Final Mef Journal

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♦ 'Dae&mudkvmcJU *Refrdk;tdrf 2
♦ aeUopfrsm;odkU ππ 3
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♦ &pforfrJUc&D;(1) a&cg; 5
♦ vGrf;vdkYomaqG; Toxic 6
♦ t½HI;vnfjyef a0opf 7
♦ rkom;jzLodkY wrf;csif; *Refrdk;tdrf 26
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aqmif;yg;
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armifvlat; 9
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♦ Pnuematic rdwfquf wm,myGav; 17
♦ FUEL CONSUMPTION a'geom; 27
♦ The Roots of Naval Architecture a&aMumif;Adokumynm\Zpfjrpfudk
wl;azmfjcif; KoSanGyi 29
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aom designer wpfa,mufodoifUonfUtcsufrsm;
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ÚmPfprf; Ko Saw (rk'Hk) 12
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♦ ausmufwHk;a&TUolrsm; papagyi 17
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www.myanmarengineer.org
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(Calculation) eJYuif;onf[lír&Sday/ausmif; ay;vmwJhtajctaeawG&SdEdkifygw,f/ wpfcgwpf
om;b0uae vkyfief;cGiftxd wGufcsufrIESifU &HrSm vufoifh cHEdkifwJh&vm'fjzpfaeaomfvnf;
rywfoufír&/ bmjzpfvdkUwGufcsuf&ygovJ/ rnfrQ,HkMunfEdkifzG,f&Sdí rnfrQwdusrI&Sdonfudk
&nf& G,fa omvk y fi ef; (Project) rsm;twGuf ajymzd k Y cuf c J a eygvd r f h r nf / wenf ; tm;jzif h
arQmfrSef;&vm'f (Result) eJUvdktyf&if ukefusp tif*sifeD,mqdkif&mvkyfief;cGifrsm;wGif rwdusrI
&dwfwdkUudkygodEdkifzdkUtjyif owfrSwftcsdefwpfck aygif ; rsm;pG m yg0if a eayonf / xd k Y aMumif h
twGif;tusdK;tjrwfrnfrQ&EdkifaMumif; cefUrSef;& yif,HkMunfudk;pm;zG,f tajzjzpfrjzpfudk qef;ppf
jcif;jzifU xdkvkyfief;rsm;onf tNrJwappD;yGm;
tajcjyKaeíjzpfonf/ &eftrSm;oDtdk&D (Error theory) udktoHk;jyK
odkYjzpfí tif*sifeD,mwpfa,muftzdkY rdrd Mu&onf/ (rSwfcsuf/ pma&;oltaeeJY Error
wGufcsuf&aom&vm'ftajzudk wm0efcHbdkUvdktyf
vmayonf/bm tif*sifeD,mwdkY\wGufcsufrI aemufuG,frSm
jzpfvdkUygovJ/
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onf/'Dae&mrSmwGufcsufrI&vm'feJU vkyfief;cGif [laoma0g[m&udk “trSm;” [líroHk;csifyg/
&vm'f[lí ESpfrsdK;cGJjcm;vdkygonf/ vufawGUe,f
y,fwGifwGufcsufrIrS &&Sdvmaomudef;*Pef;rsm; rwdusrI[kom &nf&G,fvdkygonf/ Inaccu-
u cdkifvHkwdusaeaomfvnf; vkyfief;cGif&vm'f racy (odkY) Imprecision oabmudkaqmifí
rSmrlum; ajymif;jyefjzpfaewwfíjzpfonf/ jzpfonf/
Oyrm-wHwm;wpfqif;aqmufz dkU 'DZd kif;
a&;qGJpOf owfrSwft&nftaoG;rSDatmif wGuf (u) enf;vrf;rsm;\rwdusrI - Error of
csufcJUaomfvnf; aqmufNyD;aomtcgwGifum;
rsm;rMumrD toHk;jyK&efroifUawmfonfU taet Methods
xm;a&mufoGm;a&aom jzpfpOfrsm; wu,fawmh ocsFmynmrSm
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toHk;jyKaeMuwJh enf;vrf;aygif;rsm;
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pm;vkyfief;cGifrSm vdktyfonfUowf &&Sdvmaomudef;*Pef; pGm (azmfjrLvmrsm;) [mwduspGmjzpf
rSwfpHEIef; twdkif;toHk;rjyKMuíyif rsm; u cdkifvHkwdus aewJh trSefwu,fjzpfpOfawGeJY eD;pyf
jzpf y gonf / od k U aomf , if ; rS m aeaomfvnf; vkyfief; rIenf;vSygw,f/teD;pyfqHk; ,lq
vlyk*d¾KvfwpfOD;csif;? odkUwnf;r[kwf cGif&vm'f rSmrlum; &wmawG (Assume)? tajctae
tzGJUtpnf;wpfckcsif;pD&JU udk,fusifU ajymif;jyefjzpfaewwfí
w&m;?od u ©m ?todp d wf " mwf w dk UESi f U jzpfonf t& uefYowfcsufawG (Const
wdkuf½dkufywfoufaeygonf/ acwf raints)? rjzpfrae xnfYoGif;pOf;
wpfacwf\ o&kyfudk vnf;xif[yfaeonf/ pm;&wJh tcsuftvufawG (Factors) [m
odkYaomf 4if;eJYywfoufí ajymvdkjcif;r[kwf/
ocsFmwGufcsufrIudk teD;pyfqHk; tajzudkom
wG u f c suf r I t yd k i f ; ud k o m wif j yvd k y gonf /
wGufcsufrIrS &&Sdvmaom &vm'fudk vufcHEdkif xkwfay;Edkifygvdrfhr,f/ Newton method
wJ h & v'f u d k rjzpf r aeqef ; ppf z d k Y r S m tvG e f eJYwGufcsufvdkY&wJhtajz[m Eular method
ta&;MuD;vSonfh vkyfief;pOfjzpfonf/ uRef u &wJhtajzeJY xyfwlrusEdkifygbl;/ usnf
awmf w d k Y vk y f i ef ; wpf c k c k t wG u f v d k t yf w J h
wGufcsufrI wpfck[m rjzpfEdkifwJh &vm'fawGudk qefoGm;EIef;udk azmfjy&mrSm Air resistance
udkoknvdkY Assume vkyfvdkuf&w,f/ e,l

