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UNIVERSITY OF LUZON

College of Pharmacy

Kauayan Kiling (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad., Fam. Gramineae) as Anti-Inflammatory

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
In the hierarchy of healers and specialists in Philippine folk medicine, the albularyo
may be referred to as the "general practitioner," knowledgeable in most of the folkloric
modalities, usually especially versed in the use of medicinal herbs. The hilot ambiguously
refers both to the manghihilot and magpapaanak. The manghihilot specializes in techniques
and treatments applicable to sprains, fractures and muskuloskeletal conditions. The
magpapaanak, besides prenatal visits and delivering babies, often performs the suob ritual.
Some healers limit their practice of folkloric therapies to more specialized modalities. The
mangluluop specializes in diagnostic techniques, usually referring the patients after
diagnosis to the albularyo, medico, or manghihilot for definitive treatments. The medico is a
further specialization, merging age-old folkloric modalities with ingredients of western
medicine - 'prescription' medications, acupuncture, etc. Most of these healers consider
their healing craft as God-given, a calling from a supernatural being, and consequently,
their healing practices are profusely infused with prayers and religious rituals, performed
through mediation with the Holy Spirit. Usually rural-based, they are also present in the
urban and suburban communities, albeit in small scattered niches, serving burgis
alternative needs, the impoverished or the urban-transplanted rural folk. [F.V. Ras, MD.,
1997]

UNIVERSITY OF LUZON
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Kauayan Kiling (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad., Fam. Gramineae) as Anti-Inflammatory

Western medicines are unavailable in most Pacific islands and their supply is
erratic. Imported drugs are expensive. Many producers either underdose to save money, or
overdose because they do not understand the instructions for use. The shortage of animal
health experts, food safety concerns, particularly antibiotic and chemical residues in
livestock produced, the language variations, the cultural differences, the geographical
locations, and the loss in indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants for most Western
Pacific extension professionals and producers have stimulated renewed interest in
alternative methods of promoting livestock health. [A.C. Sabaldica, MD., 2011]
Inflammation is a protective response of the body involving host cells, blood vessels
and proteins which goals are to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury, remove necrotic
cells and tissue, and initiate the process of repair in a potentially harmful process. Its
components of inflammation that are capable of destroying microbes can also injury
bystander normal tissues, white blood cells and plasma proteins that are present in the
blood and to bring these to the site of infection and/or tissue damage. [Robbins, 2003]
Most of the time, inflammation is a lifesaver that enables our bodies to fend off various
disease-causing bacteria, viruses and parasites. The instant any of these potentially deadly
microbes slips into the body, inflammation marshals a defensive attack that lays waste to
both invader and any tissue it may have infected. [Hansson, n.d.]
The search for a new anti-inflammatory agent from the vast array holds promise for
the discovery of therapeutic agents with beneficial effects not only in the suppressing
relevant aspects of the anti-inflammatory cascade but also on the diverse disease

UNIVERSITY OF LUZON
College of Pharmacy

Kauayan Kiling (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad., Fam. Gramineae) as Anti-Inflammatory

conditions where the inflammatory response is amplifying the disease process. This study
will be carry out to assess the validity of the folkloric use of this plant in the management of
pain and treatment of inflammatory disorders. Both in vivo and in vitro methods are
available for the evaluation of anti-inflammatory agents but among the in vivo methods
formalin induced paw edema essay is believed to be one of the most reliable and also most
widely used. [Nayak and Patel, n.d.]
Theoretical Framework
The early 90's seemed hopeful for the merging of western and alternative medicine
in the Philippines. There was a burgeoning global movement towards alternative therapies,
a new-age allure for "natural" remedies; and in the Philippines, the beginnings of herbal
medicinal research & development. In 1992, during the term of Juan Flavier as Secretary of
Health, a brochure of 10 medicinal plants (akapulko, ampalaya, bawang, bayabas, lagundi,
niyog-niyogan, pansit-pansitan, sambong, tsaanggubat, yerba buena) for common health
problems was published and commercial production was pursued. In 1997, the TAMA
(Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act) was passed, providing a legitimizing boost to
the alternative medicine movement in the Philippines. [Dr. J.C. Montoya, MD., 2004]
The leaves of Kauayan Kiling (Bambusa vulgaris) have been used in Indian folk
medicine to treat various inflammatory conditions. Other traditional uses are astringent,
emmanogogue, vulnerary, and febrifuge to heal the wounds and also to control diarrhea in
cattle [KR Kirtikar, 1990]. Manna is a crystalline substance found inside the bamboo and
leaves are used in ayurvedic medicine in ptosis and paralytic complaints. [KR Kirtikar,

