Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Provided by the
American Pharmacists Association Academy of Student Pharmacists
American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy
Committee on Student Professionalism
Version 1.0
2004
PREAMBLE.................................................................................................................................. 4
TEN TRAITS THAT DISTINGUISH A PROFESSIONAL.................................................................... 4
DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFESSIONALISM TOOLKIT .................................................................. 7
STUDENT RECRUITMENT ...................................................................................................... 8
I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 8
II. POSSIBLE ACTIVITIES................................................................................................................... 10
A. Pre-Pharmacy Organizations................................................................................................... 10
B. Outreach Programs-Career Fairs............................................................................................. 11
C. Outreach Programs—Mentoring and Shadowing ................................................................... 12
D. Educating the Public on the Pharmacist’s Role in Health Care .............................................. 13
E. Professionalism Prerequisite................................................................................................... 14
ADMISSIONS ............................................................................................................................. 15
I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 15
II. POSSIBLE ACTIVITIES................................................................................................................... 16
A. Application Process................................................................................................................. 16
B. Interview Process .................................................................................................................... 17
C. Staff Participation in the Admissions Process ........................................................................ 18
NEW STUDENTS....................................................................................................................... 19
I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 19
II. POSSIBLE ACTIVITIES................................................................................................................... 21
A. Student Orientation ................................................................................................................. 21
B. Professionalism Orientation Booklet ...................................................................................... 23
C. Peer Mentoring Programs ....................................................................................................... 24
D. Introduction to Student Pharmacy Organizations ................................................................... 26
E. White Coat Ceremonies .......................................................................................................... 28
F. Public Affirmation of Professionalism.................................................................................... 30
G. Service Projects in Community............................................................................................... 32
H. Charity Fundraisers ................................................................................................................. 34
I. Outside Speakers to Reinforce Messages ............................................................................... 35
J. Introductory Pharmacy Courses ............................................................................................. 37
K. Student Portfolio Process ........................................................................................................ 39
L. Integration into Residence Life Programs (if relevant)........................................................... 40
M. Issues for 0 – 6 Programs (if relevant) .................................................................................... 41
N. Issues for Distance Learning Programs (if relevant)............................................................... 42
O. Issues for Religious-Affiliated Programs (if relevant)............................................................ 43
PROFESSIONAL YEARS 01, 02, 03 (DIDACTIC) ................................................................ 44
I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 44
II. POSSIBLE ACTIVITIES................................................................................................................... 45
A. Honor System.......................................................................................................................... 45
B. Dress Code .............................................................................................................................. 46
C. Course Content and Structure ................................................................................................. 47
D. Classroom Demeanor.............................................................................................................. 49
E. Student Membership on School and College Committees...................................................... 50
F. Professional Demeanor: Faculty, Teaching Assistants, Preceptors, Staff & Administrators.. 51
G. Ethics Course Offering............................................................................................................ 52
H. Leadership and Political Advocacy Course Offering.............................................................. 53
I. Recognition and Awards......................................................................................................... 54
J. Cultivating Student and Faculty Relationships....................................................................... 55
2
K. Professional Pharmacy Organizations..................................................................................... 56
L. Student Leadership Council .................................................................................................... 57
M. Community Service Requirements (Service Learning) .......................................................... 58
N. Pinning / Professional Commitment Ceremony (End of P3) .................................................. 59
O. Faculty Retreat ........................................................................................................................ 60
P. Student Professionalism Assessment ...................................................................................... 61
EXPERIENTIAL EDUCATION............................................................................................... 62
I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 62
II. POSSIBLE ACTIVITIES................................................................................................................... 65
A. Student Orientation ................................................................................................................. 65
B. Faculty / Preceptor Orientation and Training Programs ......................................................... 67
C. Professional Portfolios ............................................................................................................ 70
D. Mentor Programs .................................................................................................................... 71
E. Service Learning..................................................................................................................... 72
F. Community and Hospital Practicums (Introductory Experiences) ......................................... 73
G. Classroom Workshops and/or Reflections .............................................................................. 74
I. Advanced Practicums ............................................................................................................. 77
EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITIES..................................................................................... 78
I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 78
II. POSSIBLE ACTIVITIES................................................................................................................... 80
A. Professionalism Scholarships and Awards.............................................................................. 80
B. Professionalism Committees................................................................................................... 81
C. Patient-care Projects................................................................................................................ 83
D. Poster Presentations ................................................................................................................ 84
E. Patient Counseling Activities/Competitions ........................................................................... 85
F. Developing a Portfolio ............................................................................................................ 86
G. Honor Codes ........................................................................................................................... 87
H. Broadening the Scope of Practice ........................................................................................... 88
I. Leadership Conferences.......................................................................................................... 89
J. Mentor Programs .................................................................................................................... 90
K. Interprofessional Activities ..................................................................................................... 91
L. Etiquette Dinner ...................................................................................................................... 92
M. Monthly Column on Professionalism ..................................................................................... 93
APPENDIXES ............................................................................................................................. 94
Appendix A - Experiential Rotation Timeline (P1 - P3)......................................................................... 94
Appendix B - Experiential Rotation Timeline: P4.................................................................................. 95
Appendix C – Professionalism Competency in the Curriculum ............................................................. 96
3
Preamble
Pharmaceutical care has been described as the “direct, responsible provision of medication-related care
for the purpose of achieving definite outcomes that improve a patient’s quality of life.” Pharmaceutical
care responsibilities include obtaining and reviewing the patient’s medication history, screening for
potential adverse side effects or allergies, providing recommendations for appropriate therapy, educating
patients on the proper use of their medications, monitoring the patient’s ability to take the medication
correctly, monitoring the patient’s drug therapy over time, and collaborating with other health
professionals and the patient to ensure that optimal health outcomes are achieved. Pharmaceutical care
also involves the provision of services (e.g., administering immunizations) that improve access to health
care and promote public health. At the core of patient-pharmacist relationships is a pledge to the patient
(or covenant) that the pharmacist will exercise competent judgment and place the patient’s safety and
welfare above all other considerations. It is a privilege to practice as a pharmacist and, as such, requires
not only competence in the specialized knowledge and skills unique to our profession, but a continuing
commitment to excellence, a respect and compassion for others, and adherence to high standards of
ethical conduct. 1
In order to enhance pharmaceutical care, students, faculty and practitioners must enhance professionalism
with pharmacy education and practice. To define professionalism, the committee looked to the material
developed by the APhA-ASP/AACP Task Force on Professionalism. The following summarizes its
important findings.