wef&Jh F=ma qdkwJh azmfjycsuf[m oHvdkufpuf (550)rjynfhygbl;/ urÇmvHk;w,f vdkYajym ayr,f
uGif;twGif;rrSefbl;/ Mwd*Hwpfck&Jh twGif; axmifh hvnf; tDauGwmeJYavmif*sDusK tuGmta0;awG
(3)ck a ygif ; vm'f ( 180)'D * &D [ m abmvH k ; rwlMuygbl;/ av,mOfwpfpD;udk pOf;pm;wJhtcg
vd k r suf E S m jyif r S m t"d y Ü m ,f r &S d b l ; / pwJ h vlwpfa,mufysrf;rQtav;csdef (85) uDvdkqdk&if
uefYowfxm;wJh abmifawGudk odxm;zdkYvdktyf tm&So m;awG twGu fe nf ;enf ;uG m[aeOD; rSmyg/
ygw,f/ ,aeUacwfrSm puf½HkBuD;BuD;rm;rm;wnf a&qlrSwfukd (100)'D*&DpifwD ESifhtMurf;zsif;
aqmufr,fqdk&if ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&;qdkwJU owfrSwfMuaomfvnf; Atmosphere pres-
tcsuf (Factor) udkrjzpfraexnfUoGif;pOf;pm; surerSmrS rSefuefwmudk owdcsyfzdkY vdktyfyg
&rSmjzpfw,f/ odkUjzpfí txufygocFsmenf;vrf; onf/
rsm;udktoHk;jyKwJUtcg Statistic
vufawGUe,f (C) eD;pyfwefzdk;\rwdusrI -
enf;vrf;u&wJU udef;*Pef; awGeJU
y,fwGifwGufcsufrIrS
EdIif;,SOfoHk;oyfzdkU tvGefta&;BuD;vS &&Sdvmaomudef;*Pef; Error of rounding
ygonf/ rsm; u cdkifvHkwdus udef ;*Pef;awG& JUwefbdk;udk,lMuwJ U
aeaomfvnf; vkyfief; tcgq,f v D p d w f ? &mvD p d w f p ojzif U
(c) wjcm;aomrwdusrIrsm; - Re- cGif&vm'f rSmrlum;
sidual error ajymif;jyefjzpfaewwfí 'órae&mawGudkvdktyfovdk,lMu&
jzpfonf wJUtwGufjzpfygw,f/ Oyrm-[k,l
'DtkyfpkrSmygwmu ocsFmqdkif&mvkyf Edkifovdk?
xHk;vkyfenf;xJu wcsdKUaomed,mrawGrSmudku
ud e f ; *Pef ; awG & J h w ef z d k ; ud k ,l M uwJ h t cg
wdusatmifwGufcsufí r&jcif;jzpfonf/Oyrm-
q,fvDpdwf? &mvDpdwfpojzifh 'órae&mawGudk
qd kw JU azmfj rLvmrSm tqHk ;xd wG uf &efr nf od kU rQ
vdktyfovdk,lMu&wJhtwGuf jzpfygw,f/ Oyrm
rjzpfEdkifbJ owfrSwfqifUuJudef;vHk; ta&twGuf
- [k,lEdkifovdk? \wefzdk;udkvnf; vdktyf
rSm &yf&efvdktyfaeonf/or0g,rqdkifrSm wef;
ovdk 'órjzwf,lMuwm awGYEdkifygw,f/
pD apmifU aewJ U vl wef; &S nf (vlt a&twGu fu dk )
wG u f c suf w J U jzpf w ef p G r f ; azmf j ycsuf (i) tjzpftysufrsm;\rwdusrI - Error of
(Probability) udkMunfUyg/'DazmfjycsufrSm In- process
finity xdwGufcsufzdkU rjzpfEdkifaMumif;awGU&rSm
rnfonfhwGufcsuf rIwGifrqdkay;xm;
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csufrsm;&SdpjrJjzpfonf/ Given data awGudku
(*) ueOD;rwdusrI - Initial error wdu srI r&SdygvQif ¤if;jzpfpOf udk wGufcsuf
&rS & &S d a om ud e f ; *Pef ; rsm;rS m wd u s
wGufcsufrIjzpfpOfawGrSm yg0ifwJh Pa- rI a wmf a wmf u d k e nf ; ygvd r f h r nf / od k Y jzpf í
wd u saomay;xm;csuf r sm;r&S d b J , H k M unf
ra me ters a wGe J Y y wfo ufa e y gw, f/ avmuf z G , f & vm'f r &Ed k i f a Mumif ; ynm&S i f r sm;
¤if ; wd k Y & J h o abm obm0ud k u teD ; pyf q H k ; uajymcJ U Muonf / txuf y gtcsuf r sm;ud k
,lxm;&vdkYjzpfygw,f/ Oyrmajym&&if 550 Munf hv Qify if vk yf ief; wpfc ku dk wG uf csufo nf U
ZmwfedygwfvdkUajym&ayr,fUvnf; wu,fawmU tqifUaygif;rsm;pGmrSm rwdusrIaygif;rsm;pGmyg0if
aeonfudkjiif;r&ay/ xdktcg wdusrItwGuf

(Precision) xnf Y oG i f ; pOf ; pm;&ef r S m
txl;yifta&;MuD;vSonf/ wdusrI&Sd&eftwGuf rdrdwdkU&nfrSef;wJU
tif*sifeD,mqdkif&mwm0efwpf&yfrSm vufcHEdkif t&nftaoG;udkxdyg;
zG,f &SdaomyrmP (Acceptable region) vmwJU
ES i f h azmf j yjcif ; yif j zpf o nf / xd k y rm- rnfonfUvTrf;rdk;rIudkrS
rcH,loifUay/
Ponf ,HkMunfudk;pm;EdkifrI (Reliability)
rnfrQ&SdaMumif;jzpfwefpGrf; (Probability) ESifh
azmf j yjcif ; jzpf o nf / tqd k y gjzpf w ef p G r f ;
udkwwfEdkiforQtjrifhrm;qHk;? (0g) vufcHEdkif 'Dtwdkif;wGufvdkufvdkU 'Dtajz&w,fqdk
zG,fyrmPajymif;vJrI (Range changes) udk onfrSmausmif;oifcef;pmtqifUwGif usefcJUygNyD/
wwfEdkiforQ tenf;qHk;jzpfatmif jyKvkyf&ef tif*sifeD,mwpfa,muftzdkUrSm &&SdvmwJU tajz
rS m uRrf ; usif t if * sif e D , mwpf a ,muf \ twGuf vufcHEdkifaom twdkif;twmtwGif;&Sd
t&nftcsif;[kqdk&ygrnf/
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rIrS&&SdvmwJh Running hours udk em&D BuD; vSygonf/NyD;vQif¤if;wdkUtwGuf udk,fwkdi f
(3000) [k razmfjybJ ( )em&Dazmfjyjcif;onf wm0efcH&ay;onf/ vkyfief;cGifvkyfudkif&müvnf;
wGu fc sufr Iuay;wJ U twdki f; tqif Utwef; rD
vdkvm;tajzwpfcktwGuf Range changes
udkazmfjyjcif;jzpfonf/ (2950 rS 3050 xd) t&nftao;rD wnfaqmufMu&rnfjzpf onf/
qd ka om tawmtwG i f; wefz d k; ud ka zmfjyonf/ rdrdwdkU&nfrSef;wJU t&nftaoG;udkxdyg; vmwJU
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rI&Sdrnfjzpfonf/ jzpf onfU twGu f t&nf taoG ;rjynf UrSDygvQif
tif*sifeD,mvkyfief;udk Professional owfrSwfumvxd oufwrf;cHrnf r[kwfay;/
vkyfvmaomtcg wefzdk;wpfckudkazmfjyrnfqdkvQif xdktcg jynfolUb@mudktusdK;rJU jzKef;wD;&m
'órae&mawGutp wd wd usus azmfjy&ef
a&mufayrnf/ xdkUaMumifU Oya't& ta&;,lcH&
vdktyfygonf/ Oyrmay;&&if (0.7) ESifh (0.70)
wd k Y onf y if v Qif oabmobm0rwl y gay/ rI rsm; &Sd vmEd ki fy gonf / od kU jzpfa omaMumifU
jzpfwefpGrf;ay:rlwnfívnf; trSm;t,Gif;cHEdkifrI t"GefU&Snf wnfwHUEdkifaom wDxGifzefwD;cJUaom
twdkif;twm (Error range) awGvnf; vuf&mrsm;tjzpf odu©m&SdpGmordkif;ajc&m usefEdkif
uGmjcm;ygonf/ vkyfief;wpffck\ vsmxm;csufudk &efrSm rdrdwdkUwGufcsufoHk;oyfrIwdkUu tajccHt
twd r f ; tapmif ; cH E d k i f r I j zpf w ef p G r f ; udk aMumif;&if;yifjzpfygawmUonf/ /
&SdonfqdkMuygpdkY/qdkwJh azmfjrLvmoHk;jyD; wGuf
csuf & if q d k j yD ; &&S dr S m jzpfw ,f / Ed I i f ; &wef z d k; &J h
twdrf;tapmif;cHEdkifwJh oabmyg/ wu,fvdkYom
jzpfwefpGrf;udk vdkYazmfjycJh r,fqdk&if EdIif;q& armifvlat;
wefzdk;&Jh qdkwJh Range ay;rSmjzpfygw,f/
txl;owdjyKzG,fyif jzpf\/
aqmif;yg;
ÚmPfprf;
Ko Saw (rk'Hk)
ukv or*¾ twG i f; a&;rI; csKyfwm0ef,l

xm;wJh befu Dr Ge f; wpfa ,muf urÇmvH k;yH kp Hi ,f
t½kyfav;wpfckeJU tvkyf½Iyfaeygw,f/ befuD
rGef;tvkyf½Iyf&jcif;taMumif;uawmU 'Dvdkyg-
yHkrSmawGU&wJh “ s ” uawmh tydkif; 1 &JU ra-