UNIVERSITY OF LUZON
College of Pharmacy

Kauayan Kiling (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad., Fam. Gramineae) as Anti-Inflammatory

1990, Aman, 1985] Though the plant and its extracts have been used in the folklore
medicine extensively, there is no scientific evidence for such activities available in
established scientific journals of repute. Keeping this in view, the present study has been
undertaken to investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of methanolic extract of B.
vulgaris (MEBV) on formaldehyde-induced paw edema, acetic acid-induced vascular
permeability, cotton pellet-induced granuloma, estimation of plasma MDA, and
carrageenan-induced peritonitis experimental models.
Kauayan Kiling leaves contain many properties for anti-inflammation. With this, the
researcher used the method Input-Process-Output (IPO) to determine the concentration of
the Kuayan Kiling leaves extract as an anti-inflammatory agent. Figure 1 shows the
Paradigm of the study. The input includes the collection of fresh Kauayan Kiling leaves and
extracted to separate the medically active portion of the leaves. This study is designed to
determine the anti-inflammatory effect of the Kauayan Kiling leaves extract regarding their
physical, chemical and anti-inflammatory activity. Physical properties will be determined
according to color, odor, texture, solubility and pH.
The leaves were prepared in different concentrations (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%),
and its anti-inflammatory property will be tested and determined through in-vivo testing
called Formalin Induced Paw Edema and in-vitro testing called Protein Stabilization to
gather the output.
Statement of the Problem

UNIVERSITY OF LUZON
College of Pharmacy

Kauayan Kiling (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad., Fam. Gramineae) as Anti-Inflammatory

The study aimed to determine the anti-inflammatory property of Kauayan killing
leaves extract. Specifically, it aimed to answer the following:
1. What are the physicochemical properties of Kauayan Kiling leaves in terms of:
a. Color
b. Odor
c. Texture
d. Solubility with water and ethyl alcohol
e. pH
2. What are the constituents of Kauayan Kiling leaves extract responsible for its
anti-inflammatory activity?
3. In what concentration of Kauayan killing leaves extract exhibit the greatest anti-
inflammatory property?
Hypotheses of the Study
This study is based on the concept that Kauayan Kiling leaves extract has anti-
inflammatory property:
1) The physicochemical properties of Kauayan Kiling leaves extract passed the
requirements for anti-inflammatory screening.
2) The active constituents of Kauayan Kiling leaves extract responsible for its anti-
inflammatory activity are flavonoids, carbohydrates, glycosides, proteins and
alkaloids.

UNIVERSITY OF LUZON
College of Pharmacy

Kauayan Kiling (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad., Fam. Gramineae) as Anti-Inflammatory

3) Higher concentration exhibits the greatest anti-inflammatory property for the
Kauayan Kiling leaves extract.

Scope of the Study
The significance of this study was to provide everyone a cheaper, economical but
effective anti-inflammatory from Kauayan Kiling leaves extract because high cost of
commercial anti-inflammatory medicines nowadays pose a major problem to the
increasing population of less-fortunate Filipinos suffering from body aches due to hard
labor. The acceptance of the use of medicinal plants as one of the best remedy for modern
day illnesses has motivated the researchers to come up with the study.
This research is of upmost importance with regards to community health. The
researcher took into consideration one of the major problems of the people in a community
which is inflammation. Inflammation has always occurred on everyone and most especially
on the people who do hard labors to earn a living like the construction workers. This
research also aims to minimize their suffering due to pain and also give them opportunity
to save money.
The possible introduction of the Kauayan Kiling leaves extract as an anti-
inflammatory to the pharmaceutical market is a breakthrough since it is convenient to the
people because of its accessibility. It helps the economy worldwide through the use of a

