MBB 2053

2
1. The FIGURE Q1a is a compound p-v diagram for gas cycles.







a. Identify the cycles in the FIGURE Q1a, giving the sequence of state
points for each cycle.
[4 marks]

b. Based on the volume and temperature at the state points in the
FIGURE Q1a, discuss the reasons why the Otto cycle is unsuitable for
a gas turbine and the Brayton cycle is unsuitable for a reciprocating
engine.
[4 marks]

c. A gas turbine plant with intercooling, regeneration and reheat takes air
in at 1 bar and 300 K. Air leaving first stage of compression is re-
cooled to 300 K at 4 bar pressure in the intercooler and compressed to
a final pressure of 8 bar. Air from the second stage compressor is
preheated in a regenerator whose effectiveness is 0.80. The maximum
permissible gas temperature at turbine inlet is 1300 K. After expansion
to 4 bar, it is reheated to the maximum temperature before being
expanded to 1 bar. Exhaust from turbine flows through the regenerator
before being discharged. The isentropic efficiency of each compressor
stage is 0.8, and the isentropic efficiency of each turbine stage is 0.82.
Take c
p,a
= 1.005 kJ/kg K and k = 1.4 throughout. Evaluate:


FIGURE Q1a
p
v
2
3
1
4
4
3
MBB 2053
3
i. the total turbine work, and
[6marks]

ii. the thermal efficiency of the cycle.
[6 marks]










































MBB 2053
4
2. a. Explain how the thermal efficiency of a simple Rankine cycle may be
increased.
[4 marks]

b. With the aid of sketches, bring out the differences between the
operation of a binary vapor cycle plant and a cogeneration plant.
[4 marks]

c. A steam power plant generates 110 MW of power and is equipped
with regenerative as well as reheat arrangements. The steam at the
turbine inlet is at 80 bar with a degree of superheat of 55C. Extraction
is done at 7 bar for regenerative feed heating and the remaining steam
is reheated to 350C. The condenser pressure is 0.4 bar.
Assuming no losses and ideal expansion, determine:

i. the fraction of steam extracted per kg of steam generated,
[4 marks]

ii. the steam raising capacity of the boiler, and
[4 marks]

iii. the thermal efficiency of the cycle.
[4 marks]
















MBB 2053
5
3. a. Outline two non-cyclic processes of refrigeration.
[4 marks]

b. Compare the process of multistage compression in a Brayton cycle
and in the reversed Rankine cycle, highlighting the main differences in
the two cycles.
[4 marks]

c. A vapour compression refrigeration cycle uses carbon dioxide as
refrigerant and operates between the temperatures of 20C and
10C. The temperature after isentropic compression is 40C and the
condensate leaves at 10C before being passed through the
expansion valve. Properties of CO
2
are given in TABLE Q3c.


Temperature, C 20 -10
Saturation Pressure, bar
57.27 26.49
Specific Volume,v
g
, m
3
/kg - 0.014
Enthalpy,
kJ/kg
h
f
144.11 60.78
h
g
299.62 322.28
Entropy,
kJ/kg K
s
f
0.523 0.2381
s
g
1.0527 1.2324
Specific heat,
kJ/kg K
c
pf
2.889 -
c
pg
2.135 -

Determine:

i. the COP of the system, and
[6 marks]

ii. the mass flow rate of CO
2
required to get a refrigeration effect
of 2 kW.
[6 marks]

TABLE Q3c
MBB 2053
6
4. a. An air-conditioning system is to be designed for an industrial process
for the conditions shown in TABLE Q4c:


Outdoor conditions 32C DBT and 65% R.H.
Required air inlet conditions 25C DBT and 60% R.H.
Amount of free air circulated 250 m
3
/min
Coil dew point temperature 13C

The required condition is achieved by first cooling and dehumidifying
and then by heating.
Depict the processes on a psychrometric chart.
[4 marks]

Calculate the following:

i. the cooling capacity of the cooling coil and its by-pass factor,
[4 marks]

ii. the heating capacity and surface temperature of the heating
coil if the by-pass factor is 0.3, and
[4 marks]

iii. the mass of water vapor removed per hour.
[4 marks]

b. Compare the suitability of ammonia, carbon dioxide and water vapor
as environment-friendly refrigerants in a compression refrigeration
cycle for airconditioning.
[4 marks]






TABLE Q4c
MBB 2053
7
5. a. Explain the reasons for different excess air ratios used in the
following: a coal-fired boiler, a Compression Ignition engine and a
Spark Ignition engine.
[4 marks]

b. Arrange in increasing order the relative difference between higher
heating value (HHV) and lower heating value (LHV) of the following
fuels: natural gas, coal and hydrogen. Explain your answer.
[4 marks]

c. Analysis of the products of combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel of
unknown composition yields the result as in TABLE Q5c:


Constituent of the product gases

Volume concentration in %
Carbon dioxide 8
Carbon monoxide 0.5
Oxygen 6.3
Nitrogen 85.2

Determine the following:

i. the air-fuel ratio, and
[6 marks]

ii. the excess air ratio.
[6 marks]




- END OF PAPER -
TABLE Q5c