FORMULAE SHEET

CONVECTION

All symbols have their usual meaning.

Constants
Gravitational acceleration: g = 9.81 m/s
2

Specific gas constant for air: R = 287 J/kgK

Definitions






General






Dimensionless Groups














( )

=
=

=
u c
h
Pr Re
Nu
St
Pr Gr Ra
L T T g
Gr
k / hL Nu
/ Pr
/ VL / VL Re
p
x
x
x
x
L L
s
L
L
L

v
|
o v
v
Number, Stanton
Number, Rayleigh
Number, Grashof
Number, Nusselt
Number, Prandtl
Number, Reynolds
2
3
( )
T c m
V A m
RT pv
T T h q
p
c
s

=
=
=
= ' '

section a at flux energy Thermal
rate, flow Mass
: law gas Ideal
Cooling, of Law s Newton'

gas. ideal an for

1 1
t, coefficien expansion thermal Volumetric
y, diffusivit Thermal
/ , viscosity Kinetic
T T
c / k
p
p
=
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

|
o
v
2D Continuity Equation:


2D x-Momentum Equation:


2D Energy Equation:


where viscous heat dissipation,


2D Boundary Layer Equations:

x-Momentum Equation:


Energy Equation:


Integral Momentum Equation:


Integral Energy Equation:


Forced Convection Over External Surfaces

Generally,
n m
Pr Re C Nu =

Unless otherwise stated, fluid properties are to be evaluated at the film temperature.


Forced Convection Over a Flat Plate:

For constant

.


0 =
c
c
+
c
c
y
v
x
u
X
y
u
x
u
x
p
y
u
v
x
u
u +
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
2
2
2
2

q
y
T
x
T
k
y
T
v
x
T
u c
p
+ u +
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c

2
2
2
2

(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
= u
2
2
2
2
y
v
x
u
x
v
y
u

2
2
y
u
y
u
v
x
u
u
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
v

2
2
y
T
y
T
v
x
T
u
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
o
0
0
) (
=

c
c
=
}
y
y
u
dy u u u
dx
d
o

( )
0
0
=

c
c
=
(

}
y
y
T
dy T T u
dx
d t
o
o
Constant Surface Temperature:
plate. r rectangula a for
1 1
t, coefficien fer heat trans Mean
0
} }
= =
L
x
A
x
dx h
L
dA h
A
h
For laminar flow (
5
Re 5 10
x
s ):
; 5
3 1 2 1
= = Pr Re x
t x
o o o





For turbulent flow (
5
Re 5 10
x
> ):
Pr 0296 0 ; 0592 0 ; 37 0
3
1
5
1
5 4 5 1
x x x x , f x turb
Re . Nu Re . C Re x . = = =

o

For mixed boundary layer conditions (
5
10 5 >
L
Re ):



Constant Surface Heat Flux:
For laminar flow (
5
Re 5 10
x
s ):

For turbulent flow (
5
Re 5 10
x
> ):
3
1
Pr 0308 0
5 4
x x
Re . Nu =


For Unheated Starting Length, x
o
:


Forced Convection Across Long Cylinders:



where C and m are given by






Re
D
C m
0.4-4 0.989 0.330
4-40 0.911 0.385
40-4000 0.683 0.466
4000-40,000 0.193 0.618
40,000-400,000 0.027 0.805
3
1
2
1
3
1
2
1
664 0 ; 332 0 Pr Re .
k
L h
Nu Pr Re . Nu
L L x x
= =
) 871 037 0 ( ; 1742 074 0
8 0 1 5 1
3
1
= =
.
L L L L L , f
Re . Pr
k
L h
Nu Re Re . C
3
1
2
1
453 0 Pr Re . Nu
x x
=
2
1
2
1
328 1 ; 664 0
2
2

= =
x L , f x
x , s
x , f
Re . C Re .
/ u
C

t
3 1
4 3
2
1
3
1
1 332 0

|
.
|

\
|
=
x
x
Re Pr . Nu
o
x x
3 1
Pr Re C
k
D h
Nu
m
D
D =
Forced Convection Across Spheres:



where all properties are evaluated at the free-stream temperature, except
s
, which is evaluated
at the surface temperature of the sphere.


Forced Convection Across Non-Circular Cylinders



where C and m are given by




Forced Convection Across Tube Banks




where all properties, except Pr
s
, are evaluated at the mean of the fluid inlet and outlet
temperatures, Re
D,max
is based on the maximum fluid velocity, and C
1
and m are given in the
table below for number of tube rows

for various alined and staggered arrangement of

tubes.

