TABLE OF CONTENT

No. Title Pages

1 Abstract 2
2 Introduction 3
3 Objective 4
4 Theory 4
5 Apparatus and Materials 10
6 Procedure 11
7 Result 13
8 Calculations 13
9 Discussion 24
10 Conclusion 26
11 Recommendation 26
12 Refrences/Appendix 27

2

ABSTRACT
The experiment was conducted to determine the molartiy of a solution and the
percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar which is done by doing titration of the
standardized sodium hydroxide solution. This experiment is divided into two sets
which are the standardization of sodium hydroxide solution and molarity of acetic
acid and percent of vinegar. In the standardization of sodium hydroxide solution
experiment, 250 ml of NaOH solution was prepared by diluting 6g of solid NaOH
in 250 ml of distilled water and 30 ml of KHP was prepared by diluting 1.5g of
KHP in 30 ml of distilled water. The NaOH solution that has been prepared was
titrated with the KHP solution. In the molarity of acetic acid and percentage of
vinegar, the standardized NaOH solution that has been prepared in the previous
experiment was titrated with 10 ml of vinegar that has been diluted with 100 ml of
distilled water. Both sets of experiment were repeated three times. As a
conclusion, the experiment was succesfully conducted where the objective was
abled to be achieved. Based on the result obtained, the mass of acetic acid is
1.03707g and it represents 10.3707% by mass of vinegar.

3

INTRODUCTION
Concentration of solution is the amount of solute in a given amount of solvent. A
concentrate solution contains relatively large quantity of solute in a given amount of
solvent. Dilute solutions contain relatively little solute in a given amount of solvent.
There are 2 specifics term to express concentration, which is molarity and percent by
mass.
Molarity is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.




Percent by mass is the mass in grams of solute per 100 grams of solution





Vinegar is a dilute solution of acetic acid. The molecular formula for acetic acid is
CH3COOH. Both molarity and percent by mass of acetic acid in a vinegar solution can
be determined by performing a titration. A titration is a process in which small
increments of a solution of known concentration are added to a specific volume of a
solution of unknown concentration until the stoichiometry for that reaction is attained.
Knowing the quantity of the known solution required to complete the titration,
calculation of the unknown solution can be done. The purpose of titration is to determine
the equivalence point of the reaction. The equivalence point is reach when the added
quantity of one reactant is the exact amount necessary for stoichiometric reaction with
another reactant.

4

OBJECTIVE
The objective of this experiment is to determine the molarity of a solution and the percent
mass of acetic acid in vinegar by titration with the standardized sodium hydroxide
solution.
THEORY
In the titration process, a burette is used to dispense a small, quantifiable increment of
solution of known concentration (Figure 1.1). A typical burette has the smallest
calibration unit of 0.1mL (Figure 1.2), therefore, volume dispense from the burette should
be estimated to the nearest 0.01mL.

Figure 1-1: a) Depicts a typical 50-mL burette. b) Indicates smallest calibration unit,
0.1mL, on a typical 50 mL burette
In this experiment, the equivalence point occurs when the moles of acid in the solution
equals to the moles of base added in the titration. For example, the stoichiometric amount
of 1 mole of the strong base, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), is necessary to neutralize 1 mole
of the weak acid, acetic acid (CH3CO2H), as indicated in equation 3.

(Equation 1-3)

5


The sudden change in the pH of the solution shows that the titration has reached the
equivalence point. pH in an aqueous solution is related to its hydrogen ion concentration.
Symbolically, the hydrogen ion concentration is written as [H3O+]. pH is defined as the
negative of the logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration.
[

]
(Equation 1-4)
pH scale is a method of expressing the acidity or basicity of a solution. Solutions having
a pH< 7 are acidic, pH =7 are neutral, pH >7 are basic. For example, a solution having
[H30+]= 2.35 x 10-2 M would have a pH of 1.629 and is acidic. Ph electrode will be used
in this experiment. The titration is initiated by inserting a pH electrode into a beaker
containing the acid solution (pH within 3-5). As sodium hydroxide, NaOH, is
incrementally added to the acid solution, some of the hydrogen ions will be neutralized.
As the hydrogen ion concentration decreases, the pH of the solution will gradually
increase. When sufficient NaOH is added to completely neutralize the acid (most of the
H3O+ ions are removed from the solution), the next drop of NaOH added will cause a
sudden sharp increase in pH (figure 2-2). The volume of based required to completely
neutralized the acid is determine at the equivalence point of titration.


