CAM ASSIGNMENT

Topic:
Types of Production & Automation Achievements

Assignment Group: B (7-M-7)

Group Members:

Hitesh (00696403611)
Lakshay Kumar (00796403611)
Shekhar Pawar (01096403611)
Jitender Kumar Verma (01296403611)





DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL AND AUTOMATION ENGINEERING
MAHARAJA AGRASEN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
PSP AREA SECTOR-22, ROHINI, NEW DELHI-110085
1 Introduction about CAD/CAM
CAD/CAM is a term which means computer-aided design and computer-aided
manufacturing. It is the technology concerned with the use of digital computers to
perform certain functions in design and production. This technology is moving in the
direction of greater integration of design and manufacturing, two activities which have
traditionally been treated as distinct and separate functions in a production firm.
Ultimately, CAD/CAM will provide the technology base for the computer-integrated
factory of the future. Computer-aided design (CAD) can be defined as the use of
computer systems to assist in the creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of a
design.
The computer systems consist of the hardware and software to perform the specialized
design functions required by the particular user firm. The CAD software consists of the
computer programs to implement computer graphics on the system plus application
programs to facilitate the engineering functions of the user company.
Examples of these application programs include stress-strain analysis of components,
dynamic response of mechanisms, heat-transfer calculations, and numerical control part
programming. The collection of application programs will vary from one user firm to the
next because their product lines, manufacturing processes, and customer markets are
different.
Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) can be defined as the use of computer systems
to plan, manage, and control the operations of a manufacturing plant through either
direct or indirect computer interface with the plant's production resources.









2 Automation & CAD/CAM
Automation is defined as the technology concerned with the application of complex
mechanical, electronic, and computer-based systems in the operation and control of
production or manufacturing systems. It is the purpose of this topic to establish the
relationship between CAD/CAM and automation.
There are differences in the way the product cycle is implemented for different firms
involved in production. Production activity can be divided into four main categories:
1. Continuous-flow processes
2. Mass production of discrete products
3. Batch production
4. Job shop production
The relationships among the four types in terms of product variety and production
quantities can be conceptualized as discussed below. Most of the automated production
systems implemented today makes use of computers. This connection between the
digital computer and manufacturing automation may seem perfectly logical to the
reader.


3 Types of Production

1. Continuous-flow production: Continuous production is a flow
production method used to manufacture, produce, or process materials without
interruption. Continuous production is called a continuous process or
a continuous flow process because the materials, either dry bulk or fluids that are
being processed are continuously in motion, undergoing chemical reactions or
subject to mechanical or heat treatment. Continuous processing is contrasted
with batch production. Production workers in continuous production commonly
work in rotating shifts.
Processes are operated continuously for practical as well as economic reasons.
Most of these industries are very capital intensive and the management is
therefore very concerned about lost operating time.
Continuous processes use process control to automate and control operational
variables such as flow rates, tank levels, pressures, temperatures and machine
speeds Continuous dedicated production of large amounts of bulk product.
Examples include continuous chemical plants and oil refineries.
Advantages

The advantage of flow production is that the company using it can mass
produce many items at once which would reduce the unit cost, hence
reducing the price and possibly increasing sales. It may therefore develop
a good brand name for low prices.

Disadvantages

The main disadvantage is that the work is quite repetitive for workers and
can cause de-motivation (imagine sitting at a conveyor belt all day
tightening the same screw) which leads to a poor quality/productivity. Also
opposite to batch production, the company is only producing one type of
product therefore it's concentrating all of its risk on one good.




2. Mass production: Mass production is the production of large amounts
of standardized products, including and especially on assembly lines. Mass
Production involves making many copies of products, very quickly, using
assembly line techniques to send partially complete products to workers who
each work on an individual step, rather than having a worker work on a whole
product from start to finish.

Mass production is capital intensive and energy intensive, as it uses a high
proportion of machinery and energy in relation to workers. It is also
usually automated while total expenditure per unit of product is decreased.
However, the machinery that is needed to set up a mass production line (such
as robots and machine presses) is so expensive that there must be some
assurance that the product is to be successful to attain profits.
Examples include automobiles, appliances, and engine blocks.