1
ASHP Statement on Pharmaceutical Care
2
APhA-ASP/AACP-COD Task Force on Professionalism. White paper on pharmacy student professionalism. J.
Am. Pharm. Assoc. 2000; 40:96-102.
3
Ten Marks of a Professional Working Smart. New York, NY: National Institute of Business Management, March
11, 1991; 17(5)
4
Professional Knowledge, Skills and Behaviors
• Performs responsibilities in a manner consistent with the school’s or college’s educational
outcomes statement, the CAPE outcomes, NABP and ACPE competencies, professional
associations’ competency statements and other professionalism documents
• Interacts effectively with faculty, staff, other students, patients and their families, pharmacy
colleagues and other health professionals
Service Orientation/Altruism
• Demonstrates concern for the welfare of others; uses skills and knowledge to improve their
quality of life
• Recognizes and avoids conflicts of interest
• Provides service to the community and society-at-large
• Offers to help others when they are busy or in need of assistance
• Shares opportunities for recognition with others
• Does not seek to profit unfairly from others
• Puts patient needs above their own, e.g., staying as long as necessary to ensure appropriate care
5
Creativity and Innovation
• Contributes to quality improvement in all professional endeavors
• Applies creative and innovative approaches to challenges
• Contributes to the development of new knowledge and practices that advance pharmaceutical care
Accountability
• Demonstrates initiative, reliability and follow-through in fulfilling commitments
• Promptly completes responsibilities in a timely manner (notifies appropriate individual of
unexpected emergencies)
• Responsible for, and accountable to others (e.g., patients their families, to society and the
profession)
• Accepts responsibility for one’s errors and explores ways to prevent errors from occurring in the
future
• Confronts individuals who demonstrate unprofessional behavior
• Does not participate in activities that impair judgment or compromise patient care responsibilities
• Accountable for his/her academic and professional performance
Leadership
• Contributes to the profession; actively involved in professional organizations or other venues
• Proactive in solving social and professional challenges
• Helps promote a culture of professionalism
• Embraces and advocates for change that improves patient care
• Encourages current and future pharmacists in their professional development
6
DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFESSIONALISM TOOLKIT
The primary goal of the APhA-ASP/AACP Committee on Student Professionalism is to promote the
professionalization of pharmacy students and faculty. To achieve this goal, the committee developed a
resource of specific activities and strategies that students and administrators can utilize to effectively
promote and assess professionalism on their own campuses.
For each area, the committee has attempted to identify the “successful practices” used in the nation’s
colleges and schools of pharmacy. Each section reviews what has worked well in the past and provides
insights into possible problems that may occur when trying to implement these activities. Examples of
pharmacy institutions that have experience with the program or policy are provided as reference points.
The committee recognizes that other AACP member institutions may also implement similar tools,
events, or programs, but committee members were not aware of these activities and apologize for any
glaring oversights. The toolkit also references activities described in the abstracts submitted for the 2004
AACP School Poster Session. Although an abstract may include information about numerous
professionalism activities within the institution, the toolkit may only highlight one of these activities. The
activities and references in each area are not listed in any particular order.
In developing this toolkit, the committee considered four key stages to addressing professionalism within
colleges and schools of pharmacy:
AACP and APhA-ASP committee members would like to see the Pharmacy Professionalism Toolkit
serve as a living document and continue to evolve over time. Please contact Libby Ross, AACP Director
of PharmCAS and Student Affairs, at Lross@aacp.org, if you would like to make a contribution to an
existing activity in the list or suggest new ways to promote professionalism in pharmacy education.
“Knowledge is derived from the scientific method; wisdom is gained from human interactions.”
AAMC Council of Academic Societies
7
STUDENT RECRUITMENT
Best Practice Guidelines
I. INTRODUCTION
Background
Pharmaceutical care as described by Hepler and Strand, promotes a “covenantal and caring relationship
with patients.” To establish and foster successful patient relationships, a pharmacist must not only
exercise sound professional judgment, but also demonstrate personal attributes such as integrity,
accountability, and compassion. Prospective pharmacy students should become familiar with the unique
roles and responsibilities of a pharmacist as early as possible. It is important to recruit students who
embrace the pharmaceutical care philosophy and are willing to uphold the profession’s high standards of
moral and ethical conduct. Students must also realize that professional development is an ongoing process
and willingly engage in activities that will enhance their practice skills throughout their career.