6

Figure 1-2: Acid-base titration curve of weak acid titrated with NaOH.

In this experiment, titration of vinegar sample with a standardized sodium hydroxide
solution will be done. To standardize the sodium hydroxide solution, of a primary
standard acid solution is initially prepared. In general, primary standard solutions are
produce by dissolving a weighed quantity of pure acid or base in a known volume of
solution. Primary standard acid or bases have several common characteristics:
they must be available in at least 99.9 purity
they must have a high molar mass to minimize error in weighing
they must be stable upon heating
they must be soluble in the solvent of interest
Potassium hydrogen phthalate KHC8H4O4, and oxalic acid, (COOH)2, are common
primary standard acid. Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, is the most commonly used based.
Most acids and bases (e.g. HCl, CH3COOH, NaOH, and KOH) are most available as
primary standard. To standardize one of these acid or based solutions, titration of the
solution with a primary standard should be done. In this experiment, NaOH solution will
be titrated with potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP). The equation for this reaction will
be:

(Equation 1-5)
Once the sodium hydroxide solution has beeb standardizes, it will be used to titrate
10.00mL aliquots of vinegar. The equation for the reaction of vinegar with NaOH is

(Equation 1-6)
Knowing the standardized NaOH concentration and using equation 6, we can determine
the molarity and percent by mass of acetic acid in the vinegar solution.
Sample calculation for standardizing a based with KHP
7

Figure 3 depicts the titration curve of 1.523 grams of KHP dissolved in20.0mL of
distilled water titrated with NaOH. Determine the molarity of the NaOH solution.
8


Figure 1-3: titration curve of KHP with NaOH. The volume of NaOH used at the
equivalence point is 15.3 mL of NaOH.
Calculate the moles of KHP used in the titration.

From equation 5, calculate the moles of NaOH required neutralizing the moles of
KHP.




Calculate the molarity of the NaOH solution.

Sample calculations for determining the acetic acid concentration in vinegar by titration
with standard base
A 10.00 mL aliquot of vinegar requires 16.95 mL of the 0.4875 M standardized NaOH
solution to reach the equivalence point of the titration. Calculate the molarity and the
percent by mass of CH3COOH in the solution. Assume the density of the vinegar
solution is 1.00g/mL.
9

Calculate the moles of NaOH that reacted.








Calculate the moles of

neutralised by moles of NaOH.

Calculate the molarity of

Calculate the mass of acetic acid in the solution.

Calculate the mass of acetic acid solution.

Calculate the percent mass of acetic acid in the solution.

10

APPARATUS AND MATERIALS
Sodium Hydroxide solid
KHP
Distilled water
Vinegar
Retort stand
Beaker
Burette
Pipette
Electronic balance
Ph meter
Magnetic stirer
Spatula

11

PROCEDURE
(A) Standardization of sodium hydroxide solution
1. 250 ml of approximately 0.6 M sodium hydroxide solution was prepared from
solid NaOH. The solution was prepared in a beaker and the calculation was
checked with the laboratory instructor prior to prepare the solution. The
calculation was recorded.
2. 250 ml beaker was weighed and the mass was recorded to the nearest 0.001g.
1.5 grams of KHP was added to the beaker. The mass of the beaker and KHP was
recoreded to the nearest 0.001g. The mass of KHP was calculated by the
difference and the data was recorded. 30 ml of distilled water was added to the
beaker and the KHP solution was stirred until the the KHP dissolved completely.
3. The solution was titrated with NaOH and the ph was recorded with each
addition of 1 ml of NaOH solution.
4. Steps 1 to 3 was repeated by performing second and third trial to standardize
the NaOH solution.
5. Graph of ph versus NaOH was plotted. From the graph plotted, the volume of
the NaOH required to neutralize KHP solution was determined in each titration.
6. The molarity of sodium hydroxide for titration 1 and 2 was calculated.
7. The average molarity of sodium hydroxide solution for titration 1 and 2 was
calculated. The resulting sodium hydroxide concentration was used in part B of
the experiment.
(B) Molarity of acetic acid and percent of vinegar
1. 10.00 ml of vinegar was transferred to a clean, dry 250 ml beaker by using a
volumetric pipette. Sufficient water, 75 to 100 ml, was added to cover the ph
electrode tip during the titration.
2. 1 ml of NaOH was added to the vinegar solution and the ph was recorded.
3. The step above was repeated twice more.
4. The graph of ph versus volume of NaOH added was plotted. From the plotted
graph, the volume of NaOH required to neutralized the vinegar in each titration
was determined in each titration. The data was recorded.
5. The molarity of the acetic acid in vinegar for titration 1 and 2 was calculated.
12