dius jzpfygw,f/ “ r ” uawmh tydkif; 2 &JU
radius jzpfygw,f/ “ b ” uawmh tydkif;
1 &JU rsufESmjyiftus,f jzpfygw,f/ “ b ” [m
“ r ” &JU tangent line jzpfygw,f/ “ H H
urmÇ v H k; ud k txuf u yH k r Sm jyxm;wJ h t wd k i f ; ” uawmh ESpfckvHk;eJYoufqdki fwJh tjrifhjzpf
tjrif h w l n D w J h (tjyma&mif j c,f r I e f ; xm;wJ h ) ygw,f/“ r ” eJY “ s ” Mum;uaxmifhudk
tpdw ftyd kif;av;ESpfckydkif;xm;r,f/ tjyma&mif
( β ) vdkYowfrSwfygr,f/ 'gqdk&if θ = β
jc,fxm;wJh tpdwf t ydki f; ESp fc kudk nmbuf
yHkrSmjyxm;wJhtwkdif; tydkif; 1 eJY tydkif; 2 vdkY jzpfoGm;ygjyD/ “ b ” [m “ r ” &JU tangent
owfrSwfygr,f/ tydkif; 2 &JUrsufESmjyif{&d,m[m line jzpfwJhtwGuf axmifh l [m 90-θ eJY
tjrifh “ H ” &SdwJh cylinder wpfck&JU nDygw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh a = θ jzpfygw,f/
rsufESmjyif{&d,meJY wlnDw,f vdkY ,lqygr,f/ 'gqdk tJ'DMwd*HESpfck[m similar triangle
befuDrGef;odcsifwmu b,ftydkif;&JU rsufESmjyif jzpfoGm;ygjyD/ similar triangle tem;awG&JU
{&d,mu ydkrsm;rvJ/ b,ftydkif;&JU rsufESmjyif tcsdK;[mwlnDw,fqdkwJh *kPfowÅdt& atmuf
{&d,mu enf;aervJ/ uJ.. .. ußGefawmfwdkY 0dkif;
0ef;pOf;pm;ay;vdkuf&atmiftay:uyHkudk 'Dvdkav;
xyfjznfUqGJxm;ay;w,f/
Cylinder &JU surface area jzpfatmif aqmif;yg;

equation awGudk 2π eJY ajrSmufvdkufwJhtcg
surface area ESpfc k[m wl nDa ewmudk
awGY&Sd&rSmjzpfygw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh tydkif;(1)&JU
surface area eJY tydkif;(2)&JU surface area
[mwlnDygw,f/
tJ'D uae bmudkodEdkifovJqdkawmh sphere

wpfc k& JU rnfo nf ht pd wf tydkif;u surface
area rqdk oleJY tjrifhcsif;wlnD ? radius ukvor*¾ twGif;a&;rI;csKyf
csif;wlnDwJh Cylinder &JU surface area eJY wm0ef,lxm;wJUbefuDrGef;
twlwlygyJ/ 'gqdk&if tjrifhwl ? radius wlwJh wpfa,muf urÇmvHk;yHkpHi,f
t&kyfav;wpfckeJUtvkyf&Iyf
Cylinder wpfck&JU surface area eJY aeygw,f/befuDrGef;
sphere wpfck&JU surface area wljyDaygh/ tvkyf½Iyf&jcif; taMumif;
uawmU 'Dvdkyg-
Ko Saw (rk'Hk)
Ref: Michael Starbird, Ph.D. Professor

of Mathematics , The University of Texas
at Austin :
Lecture 8 , Circles, Pyramids, Cones and
Spheres
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awGudkb,folursm; b,fvdkbmeJU bmaMumifU filter awG ? microwave frequency
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The Roots of Naval Architecture

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Ko San Gyi
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wef;rSm tajccsaepOf (1735-1744) twGif; apm'uwufp&m&SdEdkifygw,f/ bmvdkUvJqdkawmU
txufy gpmwrf; udky g jyKpkc Jhwmyg/ 1746
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ocFsmynm&Sif Euler yJjzpfygw,f/
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Name of ship Date of issue and owner Length (m) Breadth(m)
Draught(m) Speed (knots) Type of engine Power (kilowatt)
Numbers of passenger
M.V.Myat Yadna Yarrow Co.Ltd,Scotland 62 9.8 1.2 10
120
RV Mekong Pandaw 2003 60 11 1.5 12 Isuzu809.6 150
RV Pandaw II 2001 55 10 1 11.5 Caterpillars 515.2 120
RV Tonel Pandaw 2002 55 10 1 13 Cummins Engines
580.8 120
RV Pandaw IV 2005 55 10 1 9.5 Cummins Engines 5 8 0 . 8
120
Delta Queen 45.5 8.5 1.5 9.5 85
Pandaw 40 10.5 1.7 10.5 Dorman Engines368 64
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'gawG[m tMurf;zsOf; azmfNycsufomNzpfNyD; tNcm;yHkpHrsdK;pHkvnf; &Sdedkifao;ygw,f/ tNrefoGm;
oabFmawG&JU orkdif;aMumif;udk awmh 'Dae&mrSm razmfNyawmhygbl;? t"du azmfNycsifwmuawmh tNref
oGm; oabFmawG&JU c&D;onfwif u@ rSm ta&;ygyHkudkyg/
yHk(2)- yHkpHrsdK;pHkNzifh tNrefoGm; oabFm trsdK;rsdK;
'gawG[m tMurf;zsOf; azmfNycsufomNzpfNyD; tNcm;yHkpHrsdK;pHkvnf; &Sdedkifao;ygw,f/ tNrefoGm;

oabFmawG&JU orkdif;aMumif;udk awmh 'Dae&mrSm razmfNyawmhygbl;? t"du azmfNycsifwmuawmh tNref
oGm; oabFmawG&JU c&D;onfwif uP rSm ta&;ygyHkudkyg/ wu,fawmh 16 &mpkavmufu pNyD;
tNrefoGm; c&D;onfwif oabFmawG[m urÇmay:u ekdifiH toD;oD;rSm pwif acwfpm;vmw,fvdkU
qdkygw,f/19 &mpk eJU 20 &mpk twGif;rSm awmh oabFmwnfaqmufa&; vkyfief;awG[m w[kefwdk;
Nrif h wuf vmcJh NyD; tNrefo Gm ; c&D; onfw if oabF m vky fi ef; awG [mvnf; od od o mom
wdk;wufvmcJhygw,f/ 1990 eJU 1997 ckESpf twGif;rSmqdk&if tNrefoGm; c&D;onfwif oabFm yrmP
[m tNcm;oabFm awGxuf 43 % awmif wkd;wufvmcJhygw,f «2».tNrefoGm; c&D;onfwif
oabFmwdk;wufvmrIeJU twl? pD;ESif;wJh c&D;onf ta&twGuf[mvnf; 50% txd
wdk;wufvmygw,f/ 1990 rS ,ckvuf&Sd tcdsef txd urÇmay:rSm aqmufvkyfcJhwJh tNrefoGm;
c&D;onfwif oabFm trsdK;tpm;eJU 4if;wdkU&JU yrmP udk atmufrSmazmfNyxm;ygw,f«3»/
yHk(3)- (1990-2007) txd wnfaqmufcJhaom tNrefoGm; oabFm trsdK;rdsK;
c&D;onf wif oabFmawG&JU c&D;onfwifaqmifedkifrI tvdkuf pm&if;udk Munfh&ifvnf; 50 rS 200?

200 rS 350 wGif;wifaqmifwJh oabFmyrmP[m ododomom uGm[rIr&Sdwmudk awGU&rSm Nzpfygw,f/
350 OD;a&eJU txuf wifaqmifedkifwJh oabFmaqmufvkyfrI yrmPuawmh 10 % avmufom
&Sdw,fvdkU rSwfwrf;rsm; t&awGU&Sd&ygw,f/ 4if;yrmPawGudkvnf; atmufuyHkrSm wifNyxm;
ygw,f«3»/
yHk(4)- c&D;ta&;twGuftvdkuf 2007 txd wnfaqmufcJhaom tNrefoGm;oabFmrsm;
txufrSm azmfNycJhwJh oabFm trdsK;tpm; awGeJU 4if;wdkU&JU aqmufvkyfrI yrmPudk MunfhNcif;tm;Nzifh

tMurfzsOf; aNymedkifwmuawmh tNrefoGm; c&D;onfwif oabFm aqmufvkyfr,fqdk&if monohull?
catamaran ferry eJU hydrofoil oabFm trsdK;tpm;awGudk t"dua&G;cs,foifhNyD;?
c&D;onfwifaqmifrI yrmPtm;Nzifh 100 - 250 Mum; avmufudk a&G;cs,f oifhygw,f/ 'Dvdk
trsdK;tpm;awG[m urÇmrSm aqmufvkyfrItrsm;qHk;NzpfNyD;? atmifNrifpGm aNy;qGJedkifrI taumif;qHk;
Nzpfw,fqdkwm udk awGU&rSmyg/
2/ Nrefrm ekdifiH NrpfwGif;oGm; tNrefoabFmrsm; twGuf external design problems