UNIVERSITY OF LUZON
College of Pharmacy

Kauayan Kiling (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad., Fam. Gramineae) as Anti-Inflammatory

lower cost on active ingredient for products, since the uses of synthetic ingredients are
expensive.
The researcher also took into thought the possibility of helping other
pharmaceutical researchers through the gathered knowledge and information regarding
Kauayan Kiling leaves through this research.
This research helps pharmaceutical education to be of benefit not only to students
but also to all readers including those persons who are pursuing research on this topic. It
could also be a way to explore other possible uses of Kauayan Kiling leaves to benefit
mankind.
Scope and Limitation
This study is limited to the determination of the solubility, physical and chemical
properties as well as the determination of the anti-inflammatory activity of the Kauayan
Kiling leaves extract using in-vivo method of testing by Formalin Induced Paw Edema. The
leaf extract was prepared in concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. This research
focused on the use of Kauayan Kiling leaves extract as an anti-inflammatory agent. The leaf
extract has undergone phytochemical screening to determine the active ingredients
responsible for its anti-inflammatory property.
Definition of Terms
The following terms were defined according to their usage in the research:

UNIVERSITY OF LUZON
College of Pharmacy

Kauayan Kiling (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad., Fam. Gramineae) as Anti-Inflammatory

Active Constituent constituent of a plant that helps to confer upon it a medicinal
property
Animal Testing is also known as animal experimentation, animal research, and in-vivo
testing, is the use of non-human animals in experiments
Anti-inflammatory is reducing inflammation by acting on body mechanisms
Concentration is the amount of a solute (substance) dissolved in a specific amount of
solvent. This number may be represented as a percentage (%), grams per liter (
g
/L), or as a
mole fraction.
Extract obtained substance from the process of expression
Inflammation is a protective attempt by the organism to remove the injuries stimuli and
to initiate the healing process.
in-vitro describing biological phenomena that are made to occur outside the living body
(traditionally in a test tube)
in-vivo describing a biological phenomenon that occurs within the body of living
organisms
Physicochemical properties pertains to the physical and chemical properties of the
matter
Phytotoxin any poisonous substance (toxin) produced by a plant, such as any of the
genus Amanita

UNIVERSITY OF LUZON
College of Pharmacy

Kauayan Kiling (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad., Fam. Gramineae) as Anti-Inflammatory

Solubility the quality or state of being soluble or capable of being dissolved
Emmenagogues are herbs which stimulate blood flow in the pelvic area and uterus;
some stimulate menstruation
Ayurvedic is a medicinal system of Hindu traditional medicine, is native to the Indian
subcontinent, and is a form of alternative medicine


UNIVERSITY OF LUZON
College of Pharmacy

Kauayan Kiling (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad., Fam. Gramineae) as Anti-Inflammatory

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
One of the most important steps in a research is the conduction of related
literatures. In this chapter, the researcher presented information and data gathered from
both foreign and local sources and literatures with regards to the present study to identify
related literature research and set the current research project within a conceptual and
theoretical context.
Plant Literature

Figure 2: Kauayan Kiling Leaves
Family Name : Gramineae
Scientific Name : Bambusa vulgaris Schrad.
Common Name : Kauayan Kiling
Part used : Leaves
Active Constituents : Flavonoids, Carbohydrates, Glycosides, Proteins, Alkaloids

UNIVERSITY OF LUZON
College of Pharmacy

Kauayan Kiling (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad., Fam. Gramineae) as Anti-Inflammatory

