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ASSIGNMENT NO. 14.

* SCATTER DIAGRAM *
A. What Is Scatter Diagram?
Definitions / Other names / Introduction
B. Basic Blc! Diagram " Scatter Diagram?
C. #istr$
D. E%am&le " Scatter Diagram?
E. Case St'($.
Basic Procedure /How to conduct/ When to use /
Why to use
F. A()a*tages a*( Disa()a*tages
G. A&&licati*
I. C*cl'si*

- ABHISHEK TIWARI

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ASSIGNMENT NO. 14.
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A. What is Scatter Diagram?
*Definitions of Scatter Diagram:
1) A Scatter Diagram examines the relationships between data collected for two different
characteristics. Although the Scatter Diagram cannot determine the cause of such a relationship, it
can show whether or not such a relationship exists, and if so, just how strong it is. The analsis
produced b the Scatter Diagram is called !egression Analsis.
") The Scatter Diagram is another #ualit Tool that can be used to show the relationship between
$paired data$, and can pro%ide more useful information about a production process. &hat is meant
b $paired data$' The term $cause(and(effect$ relationship between two )inds of data ma also
refer to a relationship between one cause and another, or between one cause and se%eral others.
*or example, ou could consider the relationship between an ingredient and the product hardness+
between the cutting speed of a blade and the %ariations obser%ed in length of parts+ or the
relationship between the illumination le%els on the production floor and the mista)es made in
,ualit inspection of product produced.
*Other Names:
Scatter plot, X! "raph
*Introduction to Scatter Diagram:
A Scatter Diagram examines the relationships between data collected for two different
characteristics. Although the Scatter Diagram cannot determine the cause of such a relationship, it
can show whether or not such a relationship exists, and if so, just how strong it is. The analsis
produced b the Scatter Diagram is called !egression Analsis.
*What is a scatter!ot"
1) The first step of an statistical analsis is to first graphicall plot the data. -n terms of
correlation, graphical plots are called scatterplots. Scatterplots can show ou %isuall the
strength of the relationship between the %ariables, the direction of the relationship between the
%ariables, and whether outliers exist.
") .elow is an example of a scatterplot between two %ariables ( %1 and %"
*What is the &'r&se " gra&hi*g the scatter&lt?
1) The purpose of graphing the scatterplot is to loo) at the relationship between the %ariables and
determine if there are an problems/issues with the data or if the scatterplot indicates anthing
uni,ue or interesting about the data, such as0
") 1ow is the data dispersed' *or example, in the scatterplot abo%e, it appears all the scores are
grouped in the top right ,uadrant. &hat does this impl about the ,uestions and/or data in our
stud' -t appears that subjects answered both %1 and %" on the higher part of the scale. Thus,
when discussing these %ariables in our paper, just tal)ing about the si2e and direction of the
correlation does not tell the whole stor. -n other words, just presenting the correlational analsis
3e.g., r 4 .56, p 4 7.881) ma mislead the reader about an interesting distribution of the data.
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.. Basic Blc! Diagram O" Scatter Diagram+
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C. E%am&le " Scatter Diagram+
A town planning team, during an in%estigation of road accidents, identified a number of possible
causes. Three main causes were suspected0 the speed of the %ehicles, the traffic densit and the
local weather conditions. As there was no clear e%idence a%ailable to support an of these
hpotheses, the decided to measure them, and used Scatter Diagrams to chec) whether the lin)
between an of the causes was strong enough to ta)e further action.
-n order to get sufficient measures, the made dail measures for two months, using local road
sensors and reports from the ambulance ser%ice. Scatter Diagrams were drawn for each possible
cause against the accident count. The results enabled the following conclusion to be made0
1) There was a low, positi%e correlation with traffic densit.
") There was an inconclusi%e correlation with road conditions.
5) There was a high, positi%e correlation with traffic speed, with accidents dropping off more
sharpl under 58 mph.
As a conse,uence, more traffic speed control measures were installed, including signs and
surfaces. This resulted in a measurable decrease in accidents.
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E. Case St'($+
*Scatter Diagram Basic #rocedure:
1) 9ollect pairs of data where a relationship is suspected.
") Draw a graph with the independent %ariable on the hori2ontal axis and the dependent %ariable
on the %ertical axis. *or each pair of data, put a dot or a smbol where the x(axis %alue
intersects the (axis %alue. 3-f two dots fall together, put them side b side, touching, so that
ou can see both.)
5) :oo) at the pattern of points to see if a relationship is ob%ious. -f the data clearl form a line
or a cur%e, ou ma stop. The %ariables are correlated. ;ou ma wish to use regression or
correlation analsis now. <therwise, complete steps = through >.
=) Di%ide points on the graph into four ,uadrants. -f there are ? points on the graph,
a) 9ount ?/" points from top to bottom and draw a hori2ontal line.
b) 9ount ?/" points from left to right and draw a %ertical line.
c) -f number of points is odd, draw the line through the middle point.
6) 9ount the points in each ,uadrant. Do not count points on a line.
@) Add the diagonall opposite ,uadrants. *ind the smaller sum and the total of points in all
,uadrants.
A 4 points in upper left A points in lower right
. 4 points in upper right A points in lower left
# 4 the smaller of A and .
B 4 A A .
>) :oo) up the limit for B on the trend test table.
*T$&es " Crrelati*+