NrefrmedkifiH&Sd NrpfawGrSm armif;ESif;rnfh tNrefoGm;oabFmawGtwGuf 'DZdkif;vkyf&mrSm xnfhoGif;
pOf;pm;&r,fhtcsuf wpfcsdKUudkwifNycsifygw,f/ wu,fawmh NrefrmedkifiH&Sd NrpfawGrSm a&pl;t&rf;udk
edrhfaewmudk awGU&rSmyg/ edk0ifbmveJUarvawG twGif;rSmqdk&if {&m0wD Nrpf&JU a&pl;[m ododomom
udk usqif;wwfNyD; navigational length [m vnf; 10% avmuftxd usqif;wwfygw,f/
atmufuZ,m;rSm {&m0wDNrpf&JU &efukefeJU rEÅav;tMum; aEG&moDtedrfhqHk; a&pl;udk azmfNyxm;yg
w,f«4»/
Z,m;(2) - {&m0wD Nrpf{/f a&pl;uefUowfcsuf taNctae

Navigational length Yangon – Hinthada Hinthada – Pyay Pyay - Man-
dalay
Restricted depth 4m 3.7 m 2.5 m
wu,fawmh tJavmufedrfhaewJh a&teuf rSm ( FnL>0.6) avmuf&SdwJh oabFmwpfpif; armif;zkhd
qdkwm ship design ynm&yf twGuf pdefac:rIMuD; wpfckvdkU aNym&ifrrSm;ygbl;/ tJ'DvdktaNctaerSm
tNrefoGm;oabFmwpfpif; armif;r,fqdk&if wave barrier aMumifh wave formation eJU wave
resistance [m ododomom wufvmNyD;vdkcsifwJh speed udk&zkdUqdkwm rvG,fwJh udpövnf;
Nzpfygw,f/atmufuyHkrSmawmh a&wdrfwJh NrpfawGrSm resistance aNymif;vJrIudk Nyxm;ygw,f
h/T  /
[m a&teuf tuefUtowfr&SdwJh ae&mrSm NzpfaewJh resistance NzpfNyD; usefwJh ESpfckuawmh
a&wdrfwJh h/T 
taNctaerSm Nzpfay:aewJh resistance curve Nzpfygw,f/ yHkrSmodomapwmuawmh a&wdrfrSm

qdk&if resistace[m ododomom MuD;udkrsm;aewmudkyg/ wpfcsdKUspeed awGrSmqdk&if resistance
hump awGudk Nzpfay:apygw,f/ tJ'DtcsdefawGrSmqdk&if rvkdtyfbJ engine power awGudk ESpfq
avmufokH;&wwfygw,f«5»/
yHk(5)- shallow water wGif resistance curve aNymif;vJrI Nzpfay:aeyHk
'hgtNyif speed eJU a& teufwdrfrI aMumifh growing effect eJU trim [mvnf; ododomom
wdk;vmrSmygbJ/ wu,fawmh a&teuf[m oabFm&JU resistance? lifting force eJU trim mo-
ment awGudk ododomomudk oufa&mufaew,fqdkwm awGU&rSmyg/ 'ghtNyif critical speed udk
a&mufvmwmeJU speed aMumifh oabFm&JU acgif;ydkif;rSm pressure wufvmNyD;? aemufydkif; bufrSm
pressure u usvmygw,f/ 4if;pressure aMumihf trim at stern udk wdk;apNyD;? resistance udk
vnf;wufapwmNzpfygw,f/ 'ghtNyif interaction between hull and propeller udkvnf;
aNymif;vJ apygw,f/ a&wdrfNrpfaMumif;awG&JU critial speed udkawmh atmufyg equation eJU
wdkif;wm ekdifygw,f/
vcrit  gh
- g gravitational force (9.81 m^s), h – water depth (m).
Critical speed rSm vdSKif;[m omrefxuf ydkMuD;NyD; power t&rf;oHk;&um vkdtyfwJh speed
uvnf; a&mufzkdhcufcJygw,f/ critical speed ukd ausmfNzpfNyD; supercritical speed region
udk a&mufcgeD;rSmvJ speed aMumifh oabFm tay: oufa&mufaewJh hydrodynamic forces awG
[maNymif;vJvmygw,f/ 'gaMumifh supercritical zone rSm armif;rJUoabFmawG[m oifhawmfwJh
hull lines awGeJU oifhawmfwJh principal dimensions? installed power awGvdktyfygw,f/
a&wdrfawGrSmarmif;ESifrJU oabFmawG&JU speed zoneawGudk atmufrSmazmfNyxm;ygw,f/'D diagram
[m Nrpf&JUa&pl;teuf h eUJ oabFm&JUtvsSm; L ay: rlwnfNyD; ? aqmufvkyfr,fh oabFm&JU length
froude numberudk azmfNyxm;Ncif;Nzpfygw,f/ tNrefoGm; NrpfwGif;oGm; oabFmwdkif;twGuf 'D dia-
gram ay:rlwnfNyD; rdrdaqmufvkyfrnfh oabFm speed udk a&G;cs,f&rSmNzpfygw,f«6».
yHk(6)- Speed zones: I – subcritical; II– supercritical; III – unfavorable super-

critical
wpfcsdefwnf; rSmbJodoifhwmu a&teufudkvkdufNyD; speed uefUowfcsufukdyg/ oabFmarmif;

olaum? designer uyg vdkufem&rnfh speed udk atmufu equation eJU azmfNyxm;ygw,f/ a&
teufudkvdkufNyD; 4if; speed xufausmf rarmif;oifhovkd? design vnf;rvkyfoifhygbl;/
(3) vlim  0.55 gh
yxrqHk; taeeJU a&wdrfwJh NrpfawGrSm high speed ship wpfpif;udk design vkyfr,fqdk&if pOf;pm;
&rSmuawmh a&Murf;NyifeJU oabFm Keel Mum; tuGm;ta0;yJ Nzpfygw,f/
The relative under keel clearance of the vessel is defined as:
E  
(4) 0
where – Ē minimum under-keel clearance of the vessel in operation,(m)

– Ē0 under keel clearance of the vessel when stopping,(m).
qdk&if under-keel clearance of the vessel in operation [m depth of water
while stopping eJU nDaerSNzpfNyD;? qdk&ifawmh oabFm[m Murf;NyifeJUxdaew,fvdkUqdkygw,f/ de-
signer wpfa,muf[m twwfedkifqHk; under keel clearance udkrsm;rsm;xm;zkdhvkdtyfygw,f/
tJ'gaMumifh NrpfwGif;oGm; oabFmawG&JUa&pl;udk pOfpm;r,fqdk&if t"dutm;Nzifh atmufygOya'o udk
vkdufem&yghr,f/
(5) T  hlim  
hlim - qdkwm Nrpf&JU limitation water depth Nzpfygw,f/
NrpfwGif;oGm; oabFmawG&JU Free board height eJU superstructure height
[mvnf;armif; ESifr,fh ae&may:rlwnfNyD; pOf;pm;&r,fh tcsufwpfcktNzpf yg0ifygw,f/ 4if; pa-
rameter awG[m a&vrf;aMumif;rSm&SdwJh oHwm;awG&JU tNrifh? NrpfawG tay:uoG,fwef;xm;wJh
vsSyfppf MudK;awG tay:rlwnfNyD; xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;&r,fh tcsufawGtNzpfyg0ifygw,f/ 'hgtNyif
NrpfusOf;awG&JU tus,fudk vdkufNyD;awmhvnf; oabFm&JUt"du parameter wpfckNzpfwJh breadth
(B) [mvnf; uefUowfcsuf wpfcktaeeJU yg0ifygw,f? 'gudkvnf; designer u udk,fhaqmufr,fh
a&vrf;aMumif; taNc taeay: rlwnfNyD; pOf;pm; oifhygw,f/
atmufuyHkrSmoHwm;wpfck&JU tNrihfeJUtus,fudk vdkufNyD;pOf;pm;&r,fh parameter awGudkNyxm;

ygw,f/
yHk(7)- oHwm;wpfcktm; oabFm vGyfvyfpGm armif;ESif;edkif&ef
oabFmwpfpif; oHwm;wpfpif;udk Nzpf&mrSm design point of view rSm tpOfaNypGm Nzwfoef;edkif&ef

atmufygtwdkif; qHk;Nzwf&rSmNzpfygw,f/
(6) Н м  h  ( Н с  Т )  Н с
vSdKif;xaewJh NrpftwGif; rSm qdk&if hB