Botanical Description
Bamboos are giant, fast-growing grasses that have woody stems. The woody, hollow
aerial stems (culms) of bamboo grow in branching clusters from a thick underground stem
(rhizome).
The culms often form a dense undergrowth that excludes other plants. Bamboo
culms can attain heights ranging from 10 to 15 cm (about 4 to 6 inches) in the smallest
species to more than 40 m (about 130 feet) in the largest. The stems have hollow walls with
internodes and thick hard nodes joining them. Mature bamboos sprout horizontal branches
that bear sword-shaped leaves on stalked blades. The leaves on young culms arise directly
from the stem.
Most bamboo flower, but only once in 60-120 years, with large heads much like
those of sugar cane. After blooming, all of the bamboo plants of the same species die back.
This happens worldwide at the same time!
The Golden bamboo variety is one of the most popular cultivars in the world, and
can be identified by its (golden) yellow culms with green stripes. This variety is often used
in arrangements. [Krauss, 1993, Staples, 2005, Taylor, 1994]
Bamboo shoots for cooking are very young shoot tips, harvested before they become
woody. If you are eating bamboo shoots, you may also be using chopsticks made of bamboo
or feasting on kabobs with bamboo skewers. [Krauss, 1993]

UNIVERSITY OF LUZON
College of Pharmacy

Kauayan Kiling (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad., Fam. Gramineae) as Anti-Inflammatory

'Ohe is said to be one of the "canoe plants" brought to Hawai'i by early Polynesian
settlers in their oceanic navigation. This plant may have originated in India or Java.
Bamboo is distributed in tropical and subtropical to mild temperate regions, with
the heaviest concentration and largest number of species in East and Southeast Asia and on
islands of the Indian and Pacific oceans.
A few species of bamboo belonging to the genus Arundinaria are native to the
southern United States, where they form dense canebrakes along riverbanks and in marshy
areas. [Krauss, 1993]
Bamboo, as well as niu, coconut, is one of the most useful and practical plants for
humankind, providing water storage, food, raw materials for household and garden use,
musical instruments and more.
Bamboo wood has silica in its cell walls and is hard, straight, strong, flexible, light
and easily split. Split bamboo can be made into mats, hats, screens, baskets, fans, umbrellas,
brushes, paper, ropes, roofing tiles, wall mats, or as a part of the sleds of old Hawai'i, called
holua. The stem of bamboo has been carbonized for use as electric lamp filaments, in
goldsmithery, and tabashir, a fine powder used as a chemical catalyst. [Krauss, 1993]
In Trinidad and Tobago, owners of dogs use the leaves of Bambusa vulgaris to treat
diarrhea and to control ectoparasites. [Taylor, 1994]


UNIVERSITY OF LUZON
College of Pharmacy

Kauayan Kiling (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad., Fam. Gramineae) as Anti-Inflammatory

Inflammation
At a basic level, the acute inflammatory response triggered by infection or tissue
injury involves the coordinated delivery of blood components (plasma and leukocytes) to
the site of infection or injury (Kumar et al., 2003). This response has been characterized
best for microbial infections (particularly bacterial infections), in which it is triggered by
receptors of the innate immune system, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NOD
(nucleotide-binding oligomerization-domain protein)-like receptors (NLRs) (Barton,
2008). This initial recognition of infection is mediated by tissue resident macrophages and
mast cells, leading to the production of a variety of inflammatory mediators, including
chemokines, cytokines, vasoactive amines, eicosanoids and products of proteolytic
cascades. The main and most immediate effect of these mediators is to elicit an
inflammatory exudate locally: plasma proteins and leukocytes (mainly neutrophils) that
are normally restricted to the blood vessels now gain access, through the postcapillary
venules, to the extravascular tissues at the site of infection (or injury). The activated
endothelium of the blood vessels allows selective extravasation of neutrophils while
preventing the exit of erythrocytes. This selectivity is afforded by the inducible ligation of
endothelial-cell selectins with integrins and chemokine receptors on leukocytes, which
occurs at the endothelial surface, as well as in the extravascular spaces (where newly
deposited plasma proteins form a provisional matrix for the binding of leukocyte integrins)
(Pober and Sessa, 2007). When they reach the afflicted tissue site, neutrophils become
activated, either by direct contact with pathogens or through the actions of cytokines
secreted by tissue-resident cells. The neutrophils attempt to kill the invading agents by

