLlon of useful
daLa for fleld developmenL plannlng due shorL LnC ro[ecL lead Llmes.
uuraLlon of Landholder negoLlaLlons prlor Lo obLalnlng access for drllllng acLlvlLles
slgnlflcanLly lncreases uncerLalnLy ln Lhe success of appralsal campalgns.
1he acqulslLlon of sufflclenL appralsal daLa Lo ald ln Lhe opLlmlzaLlon of LnC scale CSC fleld
developmenLs may be lmpracLlcal and poLenLlally sub-economlc for producLlon wells
planned ln new developmenL areas.
ln Lhe absence of appralsal daLa Lo conflrm opLlmal well locaLlons, and due Lo pro[ecL lead
Llme consLralnLs, well locaLlons ln new areas ls ofLen asslgned accordlng Lo a flxed
developmenL plan well maLrlx. 1he well maLrlx varles only for surface envlronmenLal
consLralnLs and well denslLy. 1he well denslLy ls varled accordlng Lo confldence levels ln
subsurface Lrends wlLhln Lhe area.

AnLhony Shaw age 38 !uly 2013

llqote 4.4 - 5otot 8oslo lltboloqy
(Arrowenergy 2012)



AnLhony Shaw age 39 !uly 2013
CnA1Lk S

S. CCNCLUSICNS

S.1. IM AS A 1CCL ICk MANAGING SU8SUkIACL UNCLk1AIN1
SuraL 8asln CSC developmenLs Lake place ln a envlronmenL of hlgh economlc rlsk due Lo
subsurface varlablllLy and uncerLalnLy regardlng well dellverablllLy.
1he varlable deposlLlonal envlronmenLs of Lhe SuraL 8asln coal measures have creaLed a
hlgh degree of llLhologlcal varleLy and sLraLlgraphlc dlsconLlnulLy over shorL dlsLances (10s
Lo 100s of meLers) wlLh a subsequenL hlgh spaLlal varlablllLy ln reservolr characLerlsLlcs.
1he Lhree mosL slgnlflcanL CSC reservolr parameLers effecLlng well dellverablllLy and
ulLlmaLe recovery are Cas ConLenL, ermeablllLy and neL Lo Cross. 1he varlablllLy of Lhese
parameLers causes a 3:1 range ln known well producLlon raLes ln Lhe SuraL 8asln.
ln addlLlon Lo hlgh varlablllLy, Lhe ma[orlLy of LnC CSC developmenL wells are planned ln
vasL new areas where Lhe pracLlcallLy of obLalnlng adequaLe appralsal daLa Lo ldenLlfy
opLlmum well placemenL ls llmlLed. 1herefore, uncerLalnLy ln Lhe range of well dellverablllLy
and CCl ls also hlgh.
As a resulL, an uncerLalnLy managemenL sLraLegy as descrlbed by lkponmwosa (2007) for ls
recommended for LnC CSC fleld developmenLs Lo mlnlmlse rlsk of sub-economlc
lnvesLmenLs. An uncerLalnLy managemenL sLraLegy has four elemenLs:
uevelopmenL of fleld by secLors (areas of homogenous uncerLalnLy).
SLaged developmenL of secLor wells and lnfrasLrucLure.
8ellable and accuraLe measuremenL and recordlng of well and gaLherlng sysLem
performance.
CallbraLed lM Lo allow rapld ldenLlflcaLlon of fleld opLlmlsaLlon requlremenLs.




AnLhony Shaw age 40 !uly 2013
S.1.1. DLVLLCMLN1 CI IILLD 8 SLC1CkS
1he developmenL area ls caLegorlsed lnLo secLors of homogenous subsurface uncerLalnLy.
SecLors are developed sequenLlally Lhrough developmenL llfe wlLh leasL uncerLaln secLors
developed flrsL. Wells are locaLed ln a maLrlx wlLh denslLy Lo maLch Lhe expecLed
dewaLerlng and gas producLlon raLes wlLhln Lhe secLor. roducLlon daLa from Lhe lnlLlal
developmenL secLor ls used Lo model reglonal and local subsurface Lrends and decrease
uncerLalnLy ln well dellverablllLy ln ad[acenL secLors.

S.1.2. S1AGLD DLVLLCMLN1 CI SLC1CkS
1he flrsL sLage of secLor developmenL ls based upon naLurally flowlng wells wlLh Lhe opLlon
of fuLure lnsLallaLlon of nodal compressors deslgned lnLo Lhe gaLherlng sysLem.
8ased upon flrsL sLage producLlon resulLs, laLer sLages of Lhe developmenL may lnclude lnflll
wells lf producLlon sweeL spoLs are found and nodal compresslon Lo maxlmlse recovery.

S.1.3. kLLIA8LL MCNI1CkING CI WLLL AND GA1nLkING SS1LM
LkICkMANCL.
SCAuA sysLems can be used Lo capLure and convey boLLom hole pressure, well head
pressure, flow raLes and plpellne pressures. AuLomaLed producLlon sysLem daLa acqulslLlon
ls requlred for efflclenL hlsLory maLchlng of reservolr slmulaLors, callbraLlng lM models and
monlLorlng sysLem performance.