(7) Н с   0.1
2
hB - qdkwm vdSKif;&JU tNrifh (meter) Nzpfygw,f/

'ghtNyif rdrd armif;ESifrJh NrpfaMumif;eJU? ywf0efusifudkvnf; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm; zkdhvdkygw,f?
qdkvdkwmu a&;pDEIef; yrmP? a&pDaMumif;eJUtwl opfwkH;pwnfh rmausmwJh t&mawGarsmygvmrI?
&moDOwktvdkuf avwdkufeSef; taNctae? vdSKif;yrmP? 0J*,uf wdkU&JU taNctaepwnfh tcsufawG
udk designer wpfa,muf[m xnfhoGif;pOf;pm; zkdUtxl;vdktyfygw,f/
3/ NrpfwGif;tNrefoGm; oabFmrsm;twGuf internal design problems

a&wdrfoGm; tNrefoGm; oabFmawG&JU t"du Nyomemuawmh vdktyfwJh speed udk
r&Ncif;ygbJ/ vkdtyfwJh speed udk &zkdhtwGuf vdktyfwJh hull form trsdK;tpm;? parameter awG
udk *&kwpdkuf a&G;cs,fzkdUvdktyfygw,f/ Oyrmtm;Nzifh monohull wpfpif;udk pOf;pm;r,fqdk&if
udk,fxnf&JU aemufykdif; transom stern udkt"duxm; design vkyfzkdUvdkygw,f/ transom
plate udk tenf;i,f 3-4 'D*&D avmuapmif;Ncif;tm;Nzifh resistance udk 15% avmufavsSmhus
apygw,f/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyJ growing effect udkvnf; xnfhoGif;pOfpm;oifhygw,f/ optimize
NzpfwJh design wpfck&zdkUtwGuf compromise vkyfoifhwmawG[m designer tay:rSm
rlwnfaeygw,f/
Hull form yHkpHudka&G;cs,fwJh tcsdefrSmvnf; construction point of view uvnf;
pOfpm;NyD; a&G;cs,foifhygw,f/ NrpfwGif;oabFmawGtwGuf twwfedkifqHk; light weight udkavsSmhcs
edkifzkdhvnf;vdkygw,f/ construction material udkayghedkiforQ ayghatmifpOf;pm;NyD; ship dis-
placement udk avsmhcsedkiforQavsSmhcs&ygr,f/ NrpfwGif;oGm; oabFmawGtwGuf free board
height [mrsm;zdkh rvkdovdk? superstructure udkvnf; twwfedkifqHk; ayghatmifpOf;pm;oifhyg
w,f/
rnfhonfh design rqdk external design eJU udkufnDzdkU qdk&ifvdktyfwJh experiment
vkyfudk vkyfoifhygw,f/ first step t& tmvHk;eJUudkufnDrI&SdwJh hull form wpfck&vmNyD qdkay
r,fhvnf; model aqmufum test tank udk toHk;NyKNyD;vdktyfwJh experiment awGvkyfudkvkyf
oifhygw,f/ b,favmufNynfhpHkwJhFormula awGNzpfNzpf test tank result avmuf rSefuefrI
r&SdNcif;aMumifhNzpfygw,f/ aemufxyfta&;MuD;wJh tcsufuawmh propeller a&G;cs,frI tydkif;yg/
t&rf;udk a&teuf wdrfwJhae&mawGrSm design vkyf&awmhr,f qdk&if designer wpfa,muf[m
b,fvdk propeller rsdK;udka&G;rvJ qdkwmygbJ/ propeller wpfckvHk; a&xJrSm&SdaerS omvsSif effec-
tive tNynfh&rSmyg/ wu,fvdkU a&teuf 1.5 rDwm avmuf&SdwJh NrpfqdkygpdkU/ &Sd&r,fh propeller di-
ameter [m yg/ tJ'gqdk&if oabFma&pl;eJU waterbed tuGmta0;[m propeller wpfck effec-
tive Nzpfzkdh twGuf vHkavmufrI&Sdekdifyghrvm;/ 'hgtNyif t&rf;udk speed NrefvmwJh tcsdefrSm oabFm
[m tenf;i,f aemufudkxdkifvmr,fqdk&if vdktyfwJh force udk&zkdh wyfqifxm;wJh propeller u
effective Nzpfzkdh vdkygw,f/ &dk;&dk; blade propeller awG roHk;bJ water jet propeller awG
oHk;r,fqdk&if 'DNyomemu aNz&Sif;edkifoavmuf&Sdygw,f/ 'gayr,fhvnf; water jet propeller
wpfck[m ol&JU effective power tNynfh&zkdUqdk&iftenf;qHk; knots avmuf&Sdzkdhvkdygw,f/ qdkvdk
wmu wpfem&Drkdif 20 ausmf armif;aewJh tcsdefrSom effective NzpfrSmNzpfNyD; olUxufavsSmhenf;wJh
speed rSmqdk&if vdktyfoavmuf effective rNzpfNyefygbl;/txufrSm aNymcJhovdkyJ designer
wpfa,muf[m optimum design wpfckudk&zkdh compromise vkyfzkdUvJ vdktyfygw,f/ xyfNyD;
wifNycsifwmuawmh 'DvdkrsdK;omrefxuf rwlwJh condition awGrSm propeller [mvnf;t&rf;
ta&;MuD;wJh ae&muyg0ifygw,f/'gaMumifh propeller udkvnf; oD;oefU design vkyfNyD; propel-
ler test awGrSm prf;oyfNyD;rSom oHk;oifhygw,f/
aemufxyf a&wdrftNrefoGm;oabFm aqmufvkyf&mrSm r&SdrNzpf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&r,f htcsuf
awGuawmh External wave impact of high-speed vessels on environment
Nzpfygw,f/ speed NrefvmwmeJUtrsS oabFmuaevdSKif;awG xGufvmygw,f/tJ'D ship-generated
waves awGaMumifh ab;emrSm oGm;vmaewJh oabFmtao;awG? avSawG? barges awG? udk arSmuf
apNyD;? Nrpfuef;eH&HawG? a&umwmawGudk ysufqD;apygw,f/ 'gUtNyif t&rf;MuD;rm;wJh ship-
generated waves aMumifh urf;aNcrSmxdkifaewJh vlawGudkyg aoapedkifwJhtxd Nzpfwwfygw,f/tJ'D
waves awG[m oabFm&JU energy aMumifhNzpfvmwmNzpfNyD; ¤if;udkatmufygtwdkif; wGufcsufedkif
ygw,f/
(8) h 2
E  g w
8
where - total energy of wave, - wave height, - wavelength, - density of

water and - gravitational force.
teD;pyfqHk; 4if; energy udk atmufygtwdkif; wGufcsufedkifygw,f/
(9) 2 2
E  1960h 
w
where - wave period.

Mathematically Munfhr,fqdk&if 4if; energy [m propulsion power eJU oufqdkif
rI&Sdygw,f/ qkdvdkwmu
RVs
P 
(10) s 
where – R total resistance of high speed ships, Vs - ship speed,  - propul-

sive effi- ciency. tJ'Dawmh design process twGif;rSm designer [m
designed speed rSmyJ power udk enf;edkiforQenf;atmif vkyfoifhygw,f/ power enf;avav?
energy udkvnf; avsSmhcsEdkifav Nzpfygw,f/ 'hgtNyif design process twGif; model test udk
toHk;NyKNyD;Nzpfap? experimental results awGuNzpfapoabFmuxGufwJh vdSKif;udkwdkif;wm oifh
ygw,f/
/qdkvdkwm u designed speed wpfckrSm &SdaewJh oabFmu xGufvmwJh vSdKif;udk 10 rDwm?20 rDwm?
30 rDwm ponfNzifh trSwfrsm;xm;NyD; vdSKif;tNrifheJUvdSKif; speed udkwdkif;wmoifhygw,f/ rdrd de-
sign vkyfr,fh oabFm trsdK;tpm;? armif;r,fh ae&m a'oudk vkdufNyD;? 4if; vdSKif;tNrifhudk wGufcsuf-
NyD;? criteria wpfck taeeJU design process rSmxnfhoGif; pOf;pm; &ygr,f/ oabFmuxGufr,fh
vdSKif;tNrifhonf 4if;oabFm Nzpfoef;oGm;onfh ae&mrS 20 rDwmtuGmwGif 0.3 rDwmtNrifhxuf
rMuD;oifhygbl;/
ed*Hk;
txufrSm azmfNycJhwmawGuawmh NrefrmedkifiH&JU NrpfwGif;oGm; c&D;onfwif oabFm
wnfaqmufa&; twGuf b,fvdk oabFmrdsK;awG vkdtyfaew,f qdkwmeJU 4if; oabFmawG
aqmufr,fqdk&if vdktyfr,fh design criteria awGNzpfygw,f/ wu,fawmh oabFmwpfpif;udk de-
sign vkyfw,fqdkwm vG,fulwJhudpö r[kwfygbl;/ txufrSm azmfNycJhwmawG[m tenf;i,fomNzpfNyD;
aemufxyf trsm;MuD; xnfhoGif;pOfpm;bdkU vkdtyfygw,f/
Silence
usrf;udk;pm&if;
1. IMO High-Speed Craft Code (1995). London.
2. Logachev S.I., Chugunov V.V. (2001) The shipbuilding of the world:
current state and prospects razvitiya.-SPb.: Shipbuilding. (Мировое
судостроение).
3. Yin Htun, Ye Thet Htun, Phyo Zaw Hein(2008) Design problems of
high speed passenger ships in Union of Myanmar, Super FAST’ 2008, July 2-
4, 2008, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
4. Than. C (2004) ; Symposium and Publication on Maritime & Water-
ways Kuala Lumpur,October, Malaysia.
5. Pechenok.A.B.(2006) Mathematical modeling for flow of ship hull at
shallow water.Moscow.
6. Basin.A.M, Velednitskiy.I.O, Lyahovitskiy.A.G. (1976) Ship Hydrody-
namics in shallow water, sudostroenie, L, 320p. (Гидродинамика судов на
мелководье).
“ wpf eJY wpf aygif;&if b,favmuf&vJ”