UNIVERSITY OF LUZON
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Kauayan Kiling (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad., Fam. Gramineae) as Anti-Inflammatory

releasing the toxic contents of their granules, which include reactive oxygen species (ROS)
and reactive nitrogen species, proteinase 3, cathepsin G and elastase(Nathan, 2006). These
highly potent effectors do not discriminate between microbial and host targets, so
collateral damage to host tissues is unavoidable6. A successful acute inflammatory
response results in the elimination of the infectious agents followed by a resolution and
repair phase, which is mediated mainly by tissue-resident and recruited macrophages
(Serhan and Savill, 2005). The switch in lipid mediators from pro-inflammatory
prostaglandins to lipoxins, which are anti-inflammatory, is crucial for the transition from
inflammation to resolution. Lipoxins inhibit the recruitment of neutrophils and, instead,
promote the recruitment of monocytes, which remove dead cells and initiate tissue
remodeling (Serhan and Savill, 2005). Resolvins and protectins, which constitute another
class of lipid mediator, as well as transforming growth factor- and growth factors
produced by macrophages, also have a crucial role in the resolution of inflammation,
including the initiation of tissue repair (Serhan, 2007).
If the acute inflammatory response fails to eliminate the pathogen, the inflammatory
process persists and acquires new characteristics. The neutrophil infiltrate is replaced with
macrophages, and in the case of infection also with T cells. If the combined effect of these
cells is still insufficient, a chronic inflammatory state ensues, involving the formation of
granulomas and tertiary lymphoid tissues (Drayton et al., 2006). The characteristics of this
inflammatory state can differ depending on the effector class of the T cells that are present.
In addition to persistent pathogens, chronic inflammation can result from other causes of
tissue damage such as autoimmune responses (owing to the persistence of self-antigens) or

UNIVERSITY OF LUZON
College of Pharmacy

Kauayan Kiling (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad., Fam. Gramineae) as Anti-Inflammatory

undegradable foreign bodies. Unsuccessful attempts by macrophages to engulf and destroy
pathogens or foreign bodies can lead to the formation of granulomas, in which the
intruders are walled off by layers of macrophages, in a final attempt to protect the host
(Kumar et al., 2003).
It should be noted that the mechanisms of infection-induced inflammation are
understood far better than are those of other inflammatory processes. It is unclear how
applicable knowledge of infection-induced inflammation is to other types of inflammation.
Indeed, although infection-induced inflammation is vital, it might be a special case. The
mechanisms of systemic chronic inflammatory states in general are poorly understood, but
it is clear that they do not seem to fit the classic pattern of transition from acute
inflammation to chronic inflammation.
Anti-inflammatory Drugs
Reducing pain, inflammation, and fever with salicylate-containing plant extracts can
be traced throughout written human history. One hundred and fifty years ago, Felix
Hoffman acetylated salicylic acid and created aspirin. Aspirin inhibits the cyclooxygenase
(COX) enzymes COX-1 and COX-2, which synthesize inflammatory mediators called
prostaglandins and thromboxanes. The ability to block production of prostaglandins and
thromboxanes accounts for aspirin being the worlds most used therapeutic agent. Second
to aspirin are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), which target COX-2 and
hence the synthesis of prostaglandins, particularly PGE2. Synthetic forms of natural cortisol
(termed glucocorticoids) are also widely used to treat many inflammatory diseases, and

UNIVERSITY OF LUZON
College of Pharmacy

Kauayan Kiling (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad., Fam. Gramineae) as Anti-Inflammatory