S.1.4. CALI8kA1ICN CI IM.
1he avallablllLy of approprlaLe and rellable producLlon daLa ln an LnC scale fleld
developmenL allows llve monlLorlng of Lhe producLlon performance of wells and plpellnes
and allows fleld performance managemenL uslng lnLegraLed roducLlon Model (lM)
meLhods.
1he producLlon and well LesL daLa from naLurally flowlng wells and gaLherlng sysLem
enables callbraLlon of Lhe full fleld lM. Cnce callbraLed, fleld lnfrasLrucLure opLlmlsaLlon

AnLhony Shaw age 41 !uly 2013
sLudles can be performed Lo rapldly ldenLlfy deboLLlenecklng requlremenLs and opLlmal
nodal compresslon requlremenLs for mld Lo laLe fleld llfe.
1yplcally, hlgh raLe and low raLe wells can be efflclenLly ldenLlfled. 1he hlgh raLe wells can
Lhen be deboLLlenecked Lo prevenL hlgh back pressures choklng producLlon from lower
pressure wells connecLed Lo Lhe same gaLherlng sysLem. ln Lhls way, recovery from hlgh
and low raLe wells ls maxlmlsed.

S.2. nIGn VALUL GAINS ICk 1nL CSG LNG INDUS1k
1he lmplemenLaLlon of lM meLhods enables effecLlve uncerLalnLy managemenL ln fleld
developmenL by allowlng fleld lnfrasLrucLure and well numbers Lo be rapldly opLlmlsed Lo
maxlmlse recovery from Lhe varlable and unpredlcLable condlLlons of CSC reservolrs.
1he ablllLy of lM Lo provlde a rellable sysLem for monlLorlng, dlagnosLlcs, accuraLe
forecasLlng and senslLlvlLy sLudles allows Lhe flexlblllLy for fleld developmenLs Lo be sLaged
and secLorlsed and Lhus:
Mlnlmlses developmenL capex and rlsk by sLaglng developmenL.
Mlnlmlses appralsal cosLs ln a secLorlsed developmenLs.



















AnLhony Shaw age 42 !uly 2013

6. kLILkLNCLS
Arrow Lnergy, 2012, SuraL Cas ro[ecL LnvlronmenLal lmpacL SLaLemenL [onllne] Avallable
from: hLLp://www.arrowenergy.com.au/communlLy/pro[ecL-assessmenL-els/suraL-gas-
pro[ecL-els LasL accessed !uly 2013
AusLralla aclflc LnC, 2012, AusLralla aclflc LnC ro[ecL LnvlronmenLal lmpacL SLaLemenL
[onllne] Avallable from: hLLp://www.aplng.com.au/envlronmenL/our-envlronmenLal-
lmpacL-sLaLemenL LasL accessed !uly 2013
Ceologlcal Survey of Cueensland, 2012, Cueensland's coal seam gas overvlew [onllne],
ueparLmenL of LmploymenL, Lconomlc uevelopmenL and lnnovaLlon
Avallable from: hLLp://mlnes.lndusLry.qld.gov.au/asseLs/coal-pdf/new_csg_cc.pdf
LasL accessed !uly 2013
Pollub, v.A., Schafer, .S., 1992, A Culde Lo Coalbed meLhane operaLlons, Chlcago, uSA,
Cas 8esearch lnsLlLuLe, 1992
lkponmwosa, A., 2007, uslng hased uevelopmenL as 8eservolr ManagemenL 1echnlque 1o
lmprove Lfflclency and 8educe CperaLlonal CosL: CgboLobo Case PlsLory, nlgerla Annual
lnLernaLlonal Conference and LxhlblLlon, 6-8 AugusL 2007, Abu[a, nlgerla
Lagendl[k, L., 8yan, u., 2010. lrom CSC 1o LnC: Modelllng And undersLandlng key
Subsurface uncerLalnLles lor 1he uevelopmenL Cf A SuraL 8asln CpporLunlLy, ln
Cueensland, AusLralla. Canadlan unconvenLlonal 8esources And lnLernaLlonal eLroleum
Conference. 19-21 CcLober 2010. AlberLa, Canada,
LofLln, ., 2009, 1hlrLy ?ears Cf Lessons Learned - 1lps And 1rlcks lor llndlng, ueveloplng
And CperaLlng A Coalbed MeLhane lleld, [onllne]. lnLernaLlonal Cas unlon, Avallable from:
www.lgu.org/hLml/wgc2009/papers/docs/wgcllnal00274.pdf LasL accessed !uly 2013
Cueensland Cas Company, 2012, Cueensland CurLls LnC ro[ecL LnvlronmenLal lmpacL
SLaLemenL [onllne] Avallable from: hLLp://www.qgc.com.au/envlronmenL/envlronmenLal-
lmpacL-managemenL/execuLlve-summary.aspx LasL accessed !uly 2013



AnLhony Shaw age 43 !uly 2013
Cueensland ueparLmenL of naLural 8esources and Mlnes, 2012, lorecasLlng coal seam gas
waLer producLlon ln Cueensland's SuraL and souLhern 8owen baslns 1echnlcal reporL
[onllne] Avallable from: hLLp://www.nrm.qld.gov.au/waLer/healLh/healLhy-
headwaLers/feaslblllLy-sLudy/pdf/csg-waLer-forecasLlng-Lech-reporL.pdf
LasL accessed !uly 2013
8ogers, 8. L., 8ogers, 8. L. L. 1994, Coalbed MeLhane: rlnclples And racLlce. Lnglewood
Cllffs, uSA, 18 renLlce Pall.
8yba, A., LverLs, A., & Alesslo, L., 2011. MeLhodologles And 1ools lor Coalbed MeLhane
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