“ ... ”
ußGefawmhf &Jh tHhMoMunfh ... yg;pyfta[mif;om; ...
“ig ar;aew,fav ... wpf eJY wpf aygif;&if b,favmuf&vJ ... vdkY ... ”
tm;vkH;&Jh a0g ueJ&,foHawG ... ußGefawmhrsufeSmwpfckvkH; xlylNyD;

rsufvkH;awGa00g;vmw,f...
twef;om;awGudk vSnfhMunfhvdkufawmh tm;vkH;u ußGefawmf eJY q&m udkyJpdkufMunfh
aeMuw,f ... olwdkYtMunfhawGu t&,f&qkH;jyufvkH;wpfck rsufpda&SUrSm awGYae&ovdk ...
vG,ftdwfudkqGJ,l ... twef;udkausmcdkif;NyD; “ uJ ... ar;cGef;&Sd&if ar;Muyg ... ”

ußGefawmf tajy;wydkif;xGufvmcJhw,f ... q&m &Jh “ jrefrmausmif;om;awG ar;cGef;ar;yg ... rar;bJ
rmefrJoH? ausmif;om;wpfcsKdU &Jh rMum;wMum; xdkifaeMuwm em;vnfvdkYvm; ... vkH;0rodvdkuf
avSmifoHawG aemufrSmusefcJhw,f ...
vdkYvm; ...”
ußGefawmhfrsuf0ef;rSm ... rsuf&nfawG
pD;usaeNyD ... / ceJYwJhwJh toH qdkwmodayr,fh ußGefawmfwdkYwpk
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20 eD;yg; &SdvmcsdefrSm ... ußGefawmf pdwfr&Snfcsif awG tm;vkH;udkzwf½Iavhvm ... tcsdefawGukefwm
awmhbl; ... jrefovdk ußGefawmf&Jh todynmuvnf; t&ifu
xufwdk;wufvmcJhw,f ...
'D calculator udkBudrfzefrsm;pGmeSdyf? &vmwmudk
a&;cs&wJhpm&GufawG tBudrfaygif;rsm;pGm qkwfjzJ ußGefawmh supervisor u prototype tjzpf
cJh& ... tJ'Dvrf;udk tzefzefavQmufaerSmvm; ... pmwrf;a[mif; tcsKd Uay;vmw,f? aemufqk H;eSpf
OmPfudkvTmokH;NyD; tJ'D yrmPudkavQmhcsrvm; .../ project twGuf erlemMunfhvdkY&atmifyg? oDtdk&D
ußGefawmf0goemygvGef;vdkY aeYawG? nawG rSm; ydkif; zwfzdkY pmtkyfemrnfawG trsm;MuD;ay;vdkuf
w,f? pmMunfhwdkufuiSm;vmcJhtNyD; pmtkyfykHMuD;
avmufatmif avhvmcJh&wJh programming [m
Mum;rSm ußGefawmfxdkifaerdw,f .../
'Dae&mrSmtH0ifcGifus jzpfaecJhw,f ...
pmwrf;a[mif;awGudk wpf&Gufcsif;vSef? bmrSef;
ußGefawmfhywf0ef;usifrSmu visual basic, .Net, rodao;wJh udef;*Pef;awG? b,fuvmrSef;rod
C++ ... bmyJvdkvdk jrefrmvdka&;xm;NyD;om; wJh Z,m;awG? *&yfawG ... aemufpmwrf;wpfapmif
pmtkyfawGtqifoifh ... ausmif;tm;&uf wpf&uf udk qufzwf?wlwlyJ?bmrSef;rodwJh calculations
rSm nrtdyfbJ vb program wpfck xdkifa&;ypf awG ... bmeJYoGm;wlaevJ qdkawmh eSpfukefcgeD;
vdkuf w,f ... input, output awGcsdefudkufzdkY wGufcJh&wJh assignment vdk ...
t&ifpDeD,mausmif;om;awG&Jh tajzawG&SdNyD;om;/
tdk ... acgif;xJrSm “vif; ” ueJ ...?'Dproject udk
Dr.kNOw udk PM ydkYNyD; ppfaq;ay;zdkY ajymMunfh vnf; tJ'Dwkef;uvkd ajz&Sif;ay;vdkufvdkY &w,f
vdkufw,f ... aemufnrSm PM jyefa&mufvm av ... vkHavmufwJh confidence tjynfh &Sdae
w,f ... NyD;om; ...
Input data tvkHtavmufxnfhay;vdkuf½kHeJY 'D
“rif;u wu,fawmfwJh jrefrmyJ” wJh .../ prototype trsKd;rsKd;u result awGudk output
awG tjzpf xk wf ay;r,fh program wpfck
tJ'D assignment udk ußGefawmfwdkY tm;vkH; zefwD;jyEdkifzdkY ...
taumif; qkH;trSwfawGeJY ausmfjzwfEdkifcJhMuw,f
av .../
Dr. kNOw qDudk PM ydkYNyD;ar;Munfhvdkufw,f/
ußGefawmh prototype pmwrf;a[mif;awG
************** taMumif;? tJ'DtxJuußGefawmfar;p&m&SdvmcJh&if
ajz&Sif;ay;Edkifrvm;? ußGefawmfu jrefrmpum;eJY pdwf0ifwpm; rsufvkH;awG[m auseyfrI&oGm;wJh

odcsifwmyg ... supervisor udkar;&if pum;vkH; rsufvkH;awGtjzpfajymif;oGm;w,f ...
topfawGeJY acgif;rl;&OD;r,f .../
“'Dvdk program rsKd;wpfckudk oifaxmufultjzpf
Dr.kNOw uajymw,f?“ig 'gawGwGufNyD;vc& &vmzdkY q&mwdkYBudK;pm;cJhzl;w,f? q&mwdkYXmeu
ynm&SifawG&,f? oDtdk&DXmeu ynm&SifawG&,f?
aewm” wJh ... “ar;csifwmrsm;&SdcJh&if tcsdefra&G; uG e f j yLwmXmeu ynm&S i f a wG & ,f vl a wG
yg” wJh ... trsm;MuD; okH;NyD; veJYcsDNyD; vkyfcJh&wJh program
rsKd;udk wynfhu wpfa,mufxnf; vkyfjyEdkifwm
0goem eJY ,SOfvmcJh&if b,folrqdktyifyef; rcsD;usL;bJraeEdkifbl;? tJ'DvdkvkyfjyEdkifwm EdkifiH
cHEdkifwm obm0? ußGefawmfh aeYawG? nawG &yfjcm;uvmwJh jrefrmausmif;om;wpfa ,muf
tm;vkH;udk tJ'D program project twGufykHatm jzpfaewm ydkNyD;tHhtm;oifhapw,f”
xm;vdkufw,f?
uGefjyLwma&SUrSm em&DeJYtrQ ...
aumfzDcGufaygif;rsm;pGm ... “wynfhwdkY jrefrmausmif;om;awG[m todynm
pyspfoD;cdkifaygif;rsm;pGm ... aemufudkvdkufaeMuNyD;
q&mwdkYvlrsKd; ausmif;om; awG
Dr. kNOw eJY tjyeftvSef pm wynfhwdkYjrefrmausmif;om; uawmh bGJYvufrSwf&Jhaemuf udkyJ
awGydkY? tar;tajzvkyfMu&if; awG[m todynmaemufudk vdkufaeMuw,f? olwdkYvnf;
a&S Uvl a wG& Jh pd wf ul ;awG udk wpfcsdefrSm 'grsKd;awGvkyfjyEdkifzdkY
ajc&mcHrdw,f ... vdkufaeMuNyD; q&mwdkYvlrsKd; arQmfvifhw,f ... ”
ausmif;om; awG uawmh
b , f vd k t & G ,f tp m ; q d k & if bGJYvufrSwf&JhaemufudkyJ
Supervisor &Jh tjyKH;rSm ußGe-
b,foHjym;udka&G;&r,f? oHjym; vdkufaeMuw,f? fawmfyifyef;cJhorQawG t&nfaysmf
trsKd;tpm;awG tvdkuf uGmjcm; qif;oGm;Muw,f ... oljyifcsif
wJh oHtrsKd;tpm;? txltyg;? wmawG udkajymjyw,f? aemuf
size udkvdkufNyD; b,fae&mrSm beam xm;&r,f? xyf vkyfvdkY&ao;wmawG?vkyfoifh
tJ'D beam &Jh ykHpHtaetxm; rsKd;pkH? T-beam wmav;awGudkvnf; xyfajym jyw,f ...
awG ? I-beam awG ... b,fae&m rS m
bmudka&G;&r,f qdkwJh standard awG .../ ausmif;utjyef naeudk auseyfjcif;rsm;pGmeJY
jzwfoef;EdkifcJhw,fav .../
Equation trsKd;rsKd; ...
L,B,t awGb,fae&mrSmta&;ygwm?coefficients **************