6. The percent by mass of acetic acid for each titration was calculated.
7. The percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar was calculated.

13

RESULT AND CALCULATIONS
(A) Standardization of sodium hydroxide solution
1. Calculations for preparing 150 ml of approximately 0.6M sodium hydroxide
solution.

2.

Titration 1
(ph)
Titration 2
(ph)
Mass of beaker (g) 148.092 148.5445
Mass of beaker + KHP
(g)
150.4124 150.0447
Mass of KHP (g) 1.5032 1.5002
Volume of NaOH to
neutralize the KHP
solution (ml)
15 15

14


Volume of NaOH
required to neutralize
KHP, ml
Titration 1
(ph)
Titration 2
(ph)
0 3.99 3.76
1 3.80 3.88
2 3.97 4.08
3 4.18 4.22
4 4.33 4.36
5 4.48 4.48
6 4.61 4.61
7 4.58 4.76
8 4.74 4.90
9 4.92 5.05
10 5.17 5.24
11 5.56 5.50
12 6.74 6.02
13 12.29 11.84
14 12.41 12.28
15 12.57 12.46

15




0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
p
H

Volume of NaOH, mL
Titration 1 KHP vs NaOH
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
p
H

Volume of NaOH
Titration 2 KHP vs NaOH
Ph
16

Titration 1

17

3. Calculate the molarity of sodium hydroxide for each titration 1 and 2.
Titration 1

Titration 2

4. Calculate the average molarity of sodium hydroxide for each titration 1 and 2.

18

(B) Standarization of sodium hydroxide solution
Volume of NaOH
required to neutralize
vinegar, ml
Titration 1
(ph)
Titration 2
(ph)
0 2.24 2.30
2 3.01 3.02
4 3.34 3.39
6 3.58 3.61
8 3.77 3.79
10 3.92 3.94
12 4.05 4.08
14 4.19 4.20
16 4.31 4.32
18 4.44 4.45
20 4.53 4.59
22 4.74 4.75
24 4.73 4.93
26 5.17 5.17
28 5.62 5.58
30 11.04 10.74
32 11.87 11.81
34 12.11 12.10
36 12.27 12.26
38 12.38 12.37
40 12.46 12.45





19









0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
p
H

Volume of NaOH,mL
Titration 1 Vinegar vs NaOH
ph
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
p
H

