1

Structural Design for Reinforced Concrete Culverts

Prepared by: - Consultant Engineer
Raad Mohammad Dhyiab
M.Sc., Structural Engineering

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CONTENTS
No. Details page
1- INTRODUCTION 3
2- Types of culverts. 3
3- Box Culverts. 5
4- Design Reinforcing of Culvert 5
5- Methods for Structural Analysis 10
6- Examples Design of Culverts. 33
7- References 48

















3

1-INTRODUCTION
A culvert is a hydraulically short conduit, which conveys stream flow through a
roadway embankment or past some other type of flow obstruction. Culverts are
constructed from a variety of materials and are available in many different shapes
and configurations. Culvert selection factors include roadway profiles, channel
characteristics, and flood damage evaluations, construction and maintenance costs,
and estimates of service life
(1)
.
Culverts are required to be provided under earth embankment for crossing of water
course like streams, Nallas across the embankment as road embankment cannot be
allowed to obstruct the natural water way. The culverts are also required to balance
the floodwater on both sides of earth embankment to reduce flood level on one side
of road thereby decreasing the water head consequently reducing the flood menace.
Culverts can be of different shapes such as circular, slab and box. These can be
constructed with different material such as masonry (brick, stone etc.) or reinforced
cement concrete
(2)
.
2-Types of culverts.
The main types of pipe used in highway construction are concrete pipe, metal pipe
(steel or aluminum), and plastic pipe (high-density polyethylene and polyvinyl
chloride). They are available in a wide array of sizes, shapes, and properties some of
the characteristics of these pipes are reviewed below. It is well known that roads are
generally constructed in embankment, which come in the way of natural flow of
storm water (from existing drainage channels). As such flow cannot be obstructed
and some kind of cross, drainage works are required to be provided to allow water to
pass across the embankment. The structures to accomplish such flow across the road
are called culverts.
It is well known that roads are generally constructed in embankment, which come in
the way of natural flow of storm water (from existing drainage channels). As, such
flow cannot be obstructed and some kind of cross drainage works are required to be
provided to allow water to pass across the embankment. The structures to
accomplish such flow across the road are called culverts, small and major bridges
depending on their span, which in turn depends on the discharge.



4

2-1:- pipe culverts:-
Concrete pipe is manufactured as no reinforced, reinforced, or cast-in-place pipe; as
box culverts and special shapes; and as field-constructed pipe. Shapes, as shown in
Fig. (1) Include round, horizontal and vertical ellipse, and arch configuration.
No reinforced concrete pipe is available in diameters from 10 to 90 cm and three
strength classes. No reinforced concrete pipe is available as round pipe only.
Reinforced concrete pipe is available in diameters from 30 to 365 cm. The strength of
reinforced concrete pipe can be specified according to five standard pipe classes
(ASTM C 76), with Class I pipe being the most economical and Class V offering the
greatest structural strength; according to required D-load strength (ASTM C 655); or
according to a direct wall design. (ASTM C 1417). Wall thickness of reinforced
concrete pipe can be varied to meet in field conditions. The standard class
specifications for pipe give wall thickness according to three distinct types, which vary
from Wall A, being the thinnest, to Wall C, being the thickest Steel reinforcing for
reinforced concrete pipe can be arranged in many combinations to meet the given
structural requirements. Figure (2) Shows some of the steel reinforcement layouts
used in manufacturing reinforced concrete pipe
(3)
.


Fig. (1) Concrete pipe is manufactured in five common shapes; regional custom and
demand usually determine availability.




5


Fig. (2) Concrete pipe culvert reinforcement notation. (From PIPECAR: User and
Programmer Reference Manual, FHWA, 1989, with permission).
2-1-1:- Cast-in-Place Pipe.
This type of no reinforced pipe is formed in a trench using a continuous process. First,
a trench is excavated so that it has a semicircular bottom and vertical or near vertical
sidewalls, which serve as the outer form for the bottom and sides. The upper portion
of the pipe is cast against an inner arch form as illustrated in Fig. (1) the form is pulled
along the trench while concrete is poured into a hopper located above Powered
spading mechanisms and variable-speed vibrators aid the flow of the concrete.
3-Box Culverts.
Box culverts are rectangular shapes with flat sides, top, and bottom. These shapes are
constructed with steel reinforcement. Factory-made boxes are shipped in sections 1
to 3 m. long and joined in the field to make a structure of the required length. As
shown in Fig. (1).
4-Design Reinforcing of Culvert
(4)

Structural design of reinforced concrete culvert and inlet structures is quite different
from design for corrugated metal structures. For reinforced concrete inlets, the

Designer typically selects a trial wall thickness and then sizes the reinforcing to meet
the design requirements.
6
The method for the design of reinforced concrete pipe and box sections presented
below was recently adopted by the American Concrete Pipe Association and has been
recommended by the AASHTO Rigid Culvert Liaison Committee for adoption by the
AASHTO Bridge Committee. This design method provides a set of equations for sizing
the main circumferential reinforcing in a buried reinforced concrete culvert. For
additional criteria, such as temperature reinforcing in monolithic structures, the
designer should refer to the appropriate sections of AASHTO. Typically, the design
process involves a determination of reinforcement area for strength and crack control
at various governing locations in a slice and checks for shear strength and certain
reinforcement limits. The number and location of sections at which designers must
size, reinforce, and check shear strength will vary with the shape of the cross section
and the reinforcing scheme used. Figure (3). Shows typical reinforcing schemes for
precast and cast-in-place one-cell box sections. The design sections for these schemes
are shown in Figure (4). For flexural design of box sections with typical geometry and
load conditions, Locations 1, 8, and 15 will be positive moment design
locations(tension on inside) and locations 4, 5, 11, and 12 will be negative moment
design locations. Shear design is by two methods one is relatively simple, and
requires checking locations 3, 6, 10 and 13 which are located at a distance dvd from
the tip of haunches. The second method is slightly more complex and requires
checking locations (2, 7, 9, and 14) which are where the M/Vd ratio 3.0 and locations
(3, 6, 10 and 13) which are located at a distance vd from the tip of haunches. The
design methods will be discussed in subsequent sections.


A-precast box sections

7


B- Cast in Place Box Section
Fig. (3) Typical Reinforcing Layout for Single Cell Box Culverts


Fig. (4) Locations of Critical Sections for Shear and Flexure Design in Single Cell Box
Sections.
Shear Design Locations : -
Method 1 3, 6, 10, 13
Method 2 2, 3,6,7,9,10,13,14

8
Note: - For Method 2 shear design, any distributed load within a distance ( v d )
from the tip of the haunch is neglected . Thus the shear strength at a locations (4, 5,
11 & 12) are compared to the shear forces at locations (3, 6, 10 & 13) respectively.
Flexural Design Locations
Steel Area Precast Cast In - Place
AS1
4 , 5 , 11 , 12 5, 11 , 12
AS2
1 1
AS3
15 15
AS4
8 8
AS8
- 4

Typical reinforcing schemes and design locations for two cell box sections are shown
in Figure (5).

a- Typical Reinforcing Layout.