Practitioners, faculty members, current students and mentors may influence an applicant’s initial
perception of the profession. It is therefore important that all contribute to enhancing (rather than
undermining) an applicant’s understanding of professionalism and the core values fundamental to our
profession.
Recruitment activities offer a wide variety of opportunities to introduce professionalism. Many schools
have hired individuals whose primary responsibility is to plan and oversee recruitment initiatives.
Application materials, including information on school websites, should contain information on
pharmacy’s evolving role in health care and the professional attributes that support patient-centered care.
The Oath of the Pharmacist, the Pledge to Professionalism, the Pharmacist’s Code of Ethics, and the
school’s internal documents on professional behavior, are examples of references that ought to be made
available to prospective students. High school counselors and pre-pharmacy advisers should be
knowledgeable on the academic and personal qualities that enhance future success. Presentations at career
fairs, pre-pharmacy club meetings and other similar forums could include discussions on pharmaceutical
care and the pharmacist’s integral role on the health care team.
Planning Elements
Each school must identify the best individuals to work on these initiatives. Since professionalism issues
can arise in many ways and in different situations, appropriate steps must be taken to ensure the overall
message is consistent with the college or school’s program expectations. Although the main introduction
to professionalism is typically given prior to the start of the first professional year, it is important to
discuss professionalism earlier to increase awareness of this issue.
Students, faculty, staff, and practitioners are often invited to speak at area high schools, community
colleges, and universities. Practitioners and pharmacy students delivering presentations at their former
high schools and pre-pharmacy institutions, have been particularly well-received. Creating written
materials, such as PowerPoint presentations, brochures and poster boards should involve collaboration
with faculty, staff, students and practitioners. Presenters should be familiar with opportunities in the
different areas of pharmacy (community pharmacy, hospital pharmacy, academia, etc.) to ensure student
interest areas area addressed. Discussion of the Code of Ethics, the Oath of the Pharmacist, and the Pledge
to Professionalism, as well as a discussion of ethical issues, will help reinforce the high value the school
places on professionalism.
8
A PowerPoint template could be created for presentations or discussions with prospective students. This
would ensure that an accurate and consistent message is delivered regardless of the presenter.
Documenting what went well and what needs improvement will help subsequent presenters improve this
activity in the future.
Timelines
Recruitment opportunities present themselves throughout the year. Students may request applications or
visit the advising office at any time during the year. Scheduling visits with other schools and groups is
not always feasible unless dates are set well in advance. For this reason, individual programs should
create timelines that best fits their schedules. However, since the topic of professionalism is quite broad,
adequate preparation is necessary. Pharmacy programs should enlist current students to participate in
recruitment activities before they leave campus at the end of the school year. This will allow sufficient
time to plan in the summer months when students may have more free time.
Promotion
In order for recruitment materials to be available by the start of the school year, promotion for committee
chairs and members should occur towards the end of the preceding school year. Faculty participation
should also be sought before the summer session begins.
Evaluation
Documentation of applicant responses regarding their understanding of professionalism will help in the
evaluation of these initiatives.
9
II. POSSIBLE ACTIVITIES
A. Pre-Pharmacy Organizations
Description of activity
Pre-pharmacy organizations are typically composed of students interested in applying to pharmacy
school. These organizations provide an excellent forum to explore career opportunities, learn about the
school or college’s program of studies, and prepare for the admission process. Students can inquire about
classes, internship opportunities, and receive advice on admissions. They may also participate in journal
clubs or extracurricular activities planned by current pharmacy students.
Rationale
Before applying to a program, students often seek the advice of a college counselor or program advisor to
answer technical questions on the admissions process and Pharm.D. degree requirements. Current student
pharmacists, however, can provide other kinds of information. This would be a great opportunity to
discuss the topic of professionalism, as well as involve pre-pharmacy students in activities that foster
leadership, altruism and pride in the profession.
10
B. Outreach Programs-Career Fairs
Description of activity
Career fairs provide a forum for high school and college students to explore different career options. This
is an opportune time to discuss the evolving role of pharmacists and key attributes essential to the
provision of pharmaceutical care.
Rationale
Although it is not uncommon for students to have identified a career goal while still in high school, many
may be still trying to decide among the various choices in the health professions. Career fairs allow
prospective students to explore current opportunities in the pharmacy profession.
11
C. Outreach Programs—Mentoring and Shadowing
Description of activity
Mentoring allows the prospective student to learn about the pharmacy program and the profession from a
current student or a practitioner. Introducing middle and high school students to the pharmacy profession
via job shadowing programs allows them to see first-hand the skills, attitudes and education necessary for
a successful career as a pharmacist. Strong role models and mentors can help students overcome
challenges to professionalism they may face in the future.
Rationale
Prospective students can experience for themselves the day-to day activities of the pharmacist and the
challenges/opportunities this career presents. The mentor can share work experiences that require
professional behavior and also discuss scenarios where unprofessional behavior was observed.
12
D. Educating the Public on the Pharmacist’s Role in Health Care
Description of activity
There are a number of different ways pharmacy students and faculty can promote the role of pharmacists
in health care, including use of the media, health fairs, career days, presentations, printed materials,
videos, web sites, organized events, etc. Schools are encouraged to promote these public education
activities to prospective pharmacy students.