despite their side effects, glucocorticoids remain a mainstay for reducing inflammation. Yet,
it is still the challenge of the pharmaceutical chemist to develop more effective and less
toxic agents to treat the signs and symptoms of acute inflammation as well as the long-term
consequences of chronic inflammatory diseases.
Inflammation is a dynamic process with proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor
necrosis factor (TNF)-a, interleukin (IL)-1b, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
playing central roles. A number of biologicals have been developed to treat inflammation
(Table 1), including agents that reduce the activity of specific cytokines or their receptors
(anticytokine therapies), block lymphocyte trafficking into tissues, prevent the binding of
monocyte-lymphocyte costimulatory molecules, or deplete B lymphocytes (Figure 1).
Current anticytokine therapies have found a place in the treatment of autoimmune
diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, multiple
sclerosis, and others. Without question, neutralization of specific proinflammatory
cytokines has canonized their causative role in inflammation and has changed the lives of
millions of patients with these diseases. One drawback of anticy anticytokine therapies is
decreased host immune defense against infection and possibly cancer. Nevertheless, the
benefits of anticytokine therapies outweigh the risks, and the risks can be reduced.
Compared to the consequences of long-term glucocorticoid treatment to stem
inflammation, anticytokine therapies are a major improvement. Indeed, organ toxicities are
rarely, if ever, observed with anticytokine therapies as they operate almost exclusively in
extracellular rather than intracellular compartments.

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Kauayan Kiling (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad., Fam. Gramineae) as Anti-Inflammatory



UNIVERSITY OF LUZON
College of Pharmacy

Kauayan Kiling (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad., Fam. Gramineae) as Anti-Inflammatory

Kinases that act downstream of cytokine receptors have become new targets to
tame inflammation, and orally active small-molecule inhibitors of intracellular signaling
kinases will likely be the new frontier of anti-inflammatory drug development. However,
because many intracellular signaling molecules are involved in normal cellular functions,
the effective concentration that does not elicit organ toxicity will need to be carefully
determined. Statins, a safe class of drugs used for lowering serum cholesterol, also have
anti-inflammatory properties. Orally active inhibitors of histone deacetylases, which are
also safe and used clinically, are effective drugs with anti-inflammatory properties that also
block cell proliferation. Naturally occurring resolvins are also being developed as anti-
inflammatory agents. [Dinarello, 2010]
Local Related Literature
Lagundi is an erect, branched tree or shrub, 2 to 5 meters in height. Its leaves are
usually five-foliate, palmately-arranged, rarely with 3 leaflets. The middle leaflet is larger
than the others and distinctly stalked. The numerous flowers are blue to lavender, 6 to 7
millimeters long. The fruit is globose, black when ripe, about 4 millimeters in diameter.
The plant is widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes, in
thickets and in waste places; it flowers year-round. It also occurs in tropical East Africa,
Madagascar, India to Japan, and southward through Malaya to western Polynesia.
The leaves, bark, roots and seeds of Lagundi are used for medicinal purposes by
Filipino traditional healers as an antiseptic. Modern-day use takes advantage of the plants
antitussive and anti-inflammatory properties.

UNIVERSITY OF LUZON
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Kauayan Kiling (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad., Fam. Gramineae) as Anti-Inflammatory

The first record of the use of Lagundi as medicine was made by a priest, who
affirmed that Lagundi leaves and seeds were used by Filipinos to disinfect wounds and in
cleansing ulcers. The leaves are likewise used in aromatic baths to prevent insect bites.
Alternatively, the seeds are boiled in water and eaten, or the water is drunk, to prevent the
spreading of toxin from bites.
Oil prepared with the juice of plant parts can be rubbed onto the sinuses and to
scrofulous sores of the neck. It is found to effect marvelous cures of sloughing wounds and
ulcers. There is a very noteworthy account of the cure with this oil of an old and deep
gangrenous wound in the arm of a patient. This patient was given up by allopathic doctors
after three months of medical treatment, cure having been considered hopeless without
amputation of the arm.
According to some authors, febrile, catarrhal, and rheumatic affections can be
treated using different preparations of plant plants. A tincture of the root-bark is
recommended in cases of rheumatism. The powdered root is prescribed for hemorrhoids
as a demulcent, and also for dysentery. In Indo-China, a decoction of the root is prescribed
for intermittent fevers.
The leaves are known to reduce inflammatory and rheumatic swellings of the joints
and swellings of the testes due to gonorrheal epidymitis and orchitis. They are also
effective for sprained limbs, contusions, and leech bites; the fresh leaves are put into an
earthen pot, heated over a fire, and applied as hot as can be borne without pain; or the
leaves are bruised and applied as a poultice to the affected part. A pillow stuffed with the