* See note, Fig. (4)
B Design Locations: two cell box culverts.
Fig. (5) Typical Reinforcing Layout and Location of Design Sections for Shear and
Flexure Design of Two Cell Box Culverts.

9
A typical reinforcing layout and typical design sections for pipe are shown in Fig. (6)
Pipes have three flexure design locations and two shear design locations. Fig. (6) is
also applicable to elliptical sections. The details of flexural and shear for the Fig. (6)
are.
A-Flexural Design Locations:-
1, 5: maximum positive moment locations at invert & crown.
3 : maximum negative moment location near spring line.
B Shear Design Locations:-
2,4 : locations near invert & crown where ( M/ Vvd) = 3.0
Notes:-
1-Reinforcing in crown (Asc) will be the same as that use at the invert
unless mat, quadrant or other special reinforcing arrangements are used.
2-Design locations are the same for elliptical section.



Fig. (6) Typical Reinforcing Layout and Locations of Critical Sections for Shear and
Flexure Design in Pipe Sections.


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5 - Methods for Structural Analysis
Any method of elastic structural analysis may be sued to determine the moments,
thrusts, and shears at critical locations in the structure. Computer can complete
the structural analysis and design of culverts very efficiently. The method
discussed below are appropriate for hand analysis, or are readily programmable
for a hand-held calculator.
5-1 Concrete Pipe Sections.
Using the coefficients presented in Figures (7 to 9), the following equations may
be used to determine moments, thrusts and shears in the pipe due to earth, pipe
and internal fluid loads.
M = (cm1We+ cm2Wp+ Cm3Wf) B'/2 Eq. (1)
N = cn1We+ cn2Wp+ cn3Wf .Eq. (2)
V = cv1We+ cv2Wp+ cv3Wf ... Eq. (-3)
Where:-
M =moment acting on cross section of width b, service load conditions,
Inch Ib, (taken as absolute value in design equations, always+)
N = axil thrust acting on cross section of width b, service load condition
(+ when compressive, - when tensile), Ibs.
V = shear force acting on cross section of width b, service load condition,
Ibs (taken as absolute value in design equations, always +)
= total weight of earth on unite length of buried structure, Ibs/ft e W
nit length of structure, Ibs/ft. = weight of u p W
ft. = total weight of fluid inside unit length of buried structure, Ibs/ f W
B' = width, ft.
Cm, Cn & Cv = coefficients.
Figure (1-7): provides coefficients for earth load analysis of circular pipe with 3
loading conditions 1= 90, 120 and 180. In all cases, 2= 360 - 1. These load
conditions are normally referenced by the bedding. Angle, 2. The 120 and
90bedding cases correspond approximately with the traditional Class B and Class
C bedding conditions (2, 3). These coefficients should only be used when the side
fill is compacted during installation.

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Compacting the side fill allows the development of the beneficial lateral pressures
assumed in the analysis. If the side fills are not compacted (this is not
recommended), then a new analysis should be completed using the computer
program.

Fig. (7) Coefficients for M, N, and V due to Earth Load on Circular Pipe.


12


Fig. (8) Coefficients or M, N and V due to Pipe Weight on Narrow Support.





13

Fig. (9) Coefficients or M, N and V due to Water Load on Circular Pipe.




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5-2 Concrete Box Sections.
The first step in box section design is to select trail wall haunch dimensions. Typically,
haunches are at an angle of 45, and the dimensions are taken equal to the top
slab thickness. After these dimensions are estimated, the section can then be
analyzed as a rigid frame, and moment distribution is often used for this purpose.
A simplified moment distribution was developed by AREA (8) for box culverts
under railroads. Modifications of these equations are reproduced in Table (1) and
Table (2) for one and two cell box culverts respectively. This analysis is based on
the following assumptions.
1-The lateral pressure is assumed to be uniform, rather than to vary with depth.
2-The top and bottom slabs are assumed to be of equal thickness, as are the
sidewalls.
3-Only boxes with "Standard" haunches or without haunches can be considered.
Standard haunches have horizontal and vertical dimensions equal to the top slab
thickness.
4-The section is assumed doubly symmetrical, thus separate moments and shears
are not calculated for the top and bottom slabs, since these are nearly identical.
4-1: Design Forces in Single Cell Box Culverts.



Fig. (10) Forces in Single Cell Box Culverts


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The equations cover the load cases of earth, dead and internal fluid loads. Any
one of these cases can be dropped by setting the appropriate unit weight (soil,
concrete or fluid) to zero when computing the design pressures pv and ps. The
equations provide moments, shears and thrusts at design sections. These designs
forces can then be used in the design equations to size the reinforcing based on
the assumed geometry.
Table (1). Design Forces in Single Cell Box Culverts.
Design Pressures.
Eq. (4)

Eq.(5)

Eq.(6)




Design Constants.


Eq.(7)


Eq.(8)


For boxes with no haunches(HH= HV= 0)
& G2= G3= G4= 0. Eq.(9)


Eq.(10)



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Design Moments.
Moment @ origin:



Eq.(11)
Moment in top and
bottom slab:


Eq.(12)
Moment in sidewall:


Eq.(13)

Design Shear.
Shear in top and bottom
slab:


Eq.(14)
Shear in sidewall:


Eq.(15)

Design Thrusts
Eq.(16)

Thrusts in bottom slab:

Eq.(17)

Thrust in sidewall:







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Notes:-
1-Analysis is for boxes with standard haunches (HH= HV= TT).
2-Equations may be used to analyze box sections with no haunches by setting
G2= G3= G4= 0.0
1- See Equation (18)for determination of
..Eq.(18)

2- If M8 is negative use AS min. for side wall inside reinforcing, and do not check
shear at section (9).

4-2 Design Force in Two Cell Box Culverts.

Fig. (11) Force in Two Cell Box Culverts.

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Table (2) Design Force in Two Cell Box Culverts.
Design Pressures.