awGtpkH? vufwef;azmfjrLvmawG? assume awG?
neglectawG... stability ½Iaxmifh?pD;yGm;a&; tukef
tus ½Iaxmifh? vdktyfrI ½Iaxmifh? tuefYtowf Final Defend qdkwJhtcsdefudk a&mufvmcJhw,f ...
(limit) ½Iaxmifh ... ußGefawmfwdkY oli,fcsif;wpk tm;vkH;tqifoifh ...
½kyfvkH;ay:vmwJhtqifh - laptop av;,loGm;NyD; Poster awG uyf? projector awG tqifoifh?

ußGefawmfh supervisor qDta&muf ... ajymoGm;&r,fhpum;vkH;awGpDpOfNyD;om; ...
q&m?q&mrawGpkHpkHnDnD?“wpfeJYwpfaygif; b,f “wpf eJY wpf aygif; b,favmufvJ” vdkYar;cJhwJh

avmufvJ” vdkYar;cJhwJh q&ma&myJ? b,folrS0wf q & m r w f w y f x & y f w m j r i f v d k u f w , f ?
rvmwJh t0ga&mifukwftusDF eJYqdkawmh vlMum; olar;wJhar;cGef;u -
xJrSm ay:vGifaew,f ...
“rif; 'D project twGuf b,ftcsdefuwnf;u
ußG efawmh oli ,fcsif;awG wpfa ,mufNyD; wpf pNyD;jyifqifcJhovJ? oDtdk&Dydkif;eJYywfoufNyD; rif;&Jh
a,muf olwdkY&Jhpmwrf;eJYywfoufNyD; ajymjy oGm;? supervisor qDutultnD&cJhovm;” wJh? ykHrSef
ar;orQar;cGef;awGudk ajz&Sif;oGm;Muw,f ... defend rSm ar;avhr&SdwJhar;cGef;rsKd; ...
“ußGefawmf 'DeSpfeSpfpydkif;rSm pNyD;taumiftxnf
ußGefawmhtvSnfh -
toifhpDxm;NyD;om; pum;vk H;awG u&m;u azmfcJhwmyg? supervisor u trsm;MuD;ulnDcJh
ayr,f h t"d u ußG e f a wmh u d k u l n D c J h w m
a&vT w f o vd k a jymcsvd k u f w ,f ? projector jrefrmtif*sifeD,mzdk&rfu rd wfa qGwpf OD;jzpfy g
tul tnD eJY ußGefa wmh program av;u w,f?ußGefawmf olYudk ar;cGef;awG trsm;MuD;
0Hh0HhMuGm;MuGm; ...?
ar;cJh&ygw,ff” vdkY ajzay;vdkufw,f ...
ar;vmMuwJh ar;cGef;awGu ußGefawmhtwGuf cef;rxJu q&mawGtm;vkH; ußGefawmh project
odyfrcufcJawmhbl;? Dr.kNOw udk ußGefawmf ud kpd wf 0if pm;aeMuwm 0rf;omp&mjrif &w,f?
udk,fwdkifar;zl;NyD; olu ußGefawmhpdwfxJrSmpGJae ar;cG e f ; ar;p&m r&S d a wmh y gbl ; - vd k Y
avmufwJhtxd auseyfatmif jrefrmvdkajzay; tcef;tem;rSL;uaMunmvdkufNyD;wJh tcgrSmawmh
NyD;om; .../ tm;vkH;qDu vufckyfoHawG xGufay:vm Mu
w,f ... tJ'DyDwdudk ußGefawmfbmeJYrsm;vJEdkif
“ 'D program udk igwdkYbmompum;eJY okH;Edkif rSmvJ ...
ovdk? English vdkvnf; okH;ekdifwm rif;jyoGm;
w,f? rif;wdkY Zmwdbmompum;eJYaum okH;ekdif tpD t pOf a wG t m;vk H ; NyD ; qk H ; ? obmywd & J h
ygovm;” - qdkwJhar;cGef;rsKd; qdk&if vufawGYajz tqifhtwnfjyKrItNyD; tydwfrdefYcGef;ajymw,f ...
jyvdkuf&wm t&rf;udk auseyfp&m ...
“jrefrmausmif;om;awG&Jh pmoifeSpf atmifjrifpGm
“ rif; okH;oGm;wJh programming language NyD;qkH;oGm;ygNyD ... ausmif;om; tm;vkH;twGuf
awGudkawmh ig em;rvnfbl;? 'gayr,fh rule *kPf,l &r,fh aeYjzpfovdk ußGefawmfwdkYq&mrsm;
awG ? standard awGeJY wu,f ud kuf nD NyD; &Jh oif Mum;rIbuf uvnf; rarQmf vif hxm;wJh
wu,fudk wGufxkwfEdkifr,fqdkwm b,fvdkodEdkif atmifjrifrIrsKd; awG jrifawGYcJh&ygw,f .../
ausmif ; uoif Mum;ay;wJ h ynm&yf a wG tay:
rvJ” qdkwJhar;cGef;udk usawmh supervisor u
0ifajzay;oGm;w,f ... OmPfuG efY jrL;NyD; program wpf ck udk,fy dkif
zefwD ;jyoGm;Ed kif wJh ausmif ;om;av;twGuf u
“ußGefawmf aoaocsmcsm ppfaq;ay;cJhNyD;om;yg? awmh ußGef awmfwd kYtjrJ*k Pf ,l ae&rS m jzpfyg
ol trSm;awG? vdktyfcsufawG tm;vkH;jyifqifay; w,f .../ bmaMumifhvJqdk&if 'Dvdk project rsKd;
NyD;oGm;ygNyD? tck wifjyxm;wJh version rSm bm [m ausmif ; &J h o rd k i f ; aMumif ; wpf a vQmuf r S m
yxrqkH;ay:aygufcJhwJh project jzpfaevdkYygyJ ...
vGJacsmfrIrS r&Sdap&ygbl; ... ”
q&mrsm;pGm? ynm&Sifrsm;pGm yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrS
&J&ifhwJh tmrcHpum;awGu ußGefawmh&ifudk
ay:xGuf vmr,fh&vm'frsKd;udkEdkifiHjcm;ausmif ;om;
aEG;apygw,f .../
wpfa,mufu zefwD;jyvdkufwm wu,fhudk
tcrf;tem;tNyD; q&mhudk ußGefawmfvdkuf&Smw,f?