Rationale
The public’s perception of the pharmacist needs to reflect current roles in patient care. Efforts should be
made to emphasize the pharmacist’s role in improving health outcomes as well as the professional tenets
central to pharmaceutical care.
Schools should include language on professionalism in recruitment brochures, web pages and application
materials. It is important that applicants are aware of the school’s expectations, in both academic
performance and professional behaviors.
13
E. Professionalism Prerequisite
Description of activity
Schools and colleges identify selected courses, i.e., biology, chemistry, calculus, etc. as prerequisites for
admission to their programs. Students could also be asked to submit information on their professionalism
traits as a required component of their application.
A portfolio could include a letter of recommendation from a supervisor, co-worker, faculty member, or
patient, and a description of projects or volunteer experiences where these traits were demonstrated.
Rationale
It is hoped that students who demonstrate professional attributes prior to entering a pharmacy degree
program will continue to value these behaviors as practitioners.
Areas of professionalism
Service orientation, creativity and innovation, trustworthiness, accountability for his/her work, leadership,
compassion, etc.
14
ADMISSIONS
Best Practice Guidelines
I. INTRODUCTION
Background
The admissions process is tantamount to licensure as a pharmacist since the majority of students entering
colleges and schools of pharmacy complete their degree. Thus, professionalism is an important element of
the admissions process. In addition to academic preparedness, admission committees should evaluate an
applicant’s potential to demonstrate and embrace the professional behaviors and attitudes necessary to
provide quality patient care.
Planning Elements
Written documentation about the admissions process for pharmacy degree programs must be available to
prospective applicants. The same information should be available to all prospective applicants regardless
of the communication channel (e.g., written, verbal, electronic). An admissions committee should be
formed to objectively assess an applicant’s credentials provided in a standardized format (e.g.,
PharmCAS, supplemental application forms).
Timelines
All information about the admissions process should be reviewed by administrators and faculty prior to
the start of each admissions cycle, generally in the late summer or early fall. Updates or revisions should
be provided as needed.
Promotion
Prospective applicants to colleges and schools of pharmacy are likely to receive general information about
the profession and specific information about the admissions process from a variety of sources. Usual
sources include websites (e.g., AACP, PharmCAS, or specific schools or colleges), academic advisors at
colleges or universities and alumni.
Evaluation
The adequacy of the admissions process can be measured against standardized measures of achievement
as students progress through the academic program and upon graduation. Standardized measures include
grade point averages, grades within specific disciplines, participation in student organizations, and
performance in advanced pharmacy practice experiences, post-graduate study, and the type of
employment upon graduation.
15
II. POSSIBLE ACTIVITIES
A. Application Process
Description of activity
The application process is initiated by the completion of a formal application which can be centralized
(e.g., PharmCAS) or decentralized with the submission of an application directly to the college or school.
Many pharmacy institutions that utilize PharmCAS also require a supplemental application to capture
school-specific information not captured on the standardized form.
Rationale
The formal application process serves as an appropriate and consistent means of obtaining information
from prospective applicants.
16
B. Interview Process
Description of activity
An admissions interview is an organized event that facilitates a dialog between representatives from the
School (e.g., faculty, students, alumni) with prospective applicants. These sessions can be arranged as
part of the admissions process.
Rationale
Applicants should understand the need for evaluation by representatives from the school concerning their
knowledge, skills and attitudes. Likewise, applicants should be able to interview school or college
representatives about the suitability of their program for their particular needs.
The admissions committee may develop a set of standardized interview questions to achieve a fair and
consistent assessment of all applicants. The interview process should incorporate behavioral interviewing
techniques that assess competencies determined to be key in pharmacy student success. Since pharmacists
must be able to solve a variety of problems in their daily practice of the profession, special attention
should be given to developing scenarios that involve common problem solving skills.
Reference
Latif DA. Using the Structured Interview for a More Reliable Assessment of Pharmacy Student
Applicants. Am J Pharm Educ. 2004; 68(1):21.
17
C. Staff Participation in the Admissions Process
Description of activity
Staff members, usually residing in the Office of the Dean, are the most likely individuals to serve as
primary contacts throughout the admissions process. Their professionalism is critical in attracting quality
applicants to the school or college. Colleges and schools should include staff members in training
sessions related to promoting professionalism on campus.
Rationale
Staff members serve as ambassadors for the profession since they are the most frequent contact for
applicants to schools or colleges. They must be knowledgeable about the admissions process and be
familiar with sources of referral within their specific school or college.
18
New Students
Best Practice Guidelines
I. INTRODUCTION
Experience has shown that it is important to discuss professionalism with new pharmacy students.
Pharmacy students enter Doctor of Pharmacy degree programs from a variety of backgrounds and
experiences. Some have been instructed about appropriate professional behavior while many have not.
Thus, colleges and schools need to develop strategies to prepare new students for future development and
expected behaviors. These strategies should define specific aspects of professionalism and expectations
for professional behavior. Among other things, colleges and schools must describe the unique
characteristics of professionalism within the new students’ culture. Characteristics may vary from school
to school, so each institution must first decide what is important to share with new students and then
determine the best approach to communicate this critical information. Arriving students may have
preconceived ideas about what professionalism is and what is expected of professional students based on
their past experiences. They may find that some former behaviors are not appropriate in a professional
program. Colleges and schools must clearly articulate these important initial messages. Institutions
should use faculty, administrators, and current students to reinforce these messages since new students
observe as well as listen to current members of the academy. Schools should establish strategies unique
to their environment to address these important concepts early in the student’s educational experience.