UNIVERSITY OF LUZON
College of Pharmacy

Kauayan Kiling (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad., Fam. Gramineae) as Anti-Inflammatory

leaves is placed under the head for relief of catarrh and headache. A decoction of the leaves
as a warm bath in the puerperal state of women who suffer much from after-pains has also
been described. [Ricco, MD., 2008]
International Related Literature
It is believed that bioactive compounds from plant foods may have health beneficial
effects and reduce the risk of chronic inflammatory diseases. In this study extracts of 121
plants typical for the traditional Mediterranean diet have been screened for their potential
anti-inflammatory activities. The ability of the extracts to inhibit cytokine-stimulated, iNOS-
dependent synthesis of nitric oxide in murine endothelial cells, without affecting cell
viability, was the primary indicator of their anti-inflammatory properties. Based on these
experiments we selected eight plant extracts for further analysis: Chrysanthemum
coronarium L., Scandix pecten-veneris L., Urospermum picroides (L.) Scop. Ex F. W. Smith,
Amaranthus cf. graecizans L., Onopordum macracanthum Schousboe, Eryngium campestre
L., Artemisia alba Turra and Merendera pyrenaica (Pourret) Fourn. Only the effects of
Onopordum macracanthum could be non-specific since the extract strongly inhibited total
protein synthesis. All remaining 7 extracts decreased nitric oxide and TNFalpha synthesis
in the cells of monocyte origin activated with LPS, and 4 of them significantly reduced
surface expression of VCAM1 on TNFalpha-stimulated endothelial cells. All seven plant
extracts decreased cytokine or LPS-stimulated iNOS mRNA levels in both cell types. Further
research to identify bioactive compounds influencing intracellular signaling pathways

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Kauayan Kiling (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad., Fam. Gramineae) as Anti-Inflammatory

activated by cytokines and LPS will consequently be needed in order to better understand
these in vitro effects. [Strzelecka et al., 2005]
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

1. Kauayan Kiling
Leaves

2. Kauayan Kiling
Leaves extract




















3. Kauayan Kiling
Leaves extract





4. Kauayan Kiling
Leaves

in-vitro Testing
(+) Aspirin
(-) Distilled water

in-vivo Testing
(+) Diclofenac
(-) Distilled water

Animal Subject:

1. Maceration of Kauayan Kiling
leaves using 95% ethyl alcohol

2. Physico-chemical analysis

2.1. Physical properties
2.1.1. Physical Appearance
2.1.2. Color
2.1.3. Odor
2.1.4. Texture
2.1.5. pH

2.2. Solubility
2.2.1. Water
2.2.2. Ethyl Alcohol


2.3. Phytochemical screening of the
Kauayan Leaves extract






3. Preparation of different
concentrations
3.1. 25% concentration
3.2. 50% concentration
3.3. 75% concentration
3.4. 100% concentration

4. Pharmacologic screening

in-vitro Testing:
4.1. Protein Stabilization Test

in-vivo Testing:
4.2. Formalin Induced Paw Edema


1. Kauayan Kiling Leaves
extract

2. Physico-chemical
properties
2.1. Physical
Properties
Kauayan Kiling Leaves has
a sticky dark green
appearance with a distinct
odor with a pH of 7.5

2.2. Solubility
Kauayan Kiling leaves
extract is soluble in water
and ethyl alcohol

2.3. Phytochemical
screening of extract
results to the presence
of flavonoids,
carbohydrates,
glucosides, proteins
and alkaloids

3. Kauayan Kiling Leaves
extract in different
concentrations




4. Kauayan Kiling Leaves
has an anti-
inflammatory property

UNIVERSITY OF LUZON
College of Pharmacy

Kauayan Kiling (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad., Fam. Gramineae) as Anti-Inflammatory

Mice
Swiss Albino

Figure 1: Paradigm of the Study

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