Eq.(19)


Eq.(20)


Eq.(21)

Geometry Constants


Eq.(22)


Eq.(23)


For boxes with standard
haunches
Eq.(24)


Eq.(25)


Eq.(26)


For boxes without
haunches
Eq.(27)





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Design Moments
Eq.(28)
Moments at Origin:



Eq.(29)
Boxes with standard haunches and uniform wall thickness
(HH=HV=TT=TS=TB):


Eq.(30)



Eq.(31)
Boxes without haunches (HH=HV=0, TT=TB TS):


Eq.(32)


Eq.(33)
Moment on bottom slab:



Eq.(34)
Moment in sidewall:





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Design Shears
Eq.(35)
Shear on bottom slab:


Eq.(36)
Shear in sidewall:



Design Thrusts
Eq.(37)
Thrust in bottom slab:


Eq.(38)
Thrust in side slab; boxes with haunches:



Eq.(39)
Thrust in side slab, boxes without haunches:






Notes:-
1- For boxes with standard haunches and all walls of the same thickness
(HH=HV=TT=TS=TB) use Equation (31), Equation (33) and Equation (38).



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2- For boxes with no haunches and sidewalls with the amw or different
thickness than the top and bottom slabs (HH=HV=0, and TT=TB TS) use
Equation (31), Equation (32), and Equation (39).
3- See Equation (18) for determination of Xdc.
4- If M8 is negative, use ASmin for sidewall inside reinforcing, and do not check
shear at Section 9.
5- Geometry constants F1 through F5 are not required for boxes without
haunches.
5 - Reinforced Concrete Design.
5-1: Limit States Design Criteria.
The concept of limit states design has been used in buried pipe engineering practice,
although it generally is not formally defined as such. In this design approach, the
structure is proportioned to satisfy the following limits of structural behavior.
1- Minimum ultimate strength equal to strength required for expected service
loading times a load factor.
2- Control of crack width at expected service load to maintain suitable protection
of reinforcement from Corrosion, and in some cases, to limit infiltration or
exfiltration of fluids.
Moments, thrusts and shears at critical points in the pipe or box section, caused by
the design loads and pressure distribution, are determined by elastic analysis. In this
analysis, the section stiffness is usually assumed constant, but it may be varied with
stress level, loosed on experimentally determined stiffness of crocked sections at the
crown, invert and spring lines in computer analysis methods. Multiplying calculated
moments, thrusts, and shears (service conditions) determine ultimate moments,
thrusts and shears required for design by a load factor (Lf) as follows:
M
u
= L
f
M .. Eq. (40)
N
u
= L
f
N . Eq. (41)
V
u
= L
f
V Eq. (42)
Where: - L
f
= Load Factor.



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Load Factors for Ultimate Strength: The minimum load factors given below are
appropriate when the design bedding is selected near the poorest extreme of the
expected installation, and when the design earth load is conservatively estimated.
For culvert or trench installations alternatively, these minimum load factors may be
earth pressure distribution are determined by a soil-structure interaction analysis in
which soil properties are selected at the lower end of their expected practical range.
In addition, the suggested load factors are intended to be used in conjunction with
the strength reduction factors given below.
The 1981 AASHTO Bridge Specifications (4) specify use of a minimum load factor of
1.3 for all loads, multiplied by coefficients of 1.0 for dead and earth load and 1.67
for live load plus impact. Thus, the effective load factors are 1.3 for earth and dead
load and 1.3 x 1.67 = 2.2 for live loads. These load factors are applied to the moments,
thrusts and shears resulting from the loads determined.
Strength Reduction Factors: Strength reduction factors,, provide "for the possibility
that small adverse variations in material strengths, workmanship, and dimensions,
while individually within acceptable tolerances and limits of good practice, may
combine to result in understrength" . Table (3) presents the maximum factors given
in the 1981 AASHTO Bridge Specification.
Table (3) Strength Reduction Factors in Current AASHTO Standard Specifications for
Highway Bridges.

Box Culverts Pipe Culverts
Precast (a) Cast-in-Place (b) Precast (c)
Flexure 1.0 (d) 0.9 1.0 (d)
Shear 0.9 0.85 0.9
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a.Section 1.15.7
b. Section 1.5.30
c. Currently recommended by AASHTO Rigid Culvert Liaison Committee for adoption
by AASHTO Bridge Committee.
d. The use of a strength reduction factor equal to 1.0 is contrary to the philosophy
of ultimate strength design; however, it has been justified by the Rigid Culvert
Committee on the basis that precast sections are a manufactured product, and are
subject to better quality control than are cast-in-place structures. Because welded
wire fabric, the reinforcing normally used in precast box and pipe sections, can
develop its ultimate strength before failing in flexure, the use of = 1.0 with the
yield strength still provides a margin for variations equal to the ratio of the yield
strength to the ultimate strength. If hot rolled reinforcing is used in a precast
structure, or if any unusual conditions exist, a strength reduction factor of 0.9,
instead of 1.0, should be used in flexural calculations.

5-2 Design of Reinforcement for Flexural Strength.
Design for flexural strength is required at sections of maximum moment, as shown
in Figure (4), Figure (5) and Figure (6).
(a) Reinforcement for Flexural Strength, As.
.. Eq.( 43)
... Eq.(44)
d may be approximated as,
.... Eq.( 45)
(b) Minimum Reinforcement.
For precast or cast-in-place box sections: min. As= 0.002 bh . Eq. (46)
For precast pipe sections:
47) . ( .. Eq /65,000
2
min. As= (Bi+ h) For inside face of pipe: -
48) . ( .. Eq .. /65,000
2
min. As= 0 75 (Bi+ h) For outside face of pipe: -
49) . ( .. Eq . /65,000
2
min. As= 2.0 (Bi+ h) For elliptical reinforcement in -
Circular pipe:
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-For pipe 84 cm diameter and min. As= 2.0 (Bi+ h)2/65,000 ... Eq. (50)
Smaller with a single cage of
Reinforcement in the middle
third of the pipe wall:
In no case shall the minimum reinforcement in precast pipe be less than 0.07
square inches per linear foot.
(c) Maximum Flexural Reinforcement without Stirrups.
(1) Limited by radial tension (inside reinforcing of curved members only):
Eq. (51)
Where rs is the radius of the inside reinforcement = (Di + 2tb)/2 for circular pipe.
The term F
rp
, is a factor used to reflect the variations that local materials and
manufacturing processes can have on the tensile strength (and therefore the radial
tension strength) of concrete in precast concrete pipe. Experience within the precast
concrete pipe industry has shown that such variations are significant. Frp, may be
determined with Equation (52) below when a manufacturer has a sufficient amount
of test data on pipe with large amounts of reinforcing (greater than ( As ) by Equation
(51) to determine a statistically valid test strength, DLut , using the criteria in ASTM
C655 (AASHTO M242), "Standard Specification for Reinforced Concrete D-Load
Culvert, Storm Drain and Sewer Pipe.."
.. Eq. (52)
Once determined, F
rp
may be applied to other pipe built by the same process and
with the same materials. If Equation (52) yields values of F
rp
less than 1.0, a value of
1.0 may still be used if a review of test results shows that the failure mode was
diagonal tension, and not radial tension. If max. Inside (A
s)
is less than (As) required
for flexure, use a greater d to reduce the required As, or use radial stirrups, as
specified later.
(2) Limited by concrete compression:

.. Eq.(53)
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Where:

.Eq.(54)
0.65 b fc' < g' < 0.85 b fc'
If max As is less than As required for flexure, use a greater d to reduce the required
As, or the member must be designed as a compression member subjected to
combined axial load and bending. This design should be by conventional ultimate
strength methods, meeting the requirements of the AASHTO Bridge Specification;
Stirrups provided for diagonal or radial tension may be used to meet the lateral tie
requirements of this section if they are anchored to the compression reinforcement,
as well as to the tension reinforcement.
5-3 Crack Control Check.
Check flexural reinforcement for adequate crack width control at service loads. Crack
Width Control Factor:
. Eq. (55)
Where: Fcr = crack control factor, see note c.
.. Eq. (56)
Note: If e/d is less than 1.15, crack control will not govern and Equation (55) should
not be used.
j = 0.74 + 0.1 e/d .. Eq. (57)
Note: If e/d > 1.6, use j = 0.90.
.. Eq. (58)
B
1
and C
1
are crack control coefficients that define performance of different
reinforcements in0.01 in. crack strength tests of reinforced concrete sections. Crack
control coefficients B
l
and C
l
for the type reinforcements noted below are:
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Type Reinforcement (RTYPE) B1 C1
1. Smooth wire or plain bars


1.0
2. Welded smooth wire fabric, 8 in.max.
Spacing of longitudinal.

1.0 1.5
3. Welded deformed wire fabric,
deformed wire, deformed bars, or any
reinforcement with stirrups anchored
thereto


1.9
Notes:
Use n =1 when the inner and the outer cages are each a single layer.
Use n = 2 when the inner and the outer cages are each made up from multiple layers.
a- For type 2 reinforcement having, also check F
cr
using
coefficients B1 and C1for type 3 reinforcement, and use the larger value for Fcr.
b- Fcr is a crack control factor related to the limit for the average maximum
crack width that is needed to satisfy performance requirements at service load.
When Fcr= 1.0, the average maximum crack width is 0.01 inch for a
reinforcement area As. If a limiting value of less than 1.0 is specified for Fcr, the
probability of a 0.01-inch crack is reduced. No data is available to correlate
values of Fcr with specific crack widths other than 0.01 inches at Fcr=1.0 If the
calculated Fcr is greater than the limiting Fcr, increase As by the ratio:
calculated F
cr
/limiting Fcr or decrease the reinforcing spacing.
5-4 Shear Strength Check.
Method 1: This method is given in Section 1.5.35 G of the AASHTO Bridge
Specification for shear strength of box sections .Under uniform load, the ultimate
concrete strength, v Vc must be greater than the ultimate shear must be greater than
the ultimate shear (Vu) computed at a distance vd from the face of a support, or
from the tip of a haunch with inclination of 45 degrees or greater with horizontal:
. Eq. (59)
. Eq. (60)

27

Current research indicates that this method may be unconservative in some
conditions, most importantly, in the top and bottom slab, near the center wall of two
cell box culverts. Thus, Method 2 should also be checked.
Method 2: Method 2 is based on research sponsored by the American Concrete
Pipe Association and is more complex than Method 1, but it reflects the
behavior of reinforced concrete sections under combined shear, thrust and
moment with greater accuracy than Method 1, or the current provisions in the
reinforced concrete design section of the AASHTO Bridge Specification.
Determine Vu at the critical shear strength location in the pipe or box. For
buried pipe, this occurs where the ratio M/Vvd = 3.0, and for boxes, it occurs
either where M/Vv d = 3.0 or at the face of supports (or tip of haunch).
Distributed load within a distance vd from the face of a support may be
neglected in calculating Vu, but should be included in calculating the ratio
M/Vvd.
(a) For pipe, the location where M/Vv d = 3.0 varies with bedding and load
pressure distributions. For the distributions shown in Figure (12), it varies
between about 10 degrees and 30 degrees from the invert. For the Olander
bedding conditions (Figure 12), the location where M/Vv d = 3.0 in a circular
pipe can be determined from Figure (13), based on the parameter rm/vd. For
noncircular pipe or other loading conditions, the critical location must be
determined by inspection of the moment and shear diagrams.

28

Fig.(12) Distribution of Earth Pressure on Culverts.



Angle from invert, degree
Fig.(13) Critical Shear Location in Circular Pipe for Olander , Earth Pressure
Distribution

29

(b) For box sections, the location where MU /VU
v
d = 3.0 is at X
dc
from the point
of maximum positive moment, determined as follows:
Eq.(18)

This equation can be nondimensionalized by dividing all terms by the mean span of
the section being considered. Figure (14) is a plot of the variation of Xdc /l with l/vd
for several typical values of cm, where,
. Eq.(61)
At sections where M/Vv d 3.0, shear is governed by the basic shear strength, Vb,
calculated as
Eq.(62)
Where:
. Eq.(63)
. Eq.(64)
. Eq.(65)
. Eq.(66)




31


Fig.(14) Location of Critical Shear Section for Straight Members with Uniformly
Distributed Load.
- when moment produces tension on the inside of a pipe
Eq. (67)
- when moment produces tension on the outside of a pipe
.. Eq. (68)
- .. Eq.(69)
The term F
vp
is a factor used to reflect the variations that local materials and
manufacturing processes can have on the tensile strength (and therefore diagonal
tension strength) of concrete in precast concrete pipe. Experience within the precast
31
concrete pipe industry has shown that such variations are significant. F
vp
may be
determined with Equation (70) below when a manufacturer has a sufficient amount
of test data on pipe that fail in diagonal tension to determine a statistically valid test
strength DL
ut
, using the criteria in ASTM C655 *AASHTO M242), "Specifications for
Reinforced Concrete D-Load Culvert, Storm Drain and Sewer Pipe."