When developing these strategies to address new students, schools should consider the following
elements.
Planning Elements
Identify the best group of individuals to work on these initiatives within the institution. Some institutions
use student leaders to speak to new students, while others use a combination of students, faculty, staff,
and alumni. Colleges and schools may appoint a professional development committee to review all
aspects of the institution’s environment and curriculum to assure that professionalism concepts are
inculcated into every aspect of the pharmacy school culture. If a formal orientation is planned, the
orientation planning committee (if relevant) must be involved. Unfortunately, some schools just use the
lecture approach where the Dean addresses the new students and “tells like it is” without any other
discussion. Experience has shown that the most effective planning requires both current students and
faculty to work together. It is important to build on past experiences; or the experiences of other schools.
Evaluate strategies and document past experiences for future planning.
Timelines
Experience has shown that efficient planning relies on effective timing. If a fall orientation session is
scheduled, then the planning group needs to start in late May before the start of the summer break. In
addition, planning must continue during the summer. The planning group must build on previous
experiences and adjust timelines accordingly.
Promotion
Typically, new students are overwhelmed with new information and activities during their first months on
campus. They must obtain new lodging arrangements, acquaint themselves with new academic courses,
and adjust their personal lives. The planning group must “promote” professional activities appropriately
to capture the attention of new students during this hectic time. Faculty, current students, and
19
administrators are also busy. The planning group must work diligently to achieve cooperation from
faculty, administrators, and current students. The planning group needs to start initial promotion at least 3
months in advance of each activity with intense promotion 6-weeks out and final promotion 1 week prior
to the event.
Evaluation
Colleges and schools should assess the effectiveness the professionalism programs and logistical planning
process of each activity for new students. It is critical to future development that planning groups
evaluate the programs from the perspective of new students, current students and faculty participants and
to share the results with future program planners.
20
II. POSSIBLE ACTIVITIES
Colleges and schools use the following activities to enhance professional development of new students.
In order to assist individuals who would like to develop similar strategies, this section briefly describes
each activity, its rationale, the areas of professionalism addressed, planning, promotion, implementation,
resources, and references. A checklist of suggested planning steps is included for each activity.
A. Student Orientation
Description of activity
Student orientation sessions offer a golden opportunity to introduce professionalism. Student orientations
serve to teach new students about all aspects of student life as they segue into a professional curriculum.
These sessions may be held over several days or an entire week. Faculty, staff, and current students often
participate in this process and sometimes even serve as group leaders or mentors. Activities may include
a mix of small group sessions and “lecture style” sessions. Small group sessions are especially important
for conducting discussions about what professionalism entails. During orientation new students may
learn more about professional student organizations, and they may even write a Pledge of Professionalism
that is unique to their incoming class. As described below, White Coat ceremonies are often held at the
conclusion of the orientation and serve as the official beginning of the professional pharmacy experience.
Rationale
Student orientation is the first exposure that new students have to pharmacy school. Most students are
excited to begin a professional degree program, and they are eager to learn all that pharmacy school
entails. Professionalism can be introduced to the new students in several different ways and can be
modeled by both faculty and current students. By exposing incoming students to the importance of
professionalism from the first day of school, this concept will become a part of their everyday life as
pharmacy students.
21
2004 AACP School Posters:
“Creating a Culture of Professionalism: The First Step in a Life Long Journey.” Cynthia B.
Watchmaker, Donald T. Kishi, Michael E. Winter, University of California, San Francisco.
“Howard University Professionalism Workshop and White Coat Ceremony.” Anthony K. Wutoh,
Joseph R. Ofosu, Olu A. Olusanya, E. Jeannette Andrews, Pedro J. Lecca, Howard University.
Reference
Brown ME, Kirschenbaum HL, Bazil MK, et al. Orientation seminar for students entering the
professional phase of the pharmacy curriculum. Am. J. Pharm. Educ. 1998;62: 84S.
___ begin all planning no later than spring or 3 months ahead of time
___ determine dates, length, and format of student orientation
___ target areas of professionalism to be discussed
___ identify special programs to reinforce professional topics (White Coat Ceremony, Oath of a
Pharmacist, Pledge of Professionalism)
___ identify outside speakers who may be involved
___ if applicable contact leaders of student organizations to inform them of how student
organizations will be introduced to new students
___ if applicable, implement mentoring program to begin with student orientation
___ decide who will be involved in leading the orientation process (students, faculty, alumni)
___ assemble materials and packets for leaders and students
___ hold a training session for leaders to go over schedule, materials, and expectations
___ upon completion of orientation, gather feedback from new students and leaders
___ record ideas for improvement for the following year
22
B. Professionalism Orientation Booklet
Description of activity
Prepare a compilation of short stories, articles, and essays that emphasize the importance of
professionalism and distribute the bound materials to all first-year pharmacy students upon matriculation
or during the summer prior to their entry into the program. Discuss the contents of the booklet in small
groups with faculty facilitation during orientation sessions when the students arrive on campus.
In addition on in lieu of a professionalism orientation booklet, some schools have developed a journal
club that develops a list of recommended readings on professionalism and ethics on a monthly or periodic
basis.
Rationale
The professionalism orientation booklet gives students a tangible and accessible resource to learn the
value of professionalism on campus and within a patient care environment.