Volume of NaOH, mL
Titration 2 Vinegar vs NaOH
ph
20


Titration 1





0.029L NaOH

21


Titration 2





0.029L NaOH

22

2. Calculate the molarity of acetic acid in vinegar for titration 1 and 2.
Titration 1

Titration 2

3. Calculate the average molartity of acetic acid for each titration.

23

4. Calculate the % by mass of acetic acid in vinegar for titration 1 and 2.
Titration 1

Titration 2

5. Calculate the average percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar.

24

DISCUSSION
Generally, the purpose of conducting this experiment is to detemine the amount of
acetic acid contained in the vinegar. Reffering to the objective of the experiment,
to detemine the molarity of a solution and the percent by mass of acetic acid in
vinegar by using titration with the standardized hydroxide solution. In this case,
since acetic acid is an acid and sodium hydroxide is a base, acid-base titration is
favourable for this experiment. In titration, a solution of accurately known
concentration which is known as standard solution, is added gradually to another
solution of unknown concentration, until the chemical reaction between the 2
solution is complete. For this experiment, sodium hydroxide is the standardized
solution and vinegar is the other solution of unknown concentration.
The recorded data was further analyzed by plotting a graph graph of volume of
sodium hydroxide used vs ph for each titration. The graph was used to determine
the equivalence point of the reaction. Equivalence point is said to reached when
the added amount of one reactant is the exact amount of necessary stoiciometric
reaction with another reactant.
The data taken for this experiment are the volume of sodium hydroxide used and
the ph of the solution. It was observed that in the beginning of the experiment, the
ph increase as the volume of sodium hydroxide increase. As the experiment was
precced, the value of ph shoot up greatly until a stable line is obtained to show
that the solution has been neutralized. The experiment was repeated twice to get
more accurate result by calculating the average value obtained.
This experiment is consists of two parts which is standardization of sodium
hydroxide solution and the molarity of acetic acid and percent by mass in vinegar.
In the first titration part for standardization of sodium hydroxide, 1.5002g of KHP
was weighed.15ml of sodium hydroxide solution was used to neutralize KHP.
From the graph plotted, the equivalence point is 12.5 ml. The moles of KHP
calculated is 0.007361 moles. The molarity of sodium hydroxide is 0.5889M. In
the second part for standardization of sodium hydroxide, 1.5032g of KHP was
weighed. Similar like the first titration, 15ml of sodium hydroxide was used to
neutralize KHP.
25

From the graph plotted, the equivalence point is 12.4ml which is slightly less
than the previous equivalence point of first titration. The moles of KHP calculated
is 0.007347 moles. The molarity of sodium hydroxide solution is 0.5925M.
In the second part of the experiment, titration of sodium hydroxide solution and
vinegar was conducted. Based on the graph, the equivalence point is 29.0ml. The
number of moles of sodium hydroxide is 0.01708 moles. Therefore, the molarity
of sodium hydroxide is 1.708M. In addition, the mass of acetic acid and mass of
solution is 1.02582g and 10.00g respectively. The percentage of acetic acid in
vinegar is calculated to be 10.258%.
The second titration for the second experiment has obtained an equivalence point
of 29.2 ml. The number of moles of sodium hydroxide 0.01730 moles whereas the
molarity of sodium hydroxide is 1.730M. Meanwhile, the mass of acetic acid and
mass of solution is 1.04838g and 10.00g respectively. The percentage of acetic
acid in vinegar is calculated to be 10.484%.
The average molarity and moles of sodium hydroxide calculated is 1.719M and
0.0179 moles respectively. The average percentage of acetic acid is 10.371%.
The result obtained may not be as accurate as the theoritical value obtained. This
is because during the experiment was conducted, several errors may occur which
contribute to the inaccuracy of the result. Firstly, parallax error while reading the
burette durimg titration. This is caused by the retort stand because it can not be
adjusted so that the burette is upstraight, therefore, the solution in the burette is
also tilted. Secondly, there might be some calculation error. This is because there
are too much data collected. Thus, the value might get mixed up while tabulating
the data. Lastly, apparatus error might also contribute greatly to the inaccuracy of
the result. For exampe, the beaker used might not be as cleaned as it seemed. As a
result, extra chemical reaction might occur together during the process and will
also causes the data to be inaccurate.

26

CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, the experiment was succesfully conducted where the objective
was abled to be achieved. Based on the result obtained, the mass of acetic acid is
1.03707g and it represents 10.3707% by mass of vinegar.

RECOMMENDATIONS
In order to improve the result obtained for this experiment, a few changes should
be made:
1. The apparatus provided should be checked before the experiment so that it will
not affect while the experiment is conducted. For example, in this experiment, the
retort stand should be replaced with an adjustable retort stand.
2. The apparatus should be cleaned before it is used to avoid any unecessary
reaction that can interfere with the reaction if the experiment.
3. Prepare a table to collect the data efficiently so that less mistakes can occur and
so that it is easier to observe the data collected.
















27

REFERENCES
Determination of the concentration of acetic acid in vinegar laboratory manual
retrieved from http://i-learn.uitm.edu.my/v2/
Raymond C, Chemistry, (2010), McGraw Hill Companies.
Determination of the concentration of acetic acid in vinegar report retrived from
https://www.scribd.com/search-
documents?query=determination+of+acetic+acid+in+vinegar