Eq. (70)
Once determined, F
vp
may be applied to other pipe built by the same process and
with the same materials. (F
vp
= 1.0) gives predicted 3-edge bearing test strengths in
reasonably good agreement with pipe industry experience, as reflected in the pipe
designs for Class 4 strengths given in ASTM C76, "Standard Specification for
Reinforced Concrete Culvert, Storm Drain and Sewer Pipe." Thus, it is appropriate to
use F
vp
=1.0 for pipe manufactured by most combinations of process and local
materials. Available 3-edge bearing test data show minimum values of F
vp
of about
0.9 for poor quality materials and/or processes, as well as possible increases up to
about(1.1) or more, with some combinations of high quality materials and
manufacturing process. For tapered inlet structures, Fvp=0.9 is recommended in the
absence of test data. If (vVb< V
u
) either use stirrups, as specified as below, or if
(M/V
v
d <3.0), calculate the general shear strength, as given below. Shear strength
will be greater than V
b
when (M/V
v
d < 3.0) at critical sections at the face of
supports or, for members under concentrated load, at the edge of the load
application point. The increased shear strength when (M/V
v
d < 3.0), termed the
general shear strength, V
C
, is:
Eq. (71)
If M/V
v
d 3.0, use M/V
v
d = 3.0 in Equation (71). Vc shall be determined based on
M/V
v
d at the face of supports in restrained end flexural members and at the edges
of concentrated loads. Distributed load within a distance
v
d from the face of a
support may be neglected in calculating V
u
, but should be included for determining
M/V
v
d.
5-5 Stirrups
Stirrups are used for increased radial tension and/or shear strength.
32
(a) Maximum Circumferential Spacing of Stirrups:
... Eq. (72)
. Eq.(73)


(b) Maximum Longitudinal Spacing and Anchorage Requirements for Stirrups.
Longitudinal spacing of stirrups shall equal SL Stirrups shall be anchored around
each inner reinforcement wire or bar, and the anchorage at each end shall
develop the ultimate strength, f v, used for design of the stirrups. In addition, f
v

shall not be greater than f
y
for the stirrup material.
(c) Radial Tension Stirrups (curved members only):
.. Eq. (74)
(d) Shear Stirrups (also resist radial tension):
Eq. (75)
V
c
is determined in Equation (71) except use,
Eq. (76)
A
vr
= 0 for straight members.
(e) Extent of Stirrups:
Stirrups should be used wherever the radial tension strength limits and/or
wherever shear strength limits are exceeded.
(f) Computer Design of Stirrups:
The computer program to design reinforced concrete pipe that as described
includes design of stirrups. The output gives a stirrup design factor (Sdf) which
may be used to size stirrups as follows:
Eq. (77)
33
This format allows the designer to select the most suitable stirrup effective ultimate
strength and spacing.

6- Examples Design of Culverts.
6-1 Design Principales
(5)
.
Reinforced concrete pipes either spun or cast are designed to with stand the
internal hydrostatic pressure without exceeding the permissible stresses of (126.5
N/mm
2
), for mild steel and (140 N/mm
2
), in the case of cold drawn steel wires. The
thickness of the concrete pipe is designed in such a way that under specified test
pressure, the maximum tensile stress in concrete when considered as effective to
take stress along with the tensile reinforcement, should not exceed (2N/mm
2
). The
minimum thickness of pipe varies with internal diameter and classification of pipes.
For pressure pipes, the thickness varies from (25) mm for diameter of (80) mm to
(65) mm for a diameter of (1200) mm. The type of (NP-1) class pipes are
designated as shown in table (4). The spigot dimensions of (NP-1) are shown in
Fig.(15) .The longitudinal reinforcement is designed to support the reinforced
concrete culvert pipe as a circular beams loaded with twice the self-weight of the
pipe and twice the weight of water to fill the pipe across a span equal to the length
of the pipe. Under these loading conditions, the stresses in the reinforcement
should not exceed the permissible stresses.
Table (4) classification of
pipes.


34

Fig. (15) Spigot dimension of NP-1class R.C.C Pipes.
6-2 Reinforcement in pipes.
The circumferential and longitudinal reinforcement are designed for the loads
but minimum quantity of steel reinforcement are specified or different classes
of pipes in IS 458-1971. The typical reinforcement requirements for pipes of
class (P-1) as shown in Table (5).

Table (5) Reinforcements Requirement in pipes of class (P-1).
Internal
Diameter (mm)
Reinforcements
Longitudinal mild steel at
permissible stress of (126.5
N/mm
2
) (kg/m)
Spiral hard drawn steel
wire at permissible stress of
(140 N/mm
2
) (kg/m)
100 0.863 0.327
200 0.863 0.575
400 1.00 3.800
600 1.25 8.150
800 1.78 14.50
1000 2.50 22.50
1200 3.36 32.50
The pitch of spiral should neither to more than (100 mm) or four times the
thickness of the barrel, whichever is less, not less than the maximum size of
aggregate plus the diameter of the bar used. The minimum clear cover for
concrete pipes specified in the (IS) Code for different types of pipes are as
shown in Table (6).


35
Table (6) Cover Requirements.
Barrel Thickness (mm) For Spun Pipe (mm) For Pipes other than
Spun Pipes (mm)
25 mm & below 8.5 12.0
Over 25 & including (30) 9.0 12.0
0ver (30) & below (75) 12.0 16.0
75 mm & above 18.0 18.0

6-3 Design Examples of pipe culvert.
Example (1):-




36

Solving t=36.53 mm, but minimum thickness is not less than (55) mm.Adopted
t=60 mm.
5. Longitudinal Reinforcements.
Assume the pipe to span over a length of 3m
Self-weight of pipe = ( x 1.06 x 0.06 x 24) =4.79 kN/m
Weight of water= (( x L
2
/4) x10) = 7.85 kN/m
Total design load =2(4.79+7.85) =25.28 kN/m
I= /64(D
4
-d
4
) = /64(1.12
4
- 1
4
) =0.028 m
4
.
Mmax. = (25.28 x 3
2
/8) =28.44 kN.m
Stress = (28.44 x 10
6
x 560/ 0.028 x 10
12
) = 0.568 N/ mm
2
.
Stresses are negligibly small. Provide minimum longitudinal reinforcement of
2.5 kg/m, use 6 mm bars.
Weight of each bar = {( x 0.006
2
/4) x 7800} = 0.22 kg/m.
Number of bars required = (2.5/0.22) = 11.363.
Spacing = ( x 1000/no. of bars) = ( x 1000/ 14) = 224.285 mm
Use 14 bars of 6 mm @ spaced 200 mm along the circumference as
longitudinal reinforcement as shown in Fig. (16)