23
C. Peer Mentoring Programs
Description of activity
Mentoring programs pair new students with existing students. Formal, structured programs, such as “Big
Brother, Big Sister” programs, exist in many schools of pharmacy where new students are paired with
current students. Informal mentoring exists as well but is more difficult to identify. Informal mentoring
occurs in hallways, cafeterias, and social gatherings. In addition, pharmacy professional groups, such as
fraternities, typically have mentoring programs to help new members adjust to professional education. In
most formal programs, second year students are paired with first year students. Some schools assign
mentors as soon as students are admitted into the program, while others wait until the start of classes.
Another variation is to have student leaders mentor a group of 3 to 4 students so that students work in a
group early on. These mentoring programs involve different levels of mentor involvement, such as
sharing notes, textbooks, and other course related material; and advising new students about course
selection and study habits. Effective mentors typically share their experiences and survival tips with the
new students.
Rationale
Formal and informal programs are useful in assisting new students in adapting to new environments.
They provide a sense of belonging, support, and hope as students adjust to a rigorous academic
curriculum. A major benefit of these programs is that mentors can reinforce the professional values and
beliefs discussed in other venues.
24
References
Abernethy AD. A mentoring program for underrepresented-minority students at the University of
Rochester School of Medicine. Acad Med 1999 74: 356-359
Kalet A, Krackov S, and Rey M. Mentoring for a New Era. Acad Med 2002 77: 1171-a-1172-a.
Wright WR Jr, Dirsa AE, Martin SS. Physician mentoring: A process to maximize the success of new
physicians and enhance synchronization of the group. J Med Prac Mgmt. 2002;18: 133-7.
Yang TS, Fjortoft NF. Developing into a professional: Students' perspectives. Am J Pharm Educ. 1997;
61: 83S.
25
D. Introduction to Student Pharmacy Organizations
Description of activity
The introduction of new students to pharmacy professional organizations may vary depending on the
structure of the campus and the pharmacy program. Pharmacy schools may have several pharmacy
organizations on campus, or only a few. One way to introduce these organizations is during the
orientation sessions described earlier. Organizations may set up booths for students to come by and ask
questions; develop presentations (PowerPoint, videos) of their respective organizations; or invite alumni
and practicing pharmacists to meet with new students to reinforce the value of joining professional
organizations. Because so much new information is presented during orientation, it is important to hold
follow-up events during the first weeks of class. Events may include a chapter meeting or a social
gathering, such as a pizza party, so that new students are able to meet the current students and pharmacists
who are involved in the various organizations. Students often join organizations in which they feel they
are able to make a difference, therefore, it is important to offer opportunities for new students to
participate in and contribute to an organization’s activities. Opportunities can range from serving on a
committee to representing the professional class on the executive council of that organization.
Rationale
An important part of any professional school should be hands-on learning in addition to classroom
lectures and reading assignments. According to the White Paper, “Experience has shown that the
attitudes and behaviors that characterize professionalism cannot be learned from a textbook or lecture.”
Involvement in pharmacy student organizations helps students to develop certain qualities, including
leadership, time management, and collaboration with others, that are important in the professional world.
Other skills may be fine tuned through participation in events held by these organizations. For example,
students may become more confident about taking patients’ blood pressures through participation in a
hypertension event sponsored by a student pharmacy organization.
Reference
APhA-ASP/AACP-COD Task Force on Professionalism. White paper on pharmacy student
professionalism. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2000;40:96-102. Also available on-line at:
http://www.aphanet.org/students/whitepaper.pdf
26
Checklist of planning steps
___ determine the best approach for presenting student organizations to new students
___ planning should begin 3 months ahead of time
___ student organization leaders should meet together to determine the time frame and format
for introducing their respective organizations
___ each group should assemble materials about their organization to give to new students
___ a calendar of events for all pharmacy student organizations should be made to prevent
conflicting events
___ events should be scheduled in a manner to avoid conflicts with new students’ academic
schedule
27
E. White Coat Ceremonies
Description of activity
In an effort to demonstrate professionalism, many colleges of pharmacy have implemented a White Coat
ceremony for new students. These ceremonies are often held early in the students’ experience, for
example during orientation, the first day of class, or some time during their first semester. Some schools
hold the ceremony in the third year as students move from the didactic to the clinical portion of their
Pharm.D. degree program. Each ceremony should be developed around the unique needs of each school.
The White Coat ceremony may be planned during the day or in the evening. Often the ceremony is held
in conjunction with a social event, such as a lunch, dinner, or reception. It is a time of celebration and
remembrance. A keynote speaker may be invited as well as other prominent members of the community,
such as legislators, campus administrators, or the president of the state pharmacy association. Many
schools also include parents, spouses, current students, and faculty members in the celebration. In
addition to giving each student a new white coat, the ceremony may include a time for students to recite
the Oath of the Pharmacist or the Pledge of Professionalism. Several schools have new student class
write its own oath or pledge to be recited at the ceremony.
Rationale
The “white coat” is a powerful symbol of the awesome responsibility that pharmacists have as health care
providers. The presentation of the white coat to new students represents their passage into the pharmacy
profession with all the opportunities and responsibilities associated with professionalism. The ceremony
also provides an opportunity for the class to come together (to celebrate a significant event together) for
the first time which is quite memorable for many students. Having family members and other important
individuals participate also adds to this event.
28
Examples of programs and resources
• University of Florida
• University of Maryland
• Howard University
• University of California – San Francisco
References
Brown DL, Ferrill MJ, Pankaski MC. White Coat Ceremonies in U.S. Schools of Pharmacy. Annals of
Pharmacotherapy 2003;37(10):1414-19.