( )
4 1
4 0 3 2 2 1
06 0 4 0 2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + = =
s
.
D D D

Pr Re . Re .
k
D h
Nu
3 1
Pr Re C
k
D h
Nu
m
D
D =
4 1
36 0
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
s
. m
max , D D
Pr
Pr
Pr Re C Nu

(a) Aligned tube rows (b) Staggered tube rows



For

:

where C
2
for various

is given in the table below:

( )
( )
( )
( ) 20 2 20 > <
=
L L
N D N D
Nu C Nu
Forced Convection in Tubes and Ducts
Unless otherwise stated, fluid properties should be evaluated at the mean or bulk temperature.

Forced Convection in Tubes

Friction factor,

Mean temperature,
p
c
A
p
m
c m
dA uT c
T
c

}
=


Perimeter Wetted
Area sectional - Cross 4
Diameter, Hydraulic

h
D

For thermally fully developed condition:

Log Mean Temperature Difference,
( )
i o
i o
lm
T / T ln
T T
T
A A
A A
= A


Laminar Flow (Re
D
s 2300):

Fully developed velocity profile:


where mean fluid velocity,

Friction factor, f = 64/Re
D


dx
dp r
r
m
u
m
t 8
2
0
2
0
= =

(

=
2
0
2
1 2
) (
r
r
u
r u
m
( )
2
2
/ u
D dx / dp
f
m

0
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
=
(

c
c
x T x T
x , r T x T
x
m s
s



Turbulent Flow (Re
D
> 2300):

For smooth tubes and ducts, the Dittus-Boelter equation:
with n = 0.4 for heating of fluid, and n = 0.3 for cooling of fluid

Friction factor for smooth tubes: ( )
2
64 1 790 0

= . Re ln . f
D


Friction factor for rough tubes of roughness e : ( ) | |
2
9 0
74 5 7 3 325 1

+ =
.
D
Re / . D . / e ln . f


Reynolds-Colburn Analogy

For flow over a flat plate:

For flow in a tube or duct:
n
D D
Pr Re . Nu
h h
5 4
023 0 =
2 ; 2
3 2 3 2
/ C Pr . St / C Pr . St
L , f L x , f x
= =
8
3 2
/ f Pr . St =
Free Convection
Generally,
( ) ( ) flow. ent for turbul 3 1 and flow, laminar for 4 1 with = = = = m m Ra C Pr Gr C Nu
m
L
m
L L

Unless otherwise stated, fluid properties are to be evaluated at the film temperature.

LaminarFree Convection on an Isothermal Vertical Plate:

Boundary layer momentum equation:

Integral Momentum Equation for Free Convection BL:



Boundary layer thickness,

Critical Ra = 10
9
.

Free Convection from an Isothermal Sphere



Free Convection from Isothermal Planes and Cylinders
( ) ( )
m
L
m
L L
Ra C Pr Gr C Nu = = where C and m are given in the table below:
Constants for Use with Isothermal Surfaces
Geometry Gr
L
Pr C m
Characteristic
Length
Vertical plane and cylinder
10
4
10
9
0.59 1/4
Height
10
9
10
13
0.10 1/3
Horizontal cylinder
10
-10


10
-2
0.68 0.058
Diameter
10
-2


10
2
1.02 0.148
10
2
10
4
0.85 0.188
10
4
10
9
0.53 1/4
10
9
10
12
0.13 1/3
Hot surface facing up or
cold surface facing down
10
4
10
7
0.54 1/4
Area/Perimeter
10
7
10
11
0.15 1/3
Hot surface facing down or
cold surface facing up
10
5
10
11
0.27 1/4 Area/Perimeter
( )
2
2
y
u
T T g
y
u
v
x
u
u
c
c
+ =
c
c
+
c
c

v |
( )
} }

+
c
c
= |
.
|

\
|
o o
|
0 0
2
dy T T g
y
u
dy u
dx
d
s
( )
4 1 4 1 2 1
952 0 93 3

+ =
x
Gr Pr . Pr x . o
( )
5 4 1
10 1 for 43 0 2 < < + =
D
/
D D
Gr Pr Gr .
k
D h
Nu
Free Convection from a Vertical Plate with Constant Surface Heat Flux





where

( )
( )
16 13
4
1
11 5
5
1
10 10 2 for 17 0 : Turbulent
10 10 for 60 0 : Laminar
< < =
< < =
Pr * Gr Pr * Gr . Nu
Pr * Gr Pr *. Gr .
k
x h
Nu
x x x
x x
x
x
2
4
k
x q g
.Nu Gr * Gr
s
x x x
' '
= =
|