37

Example (2):- Design a pipe culvert through a road embankment of height (6) m.
The width of the road is (7.5) m and the formation width is (10) m. The side slope
of the embankment is (1.5:1). The Maximum discharge is (5 m
3
/s). The save
velocity is (3 m/s). Class (AA) tracked vehicle is to be considered as live load.
Assume bell-mouthed entry .Given Ce=1.5, Cs=0.010 and the unit weight of the
soil=20 kN/m
3
.
Solution.
1- Hydraulic design.
Discharge through the pipe, Q=KAV
Where,
K = {1/ (1+K
e
+K
f
)
0.5
}
Now,
Kf = 0.0033(L/R
1.3
)
Where L is the length of the pipe, which is equal to the base width of the
embankment. Therefore,
L= 10+ (2 x 1.5 x 6) =28 m.
Assume (1) m diameter pipe, we have
R=A/P = ( D
2
/4 d) = D/4=1/4=0.25
Therefore
K
f
= (0.0033 x 28) / (0.25)
1.3
= 0.56
And K
e
= 0.08 for bell-mouthed entry.
Therefore, we have
Conveyance factor = {1/ (1+0.08+0.56)
0.5
} =0.78
Hence, Q=KAV
5 = A x 0.78 x 3 or A = 2.13 m
2

Area provided by each pipe,
= D
2
/4 = x 1
2
/4 = 0.785 m
2

Therefore, the no. of pipes required = 2.13/0.785 = 2.71 say 3 pipes.
2- Bedding for the pipes.
38

From table (7), for a pipe of internal diameter (1) m, the external diameter is
(1.23) therefore, height of the embankment over the pipe = (6 1.23) =4.77 m
Table (7) Influence coefficient Cs (for NP3 pipes)
Internal
diameter
(mm)
External
diameter
(mm)
Height of Embankment above the pipe (m)
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
500 560 0.246 0.288 0.198 0.169 0.117 0.083 0.060 0.017 0.008 0.005
600 770 0.247 0.234 0.210 0.182 0.131 0.094 0.068 0.022 0.010 0.006
700 870 0.247 0.236 0.215 0.186 0.140 0.102 0.075 0.024 0.010 0.006
800 990 0.249 0.240 0.220 0.196 0.149 0.110 0.083 0.027 0.013 0.007
900 1100 0.249 0.241 0.225 0.202 0.156 0.117 0.089 0.029 0.014 0.008
1000 1230 0.249 0.242 0.228 0.205 0.162 0.123 0.095 0.032 0.015 0.010
1200 1440 0.249 0.242 0.230 0.209 0.171 0.131 0.104 0.036 0.020 0.011

As Ce = 1.5, therefore, the load on the pipe owing to each fill,
Cewd
2
= 1.5 x 20 x 1.23
2
= 45.4 kN/m
And load on the pipe owing to wheel load,

4CsIP = 4 x 0.010 x 1.5 x 700 = 42 kN/m
Bedding is chosen based on the strength factor. Referring to (IS 458-1988)
(6)
, three
edge-bearing strength for a (NP3) pipe of 1000 mm internal diameter is (72
kN/m) as shown in Table (9).Hence the equation to be satisfied is:
{Three edge bearing strength (kN/m) factor of safety} = {Load owing to earth
fill (kN/m) strength factor (SF)} + {Load owing to wheel load/ factor of safety}
Or, (721.5) = (45.4SF) + (421.5) Therefore, SF = 2.30
Hence, concrete cradle bedding may be provided, see Table (8),
Table (8) The types of Beddings and their Strength Factors
Type of Bedding Strength Factor
Earth Bedding 2.0
First Class Bedding 2.3
Concrete Cradle Bedding 3.7




39
Table (9) DESIGN AND STRENGTH TEST REQUIREMENTS OF CONCRETE PIPES OF
(6)
PRESSURE PIPES - DUTY, NON - REINFORCED CONCRETE, MEDIUM CLASS NP3
N0minal
internal
diameter of
pipe
Barrel Wall
Thickness
Reinforcement
Strength Test
Requirement for Three
Edge Bearing Test
Longitudinal, Mild Steel
of Hard-Drawn Steel
Spiral, Hard-
Drawn Steel
Load to
produce
(0.25) mm
Crack
Ultimate
Load
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
mm mm
Min.
number
Kg/ linear
meter
Kg/ linear
meter
kN/ linear
meter
kN/ linear
meter
80 25 6 0.33 0.15 13.00 19.50
100 25 6 0.33 0.22 13.00 19.50
150 25 6 0.33 0.46 13.70 20.55
200 30 6 0.33 0.81 14.50 21.75
225 30 6 0.33 1.03 14.80 22.20
250 30 6 0.33 1.24 15.00 22.50
300 40 8 0.78 1.80 15.50 23.25
350 75 8 0.78 2.95 16.77 25.16
400 75 8 0.78 3.30 19.16 28.14
450 75 8 0.78 3.79 21.56 32.34
500 75 8 0.78 4.82 23.95 35.93
600 85 6+6 1.18 7.01 28.74 43.11
700 85 6+6 1.18 10.27 33.53 50.30
800 95 6+6 2.66 13.04 38.32 57.48
900 100 6+6 2.66 18.30 43.11 64.67
1000 115 6+6 2.66 21.52 47.90 71.85
1100 115 6+6 2.66 27.99 52.69 79.00
1200 120 8+8 3.55 33.57 57.48 86.22
1400 135 8+8 3.55 46.21 67.06 100.60
1600 140 8+8 3.55 65.40 76.64 114.96
1800 150 12+12 9.36 87.10 86.22 129.33
2000 170 12+12 9.36 97.90 95.80 143.70
2200 185 12+12 9.36 113.30 105.38 158.07
2400 200 12+12 14.88 146.61 114.96 172.44
2600 215 12+12 14.88 175.76 124.54 186.81
Note 1: The actual internal dia. Is to be declared by the manufacturer and the tolerance is to be applied on the
declared dia. (see also 0.3.2)
Note 2: Minimum thickness and minimum length of collars shall be the same as that for the next higher size
available in (NP2) class pipes corresponding to the calculated inner dia. Of collars.
Note 3: The longitudinal reinforcement given in this table is valid for pipes up to 2 m effective length for internal dia.
0f pipe up to 250 mm and up to 3m effective length for higher dia. Pipe.
Note 4: Concrete for pipe above 1800 mm nominal dia. shall have a minimum compressive strength of (35 N/mm
2
)
at 28 days and a minimum cement content of (400 kg/m
3
).
Note 5: If mild steel is used for spiral reinforcement, the weight specified in col. 5 shall be increased to 140/125
41

3-Reinforcements.
The minimum reinforcements to provided according to (IS 458-1988)
(6)
Table
(10) are:
Spiral reinforcement = 21.52 kg/m
Longitudinal reinforcement = 2.66 kg/m
Weight of the (12) mm spiral (diameter = 1.1 m)
= (( x 0.012
2
x 7850)/4) ( x 1.1) = 3.068 kg/m
Table (10) Reinforcement Requirements for (NP3 Pipes
According to (IS 458 1988)
Internal diameter
(mm)
Longitudinal steel
with permissible
stress of 125 MPa
(kg/m)
Spiral
reinforcement
with permissible
stress of 140 MPa
(kg/m)
Ultimate three
edge bearing
strength (kg/m)
350 0.78 2.95 25.16
400 0.78 3.30 28.74
450 0.78 3.79 32.34
500 0.78 4.82 35.93
600 1.18 7.01 43.11
700 1.18 10.27 50.30
800 2.66 13.04 57.48
900 2.66 18.30 64.67
1000 2.66 21.52 71.85
1100 2.66 27.99 79.00
1200 3.55 33.57 86.22