29
F. Public Affirmation of Professionalism
Description of activity
In many institutions, students demonstrate public affirmation of professionalism in a variety of ways.
Most common is through the reciting of the Oath of a Pharmacist or the Pledge of Professionalism in
some type of public forum. Some schools incorporate this activity into important ceremonies, such as the
White Coat ceremony, pinning ceremony, or graduation. Several schools have tapped into the creativity
of their students by having them write their own pledge during the orientation sessions. Developing a
pledge that is unique to each new class promotes creativity, ownership, and pride.
Rationale
As health care professionals, pharmacists must hold themselves to very high standards. By reciting or
developing a pledge, new students are able to see early on the importance that our profession places on
ethics and values.
Reference
APhA-ASP/AACP-COD Task Force on Professionalism. White paper on pharmacy student
professionalism. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2000;40:96-102. Also available at:
http://www.aphanet.org/students/whitepaper.pdf
30
If students write their own pledge:
___ choose the appropriate time within the curriculum for students to write the pledge
___ if new students will be writing the pledge, consider having them do this during orientation or
during their introduction to pharmacy course
___ break students into small groups to begin the writing process and then bring the groups
together to compose one pledge
___ choose student and faculty leaders to guide them in the writing process
___ plan a ceremony or event at which the students can recite their newly written pledge
___ display the pledge in the school/college of pharmacy
31
G. Service Projects in Community
Description of activity
Service in the community by pharmacy students can be demonstrated in countless ways. Students will
most likely participate in service events through involvement in student pharmacy organizations. The
types of service projects provided by pharmacy schools are endless since the need is so great in our
communities. The most common projects include participation in community health fairs where students
can volunteer their time and skills. Examples of specific events may include hypertension, blood glucose,
and cholesterol screenings. Students may also hold education sessions for the public about relevant
topics, such as asthma, immunizations, smoking cessation, cholesterol, healthy living, depression, or
poison prevention. Students can demonstrate service in other ways such as donating pharmacy books for
students in developing countries or donating diapers and other items for a shelter that cares for babies
born with HIV. Many schools have formalized these efforts into required “Service Learning”
components of the Pharm.D curriculum where students are required to participate in service projects.
Rationale
Professionalism can be demonstrated in the form of service to others. Pharmacists spend their careers
serving and caring for patients. Participation in service projects prepares students to care for patients in
the future. Through this service students develop practical skills that will guide them as practitioners.
New students may feel intimidated about events that require skills performance. To address this issue,
many schools pair new students with upperclassmen, so that they will be able to gain confidence and
improve their own skills.
32
Checklist of planning steps
___ identify which pharmacy student groups are interested in holding community service events
___ choose one area of interest to begin (hypertension, diabetes, asthma, women’s health,
smoking cessation, etc)
___ identify students who are interested and willing to be involved with these events
___ select one or two students to chair this project or committee
___ gather relevant materials (for example, if hypertension were chosen - sphygmomanometers,
stethoscopes, and brochures from the American Heart Association)
___ contact a faculty member who has expertise in that area and who is willing to assist your group
___ hold training sessions for these students to familiarize them with the materials and various procedures
(i.e. the proper way to take a blood pressure and how to counsel a patient)
___ contact local schools, churches, community centers, etc to offer your services
___ plan events that do not conflict with academic schedules
___ start advertising events a month in advance; make announcements in class, send information
over e-mail, and post on school bulletin boards
___ determine the number of students who are needed to help with the event
___ post a sign-up sheet in a central location
___ make sure students arrive early and are dressed professionally, including white coats and
students IDs or name badges
___ thank students who participated in the event
___ maintain a notebook with planning details for this event and contact information
___ a second topic may be addressed once the first is well established
___ several student organizations may consider teaming together to conduct events or small
health fairs
33
H. Charity Fundraisers
Description of activity
In addition to the service projects listed in the previous items, students may also organize fundraising
events to assist their community, institution, or professional student chapter. For example, students may
decide to raise funds to help victims of a natural disaster (e.g., hurricane), a homeless or domestic abuse
shelter, Make-A-Wish foundation, elementary or secondary schools, scholarships, existing charity
organizations, etc.
Rationale
By raising money for a community, pharmacy students learn the value and reward of giving to others and
the importance of putting others first.
34
I. Outside Speakers to Reinforce Messages
Description of activity
Many schools use opportunities, such as forums, convocations, White Coat ceremonies, to invite outside
speakers to address pharmacy students. Some schools also invite monthly speaker events during the
lunch hour. During these presentations, the outside speakers may have the opportunity to reinforce
messages regarding professionalism. Speakers may include experienced health professionals, faculty, or
patients with chronic or terminal conditions who share their perspective on what services they found
helpful or harmful.
Rationale
The use of outside speakers reinforces messages from faculty members or current students, and adds to
the credibility of those messages. Students typically appreciate an outside voice (some times more than a
school-related speaker) articulating the ideals of professionalism. These visits also provide an
opportunity for outside speakers to learn about issues within the academy and to meet with and to learn
from students.
Reference
Purkerson Hammer D. Professional attitudes and behaviors: The “As and Bs” of professionalism. Am. J.
Pharm. Educ. 2000; 64:455-464.