Scatter Diagram
Types of
Correlation
Interpretation
Positive
Straight line, sloping up from
left to right. Increasing the
value of the 'cause' results in
a proportionate increase in the
value of the 'effect'.
Negative
Straight line, sloping down
from left to right. Increasing
the value of the 'cause' results
in a proportionate decrease in
the value of the 'effect'.
Curved
Various curves, typically U or
Sshaped. Changing the value
of the 'cause' results in the
'effect' changing differently,
depending on the position on
the curve.
Part linear
Part of the diagram is a
straight line !sloping up or
down". #ay $e due to
$rea%down or overload of
'effect', or is a curve with a
part that appro&imates to a
straight line !which may $e
treated as such".
*When to $se a Scatter Diagram:

Cse a Scatter Diagram to determine if there is correlation between two characteristics. 9orrelation
implies that as one %ariable changes, the other also changes. Although this ma indicate a cause
and effect relationship, this is not alwas the case, since there ma be a third characteristic 3or
man more) that are actuall the cause, and both the characteristics of interest are the effect.
Sometimes, though, if we )now that there is good correlation between two characteristics, we can
use one to predict the other, particularl if one characteristic is eas to measure and the other isnDt.
*or instance, if we pro%e that weight gain in the first trimester of pregnanc correlates well with
fetus de%elopment, we can use weight gain as a predictor. The alternati%e would be expensi%e
tests to monitor the actual de%elopment of the fetus.
To illustrate this relationship, below are a few examples of scatter diagrams indicating the
relationships between paired data. &e will discuss how to interpret these charts, and then we will
learn how to ma)e one with paper and pencil.

Str*g Crrelati* M(erate Crrelati* N Crrelati*
-n the abo%e examples, ou can see that the dots, which are actuall data points, ha%e %arious
relationships. The Strong correlation indicates that there is a close relationship between the data
that is paired together. -n the middle diagram, ou see a slightl different pattern indicating that
there is, in some cases, a relationship and in other cases there is no relationship. The last diagram
on the right indicates that there is no correlation, or no relationship at all between the paired data.
-n the first diagram on the left, ou would be able to determine that ou ha%e a strong relationship
and thus one measurement has a strong relationship to the other+ therefore, ou would be able to
pro%e that one item affects the other closel.
-n the last diagram on the right, ou would be able to determine that there is absolutel no
relationship between the two items, and ou need to re%iew the $9ause(and(Effect$ Diagram or
$brain(storming$ session to tr and find another item that our primar item measured, might
ha%e a relationship to.
The middle diagram is the one that is going to cause ou some grief. This particular diagram is
more difficult to interpret, and actuall re,uires a more detailed in%estigation into which data
points correlate, and which data points ha%e absolutel no comparison. Then, ou need to tr and
determine wh certain ones re%eal a relationship and others do not.
* %o& 'o (a)e * Scatter Diagram:
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,. A()a*tages a*( Dis()a*tages+
* *d+antages:
-n the Scatter Diagram 0 (
1) E%en if the scatter diagram shows a relationship, do not assume that one %ariable caused the
other. .oth ma be influenced b a third %ariable.
2) &hen the data are plotted, the more the diagram resembles a straight line, the stronger the
relationship.
3) -f a line is not clear, statistics 3B and #) determine whether there is reasonable certaint that a
relationship exists. -f the statistics sa that no relationship exists, the pattern could ha%e occurred
b random chance.
*Disad+antages :
-n the Scatter Diagram 0 (
1) -f the scatter diagram shows no relationship between the %ariables, consider whether the data
might be stratified.
2) -f the diagram shows no relationship, consider whether the independent 3x(axis) %ariable has
been %aried widel. Sometimes a relationship is not apparent because the data donFt co%er a wide
enough range.
3) Thin) creati%el about how to use scatter diagrams to disco%er a root cause.
4) Drawing a scatter diagram is the first step in loo)ing for a relationship between %ariables.
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G. Descri&ti*+
The scatter diagram graphs pairs of numerical data, with one %ariable on each axis, to loo) for a
relationship between them. -f the %ariables are correlated, the points The better the will fall along
a line or cur%e correlation, the tighter the points will hug the line.
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#. A&&licati*+
Scatter diagrams are used fre,uentl b computer publications to compare categories of hardware
and software products. <ne axis represents price, while the other represents performance.
Tpicall, all compared products fall near an imaginar diagonal line (( that is, performance and
price rise together. 1owe%er, the scatter diagram ma)es it eas to see items that do not fall near
this line, items that are expensi%e but offer poor performance or items that are inexpensi%e but
pro%ide good performance.
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I. C*cl'si*+
Scatter diagrams are not limited to manufacturing firms onl. The are applicable for %ariet of
organi2ations where there is scope for group based solution of wor) related problems. Scatter
diagrams are rele%ant for factories, firms, schools, hospitals, uni%ersities, research institutes,
ban)s, go%ernment offices etc. for plotting the information in precise wa.
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G H I J K

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