Providing 30 kg/m 0f spiral, no. of spiral = 30/ 3.068 = 9.77 say 10
Spacing c/c distance = 1000/10 = 100 mm.
Providing (6 mm dia.) Mild steel bars as longitudinal steel and providing
(4kg/m.)
Weight of a single bar = ( x 0. 006
2
x 1 x 7850)/4 =0.22 kg/m
Providing at 4 kg/m, no, of bars = 4/0.22 = 18.18
Spacing = ( x 1100) / 18.18 =190.08 mm say 150 mm c/c.
The details of reinforcement as shown in Fig. (17).
41

6-4 Design Examples of box culvert.
Example (1): Design a reinforced concrete box culvert having a clear vent way
of 3m by 3m. The super imposed dead on the culvert is (12.8 Kn/m
2
). The live load
on the culvert is (50 kN/m
2
). Density of soil at site is (18 kN/m
3
). Angle of repose
(=30
0
). Adopt M-20 or f
c
=2o N/mm
2
grade concrete mix and Fe = 415 or FY=415
MPa grade for steel. Sketch the details of reinforcement in the box culvert.
Solution.
1- Data.
- Clear span = L = 3m.
- Height of event =h = 3m.
- Dead load = 12.8 kN/m
2
.
- Live load = 50 kN/m
2
.
- Density of soil = 18 KN/ m
3
.
- Angle of repose = = 30
0
.
- Class of concrete = M-20 or fc=2o N/mm
2
.
2- Permissible stresses.
- cc = 5 N/ mm
2

- cb = 7 N/ mm
2

- st = 150 N/ mm
2
( water face)
- st = 190 N/ mm
2
( Away from water face)
42
- m = 13 = modular ratio (Es/Ec).
- J = 0.86 (lever arm = J= (1-k/3).
- Q = 1.198
3- Dimensions of box culvert.
- Adopting thickness of slab as 100 mm/ m span.
- Thickness = ts = tw = 300 mm.
- Effective span = 3300 mm
4-Loads.
- Self-weight of the top = 0.30 x 24 = 7.2 kN/m
2

- Super imposed dead load = 12.8 kN/m
2

- Live load = 50 kN/m
2

- Total load = 70.0 kN/ m
2

- Weight of vertical sidewalls = 0.30 x 3.3 x 24 = w = 24 kN.
Soil pressure = p = wh (1-sin )/ (1+ sin )
At h = 3.3 m, = 30
0
, w = 18 kN/m
3
.
The soil pressure =p = 18 x 3.3 x 1/3 = 20 kN/m
2
.
Uniform lateral pressure due to the effect of super imposed dead load and live
load surcharge is calculated as,
P = (50 + 12.8) {(1-sin )/ (1+ sin )} = (62.8 x 1/3 = 21 kN/m
2

Uniform lateral pressure due to the effect of super imposed dead load surcharge only
is,
P = 12.8 {(1-sin )/ (1+ sin )} = (12.8 x 1/3) = 4.26 kN/m
2

Intensity of water pressure is obtained as,
P = wh = (10 x 3.3) = 33 kN/m
2

3- Analysis of Moments, Shear, and Thrusts.
The various loading patterns considered are shown in Fig. (18 & 19) The moments,
shears and thrust corresponding to the different cases of loading (case 1 to case 6),
the fixed end moments developed for the six different loading cases are compiled in
Table (11). For two different ratios of (L/H = 1 and 1.5 Where, L = span of the culvert,
H = height of the culvert), evaluated using the coefficients given in Table (12) are
compiled in Table (13). The design forces resulting from the combination of the
various cases yielding maximum moment and forces at the support and mid span
sections are shown in Table (14).

43


Fig. (18) Types of Loading for box Culverts.











44

Table (11) Fixed End Moments in Box Culvert.
Loading case
Fixed End Moments
MA = MA' MD = MD'
1


2

3


4

5

6

Note: positive moment indicates tension on inside face.

Fig. (19) Loading Cases Considered for Box Culvert for Example (1)

45
Table (12) Coefficients for Moment, Shear and Thrust.
L:H Section
Factor Loading Case
For 1 2 3 4 5 6
M WL wL
2
WL pL
2
pL
2
pL
2