“*kPf,lygw,f” ... b,frSmrS&SmrawGY ... wjcm;q&mawGvnf; tvQKd?
yDowJh jrefrmpum;wpfcGef; ... ußGefawmh tvQKd jyefukefMuNyD ... aemufqkH;ußGefawmfvnf;
rsufvkH;awG 0dkif;puf? w'*F qGHYt ... jyefvmcJhw,f ...
ußGefawmf Mum;vdkuf&wJh jrefrmpum; eSpfcGef; &Jh

ya[Vdudk tajznd§ay;zdkY a&mufvmwmuawmh
r,kHEdkifp&mvdkY ajymEdkifygw,f?ol[m ußGefawmfwdkY w½kwfav; “0l”
ausmif;&Jh *kPfudkaqmifEdkif½kHwifrubJ olYEdkifiH&Jh “rif; twGuf q&m pma&;ay;vdkufw,f ... ” wJh
*kPfudkygaqmifoGm;Edkifw,fvdkYajymcsifygw,f... ” ½kH;okH; A4 pm&Gufay:rSm print xkwfxm;wJhpm ...
txJrSmu ykHeSdyfpmvkH;0dkif;0dkif;av;awG ...
ußGefawmfh&Jh 0rf;ajrmufrIudk bmeJYrsm;vJEdkifOD;
rSmvJ .../
“ 'D p mud k j ref r mvd k y J a&;csif y gw,f ? igh -
'g ußGefawmf apmifhpm;cJh&wJhaeY ...
ußGefawmftdyfrufxm;cJh&wJh tcsdefumvav; jrefrmpmvufa&;udk “rif;” zwfEdkifr,frxifvdkY
yg .../ ykHeSdyfpmvkH;eJYyJ ydkYay;vdkufwmyg ...
jrefrmtif*sifeD,m zdk&rf rSm Dr.kNOw vdkY rif;

odxm;wJhvl[m igygyJ ...
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pmoifcef;xJrSm rif;udkig apmfum;ovdkjzpfcJhwm
ußGefawmfwdkYtm;vkH;&Jh tqifhawGu excellence... owd&vdrfhOD;r,fvdkYxifygw,f? tJ'DtwGuf ig
yG J N yD ; wJ h t xd r f ; trS w f t jzpf ausmif ; om;awG vnf; udk,fhudk,fudk cGifhrvTwfEdkifatmif cHpm;cJh&
tm;vkH; pDwef;&yf? cef;rxJrSm&SdorQ q&mMuD;awG wmodapcsifygw,f ... rif;tay:ig taMuG;wpfck
u wpfa,mufcsif; vufqGJekwfquf .... tm;vkH; wifaew,f vdkY pdwfxJrSmpGJaecJhwm...
taysmfudk,fpD? udk,fvkyfEdkifcJhorQ twGuf *kPf,l
0rf;ajrmufrIu tm;vkH;qDrSm twdkif;om; ... wdkYtpuaeajymMu&atmif ...
rif;wdkY jrefrmjynfrSm igaeNyD;tvkyfvkyfcJhzl;w,f?
½kwfw&uf ußGefawmhrsufvkH;a&SUrSm ... ighZeD;u jrefrmjynfzGm; w½kwftrsKd;orD;wpf
t0ga&mif ukwftusFD wpfxnf ... jyKH;aewJh a,muf? xdkif;rSm usif;ycJhwJh pmwrf;zwfyGJwpfck
eIwfcrf;wpfpkH ... rSmwdkYeSpfa,mufawGYNyD; cspfolawGjzpfcJhMuw,f?
q&mu vufqGJEIwfquf½kHwifrubJ ußGefawmh ol&SdwJh ae&mudkvdkufoGm;zdkY qkH;jzwfNyD; engineer
udk qGJzufvdkufw,f ... jzpfNyD;umrS jrefrmpmudk ausmif;jyefwufNyD; oifcJh
wm? wdkif;jcm;bmompum;wpfckudk avhvm&wJh
“*kPf,lygw,f” ... tcuftcJudk igaumif;aumif;cHpm;zl;wmaygh ...
yDowJh jrefrmpum;wpfcGef; ... ußGefawmhrsufvkH; tJ'DtcuftcJawGtm;vkH;udk ausmfvTm;NyD; olYqD
awG 0dkif;puf? w'*F qGHYt ... ta&mufigoGm;EdkifcJhw,f ... tvkyftudkifwl?
q&mu jyKH;aeqJ ... Xmewl NyD;udk,fydkifrdom;pkav;wpfck ykdifqdkifcJh&
w,fqdkygawmh ...
“odyfawmfygw,f? atmifjrifygap”
pum;tqkH; q&mußGefawmhfudkausmfoGm;w,f ...
ußGefawmfhrSm tHhMowMuD; ...
tJ'Daemuf ighb0udk jrefrmwpfa,mufuyJ zsuf
qD;cJhw,f ... ig vlvdrfcHvdkuf&w,f? jrefrmvlrsKd;
awG tm;vkH;[m pdwfaumif;&Sdw,f vdkY,kHpm;xm; wcsdefrSm tJ'D Private Message aw-

cJhwJhtwGuf tJ'DvlvdrfudkvkH;0owdrxm;rdcJhbl; ... Gudkpkpnf;NyD; MEF rSm wifxm;ay;vdkufzdkY
pdwful;xm;w,f?
udk,fhZmwdr[kwfwJhtwGuf cHvdkuf½kHuvGJvdkY bmrS
rwwfEdkifcJhbl;? &Jpcef;rSm wdkifcsufzGifhzdkYawmif ig igajymp&m&SdwmawGawmh tm;vkH;ajymNyD;oGm;NyD ...
rvkyfwwfbl;av .../ tvkyfu vkyfazmfudkifzuf rif;vnf; cktcsdefrSm em;vnfoGm;avmufygNyD?
awGu ulnDvdkY tJ'Dvlvdrfudkzrf;rdNyD; aiGtcsdKUjyef
&ygw,f ... 'gayr,fh rdom;pkygac:NyD; ig jrefrm a&SUquf&r,fh b0rSm atmifjrifygap? vdktyfwm
jynfujyefcJhw,f? jrefrmjynf? jrefrmpm? jrefrm rsm;&SdcJhvdkY ulnDcGifhxyf&OD;r,f qdk&if ulnDzdkY
pum; tm;vkH;udk arhxm;cJhw,f ... tqifoifh&Sdaeygw,f ... wynfhav; ... ”
wuúodkvfrSm q&mtjzpf at;at;csrf;csrf; jyefae
cJh&NyD; tck ighwynfhawGxJrSm jrefrmausmif;om;
awG ygvmcJhw,f ... ighpdwfxJrSmu jrefrmrkef;wJh **************
pdwfpGJaeawmh rif;wdkYudkvnf; igtaumif; rjrif
EdkifcJhbl; ... supervisor tjzpf wm0efay;vdkYigeJY
twlpmwrf;jyKpk&wJh jrefrmausmif;om;av; wpf aemufqkH;pmaMumif;awGudkawmh ußGefawmf aumif;
a,muf&SdcJhzl;w,f igjrefrmpmwwfwmudk odwJh aumif; rjrifEdkifawmhbl; ...
wpfOD;wnf;aomausmif;om;aygh ... ol uyJ ußGefawmhrsufvkH;rSm rsuf&nfOawG wGJvJcdkae
jrefrmtif*sifeD,m zdk&rf eJYrdwfqufay;cJhwm ... MuNyD ...
'gayr,fh arharhaysmufaysmufyJ aecJhw,f? rif; wcsdefwkef;u &SufvGef;vdkY twef;xJu ajy;xGuf
udk apmfum;rdovdk jzpfwJhtcsdefxdaygh .../ vmcJhwJh csmwdwfav;wpfa,muf&Jh rsuf&nfrsKd;
awmh r[kwfbl; ...
tJ'DaeYnae tdrfjyefa&mufawmh igawmfawmf pdwf 'g ußGefawmf tuscsifqkH; rsuf&nfrsKd;yg ...
raumif;jzpfw,f ... rif; udk wpfckckjyefavsmfay;
&rSudk auseyfEdkifr,fhpdwfrsKd;ay:aew,f ... MEF reufvif;&if q&mhqDudkwpfacgufxyfoGm;r,f ...
rSm rif;&Sdr,fxifvdkY igoif&wJh oifcef;pmawG q&mha&SUrSmvnf; 'D vdk rsuf&nfr sKd; usOD;r,f
tm;vkH;udk jrefrmvdkjyefa&;NyD; wifay;cJhwmyg ... vdkYxifygw,f .../
igxifw,fav? tJ'g “rif;” wpfa,mufxJ aMomf ...
twGufwifrubJ igaumif;aumif;rqufqHcJhwJh reufjzef qdkwm ra0;awmhbl;av ... / /
jref r mausmif ; om;awG tm;vk H ; twG u f
txda&mufqkH; ay;qyfrIwpfck vdkYaygh ...
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taMuG;ausoGm; w,fvdkY ,lqvdkufwmudk; ...
tck jrefrmtif*sifeD,m zdk&rf rSmrif;ar;aeorQ
udkvnf; tJ'DaeYwpfaeYtwGuf jyefay;qyfw,f
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ar;cGef;awGar;aewm “rif;”vdkY'DaeYrS
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tpOftvmrao;wJh trdpG,fawmf/
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tif*sifeD,m ynm&yfudk?
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ausmif;&dyfrSmaysmf/
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b0qkdwJhc&D;ESif&pOf? &*HkrGef ausmif;awmf&dyf[m?
&ifrStpOf emusifpGmyJ? tdyfrufyrm ocFg&vdk?
pmoif&m ausmif;awmfeJY? jrifvmorQ tukeftpifajymif;cJhvnf;?
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