Advantages

Flow production is capital intensive. This means it uses a high proportion
of machinery in relation to workers, as is the case on an assembly line.
The advantage of this is that a high number of products can roll off
assembly lines at very low cost. This is because production can continue
at night and over weekends and also firms can benefit from economies of
scale, which should lower the cost per unit of production.

Disadvantages

The main disadvantage is that with so much machinery it is very difficult to
alter the production process. This makes production inflexible and means
that all products have to be very similar or standardized and cannot be
tailored to individual tastes. However some variety can be achieved by
applying different finishes decorations etc at the end of the production line.








3. Batch production: Batch production is a technique used in manufacturing, in
which the object in question is created stage by stage over a series of
workstations, and different batches of products are made.
Batch production is most common in bakeries and in the manufacture of sports
shoes, pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), purifying water, inks, paints and
adhesives. In the manufacture of inks and paints, a technique called a color-run
is used. A color-run is where one manufactures the lightest color first, such as
light yellow followed by the next increasingly darker color such as orange, then
red and so on until reaching black and then starts over again.

Production of medium lot sizes of the same product or component. The lots may
be produced once or repeated periodically. Examples include books, clothing and
certain industrial machinery.

Advantages

The batch method can be an advantage for businesses that produce a
range of products. It is cheaper to produce a number of each item in one
go because machines can be used more effectively; the materials can be
bought in bulk and the workers can specialize in that task. There are two
particular advantages of workers being able to concentrate their skills.
They should become more expert at their tasks, which will in turn
increase productivity (output per worker). This will lower costs, as fewer
workers are needed to produce a set amount. Better quality products
should be produced as workers are more familiar with the task and so can
find ways of improving it.

Disadvantages

Batch production requires very careful planning to decide what batch will
be produced when. Once a batch is in production it is difficult to change,
as switching to another batch takes time and will mean a loss of output.
Batch methods can also result in the buildup of significant work in
progress or stocks (i.e. completed batches waiting for their turn to be
worked on in the next operation). This increases costs as it takes up
space and raises the chance of damage to stock.




4. Job shop production: Job production, sometimes called jobbing or one-off
production, involves producing custom work, such as a one-off product for a
specific customer or a small batch of work in quantities usually less than those of
mass-market products. With batch production and flow production it is one of the
three main production methods.
Job production can be classical craft production by small firms (making railings
for a specific house, building/repairing a computer for a specific customer,
making flower arrangements for a specific wedding etc.), but large firms use job
production, too, and the products of job production are often interchangeable,
such as machined parts made by a job shop.
Production of low quantities, often one of a kind, of specialized products.
The products are often customized and technologically complex. Examples
include prototypes, air craft, machine tools, and other equipment.

Advantages

The advantage of job production is that each item can be altered for the
specific customer and this provides genuine marketing benefits.
A business is likely to be able to add value to the products and possibly
create a unique selling point (USP), both of which should enable it to sell
at high prices.

Disadvantages

Whether it is based on low or high technology, Job production is an
expensive process as it is labor intensive (uses more workers compared
to machines). This raises costs to firms as the payment of wages and
salaries is more expensive than the costs of running machines.







4 Automation Achievements

Continuous-flow production:

Flow process from beginning to end
Sensors technology available to measure important process variables
Use of sophisticated control and optimization strategies
Fully computer automated lines

Mass production:

Automated transfer machines
Dial indexing machines
Partially and fully automated assembly lines
Industrial robots for spot welding, part handling, machine loading, spray painting,
etc.
Automated material handling systems
Computer production monitoring


Batch production:

Numerical control (NC), direct numerical control (DNC), computer numerical
control (CNC)
Adaptive control machining
Robots for arc welding, parts handling, etc.
CIM systems

Job shop production:

Numerical control (NC), computer numerical control (CNC)