N w wL w pL pL pL
V w wL w pL pL pL
1:1 B-1 M + 0.182 + 0.083 + 0.021 + 0.019 - 0.019 - 0.042
N 0 0 0 - 0.167 + 0.167 + 0.500
A-2 M - 0.068 - 0.042 + 0.021 + 0.019 - 0.019 - 0.042
N 0 0 0 - 0.167 + 0.167 - 0.500
V + 0.500 + 0.500 0 0 0 0
A-3 M - 0.068 - 0.042 + 0.021 + 0.019 - 0.019 - 0.042
N + 0.500 + 0.500 0 0 0 0
V 0 0 0 + 0.167 - 0.167 - 0.500
E-4 M - 0.052 - 0.042 - 0.042 - 0.043 + 0.043 + 0.083
N + 0.500 + 0.500 + 0.500 0 0 0
D-5 M - 0.036 - 0.042 - 0.004 + 0.023 - 0.023 - 0.042
N + 0.500 + 0.500 + 1.000 - 0.333 + 0.33 0
V 0 0 0 0 0 + 0.500
D-6 M - 0.036 - 0.042 - 0.104 + 0.023 - 0.023 - 0.042
N 0 0 0 0 0 + 0.500
V - 0.500 - 0.500 - 1.020 - 0.333 + 0.333 0
C-7 M + 0.088 + 0.083 + 0.146 + 0.023 - 0.023 - 0.042
N 0 0 0 - 0.333 + 0.333 + 0.500
1.5:1 B-1 M + 0.170 + 0.075 + 0.018 + 0.015 - 0.015 - 0.033
N 0 0 0 - 0.167 + 0.167 + 0.500
A-2 M - 0.079 - 0.050 + 0.018 + 0.015 - 0.015 - 0.033
N 0 0 0 - 0.167 + 0.167 + 0.500
V + 0.500 + 0.500 0 0 0 0
A-3 M - 0.079 - 0.050 + 0.018 + 0.015 - 0.015 - 0.033
N + 0.500 + 0.500 0 0 0 0
V 0 0 0 + 0.167 - 0.167 - 0.500
E-4 M - 0.062 - 0.050 - 0.050 - 0.047 + 0.047 + 0.092
N + 0.500 + 0.500 + 0.500 0 0 0
D-5 M - 0.045 - 0.050 - 0.118 + 0.018 - 0.018 - 0.033
N + 0.500 + 0.500 + 1.000 0 0 0
V 0 0 0 - 0.333 + 0.333 + 0.500
D-6 M - 0.045 - 0.050 - 0.118 + 0.018 - 0.018 - 0.033
N 0 0 0 - 0.333 + 0.333 + 0.500
V - 0.500 - 0.500 - 1.000 0 0 0
C-7 M + 0.079 + 0.075 + 0.132 + 0.018 - 0.018 - 0.033
N 0 0 0 - 0.333 + 0.333 + 0.500
Refer to Fig. (18) For details & notations:-
Note: 1- positive moment indicates tension on side face.
2- Positive shear indicates that the summation of force at the left of the section
acts outward when viewed from within.
3- Positive thrust indicates compression on the section.
46
The maximum positive moments develop at the center of bottom & top slab for the
condition that the sides of the culvert not carrying the live load and the culverts
running full with water. The maximum negative moments develop at the support
sections of the bottom slab for the condition, culvert is empty and the top slab carries
the dead & live load.
Table (13) Forces Components for Different Cases of Loading
Section Forces
Loading Case
Case-2 Case-3 Case-4 Case-5 Case-6(a) Case-6(b)
B-1 M 63.20 1.66 6.82 - 4.13 - 9.60 - 1.92
N 0 0 - 18.18 + 11.0 + 34.65 + 6.93
A-2 M - 31.60 1.66 6.82 - 4.13 - 9.60 - 1.92
N 0 0 - 18.18 + 11.0 + 34.65 - 6.93
V 115.50 0 0 0 0 0
A-3 M - 31.60 1.66 6.82 - 4.13 - 9.60 -1,92
N 115.50 0 0 0 0 0
V 0 0 18.18 - 11.00 - 34.65 -6.93
E-4 M - 31.6 - 3.32 - 15.45 - 9.36 +19.20 +3.84
N 115.50 + 39.60 0 0 0 0
D-5 M - 31.60 - 0.317 8.26 - 5.00 - 9.60 - 1.92
N 115.50 + 79.20 - 36.26 + 21.90 0 0
V 0 0 0 0 +34.65 +6.93
D-6 M -31.60 -8.23 8.26 - 5.00 - 9.60 - 1.92
N 0 0 0 0 +34.65 + 6.93
V -115.50 -79.20 -36.26 +21.90 0 0
C-7 M 63.20 11.56 8.26 -5.00 -9.60 - 1.92
N 0 0 - 36.26 +21.90 +34.65 + 6.93
Note: Moments are in (kN.m) & shear force and thrusts are in (kN).
4- Design of Reinforcements
-Section: C-7, (mid span of bottom slab) as shown in Table (14)
M = 76.10 KN.m
N = - 7.43 KN (tension)
Ast = (M / (st * J *d) = (76.10 x 10
6
/ 150 x 0.86 x 270) = 2234 mm
2
/m
Provide 20 @ 140 mm c/c
Distribution steel = (0.30 x 300 x 100 / 100) = 900 mm
2

Provide 10 @ 150 mm(c/c) on both faces.
-Section: D-6, (support section) as shown in Table (14)
M = -54.43 KN.m
N = 34.65 KN
47
Ast = (M / (st * J *d) = (54.43 x 10
6
/ 190 x 0.86 x 270) = 1233mm
2
/m
Provide 16 @ 150 mm (c/c) and distribution bars of 10 @ 150 mm (c/c)
Table (14) Design Moments and Forces in Box Culvert
Section
Loading
Combination
Cases
Moment
M
KN.m
Thrust
N
(kN)
Shear Force
V
(kN)
D-6 2+3+5+6(a) -54.43 +34.65 -172.80
A-2 2+3+5+6(a) -43.67 -23.65 +115.50
B-1 2+3+4+5+6(b) 65.63 -1.25 0
C-7 2+3+4+5+6(b) 76.10 -7.43 0
E-4 2+3+4+5+6(b) -55.89 +155.10 0

-Section: E-4, (vertical sidewall) as shown in Table (14)
M = -55.89 kN.m M
U
=1.5 x 55.89 = 83.83 kN.m
N= 155.10 KN N
U
= 1.5 x 155.10 = 232.5 kN.
(M
U
/fck *bD
2
)= (83.83 x 10
6
/ 20 x 1000 x 300
2
) = 0.046 with fy= 415 N/mm
2

(NU / fck *bD) = 232.5 x 10
3
/ 20 x 1000 x 300) = 0.0387
with (d'/D) = (30/300) =0.10
By referring to interaction curve of SP-16, (p / f
ck
)
(7)
= 0.02
Where, Asc =Ast = 0.5 (phD/100) = 0.5(0.02 x 20 x 1000 x 300) / 100 = 600 mm
2
Hence AS = 1200 mm
2
.
But minimum reinforcement of (0.8%) of cross section has to be provide,
A
S
= (0.8 x 300 x 1000 / 100) = 2400 mm
2

Hence, provide 16 @150 mm (c/c) on both faces in the vertical sidewall.
Distribution steel of 10 @ 150 mm (c/c) is provide on both faces.
The details of reinforcement in the box culvert is shown in Fig. (20)
48



References:
1- Federal Highway Administration," HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF HIGHWAY
CULVERTS", U.S. Department of Transportation, Publication No. FHWA-
NHI-01-020, September 2001, pp.367.
2- B.N. Sinha, & R.P. Sharma," RCC BOX CULVERT - METHODOLOGY AND
DESIGNS INCLUDING COMPUTER METHOD", Paper No. 555, Journal of the
Indian Roads Congress, October-December 2009, pp. (190-812).
3- Darryl Shoemaker, Ph.D., Jack Allen, Margaret Ballard, Stephen David, and
George Eliason," HIGHWAY ENGINEERING HANDBOOK", McGraw-Hill
Companies Copyright , First Edition. 2004, pp.933.
4- FHWA-IP-83-6," Structural Design Manual for Improved Inlets & Culverts",
June 1983, pp.314.
5- Krishna, Raju N.,"Advanced Reinforced Concrete Design", satish kumar,1
st

edition, New Delhi,1988,pp.370.
6- IS 458-1988: "SPECIFICATION FOR PRECAST CONCRETE PIPES ((WITH AND
WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT)", BIS, New Delhi, pp.46.
7- (SP-16): IS- 456-l978:"DESIGN AIDS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE", BIS,
New Delhi, And PP.255.