35
___ arrange all aspects of presentation (AV needs, food, reception space, etc)
___ evaluate the success of the program and make recommendations for future presentations
___ follow-up with a thank you note to speakers, and seek their feedback as well.
36
J. Introductory Pharmacy Courses
Description of activity
Many schools conduct courses that introduce new pharmacy students to the U.S. health care system in
general and the pharmacy profession specifically. These courses provide an opportunity for
reinforcement of professionalism-oriented material that was presented to students during orientation or
similar experiences. This reinforcement is needed since new students tend to be overloaded with material
during their first weeks in school. Within these courses, faculty members typically discuss specific areas
of pharmacy practice and/or research. Hopefully, they will be able to highlight the professional issues
within these settings during their presentations.
Rationale
Having professionalism reinforced in standard pharmacy courses increases the legitimacy of these
concepts. This is especially true if they are placed in the context of actual practice.
References
Brandt B, Lubawy WC, Green D, Clements M. The professional development workshop: Orientation to
pharmacy school. Am. J. Pharm. Educ. 1998;62; 127S.
Carter BL, Brunson BJ, Hatfield CL, Valuck RJ. Description of an introductory course designed to
socialize pharmacy students. Am. J. Pharm. Educ. 2000;64: 166-172.
Eckhardt JA. Effects of program design in the professional socialization of RN-BSN students. J. Prof.
Nurs. 2002;18: 157-164.
Klein EJ, Jackson JC, Kratz L, et al. Teaching professionalism to residents. Acad. Med. 2003; 78: 26-34.
Manley HJ, Lindsey CC, Dugan JP, Knell ME. University of Missouri-Kansas City curricular model
integrating instruction and assessment of general and professional abilities. Am. J. Pharm. Educ. 2001;65:
112S.
37
Checklist of planning steps
___ determine purpose of introductory course
___ planning should begin at least one semester prior to course implementation
___ if the school has a peer-mentoring program in place, consider utilizing the mentors at various
points throughout the introductory course
___ conduct a needs assessment by surveying faculty, practitioners, scientists, and students
___ determine exact content of course material
___ develop a course “map” showing relationship of course topics
___ identify faculty and guests to present selected material
___ meet with presenters to clarify specific topics, dates, and type of learning experience (lecture, small
group, etc.)
___ prepare course outline and other course materials
___ monitor the success of the course periodically and make alterations if needed
___ evaluate the various aspects of the course by surveying students and faculty
___ make changes for future course offerings based on past experiences
38
K. Student Portfolio Process
Description of activity
Some schools have required new students to maintain a personal portfolio of matters and situations
involving professional issues, among other things. This approach allows students to reflect on their own
professional development and experiences. Students are typically asked to write about their personal
feelings and thoughts about these issues. Colleges and schools may ask students to turn in their
portfolios; some collect these portfolios anonymously, while others do not collect them using the honor
system to ensure that students complete the assignment.
Rationale
Providing an opportunity for students to reflect on key issues appears to be an effective personal growth
activity based on past experience. This process allows students the time to think about key issues rather
than just plowing through the material.
References
Chesnut RJ. Personal SOAP notes: Use of a health professions tool for pharmacy students. Am. J. Pharm.
Educ. 1999;63: 83S.
Medical Professionalism Project. Medical professionalism in the new millennium: A physician charter.
Ann Intern Med. 2002;136:243-246.
39
L. Integration into Residence Life Programs (if relevant)
Description of activity
Some pharmacy schools are located on campuses with structured residence life programs. Schools must
be aware of what information related to appropriate behavior is being discussed in residence life
orientation programs and what behavioral issues are being monitored.
Rationale
Many schools feel that pharmacy students should conduct themselves in a professional manner outside the
pharmacy school environment. Professional behavior should be expected in all environments, including
campus housing. Residential life administrators should be aware of the school’s behavioral expectations.
40
M. Issues for 0 – 6 Programs (if relevant)
Description of activity
Some pharmacy colleges or schools admit students into their professional programs directly from high
school into a “0-6” or early assurance program. These programs have special issues that need to be
considered given the fact that these students are at a different maturity level and have limited life
experiences. Thus, orientation and first semester activities must be modified to deal with these specific
needs.
Rationale
Faculty and students who are working with professionalism issues need to recognize that students respond
to situations differently based on their level of experience and maturity. It is important for messages to be
framed based on these factors.
41
N. Issues for Distance Learning Programs (if relevant)
Description of activity
Pharmacy colleges and schools that offer distance-learning options for entry-level pharmacy degree
students must provide opportunities for professionalism development within the non-traditional
environment. In the development of these activities, colleges and schools should consider if the students
who enroll in web-based or satellite programs have different perspectives and backgrounds as compared
to students enrolled in a traditional classroom program. Distance learning programs should explore ways
to include students in professionalism events offered to students on campus, including professional
organizations, patient-care activities, honor codes, white coat ceremonies, mentoring opportunities, etc.
Rationale
The program delivery method should not interfere with a student’s ability to obtain the appropriate
professionalism skills necessary to provide optimal patient care in a practice setting.
42
O. Issues for Religious-Affiliated Programs (if relevant)
Description of activity
Pharmacy colleges and schools in a religious-based institution may evaluate the overall relationship
between student professionalism and religious beliefs and practices in an effort to improve health care
outcomes. Institutions without religious affiliations may study, in the context of cultural competence, how
the religious beliefs of patients may influence pharmaceutical care.
Rationale
Religious affiliated institutions may promote a relationship between student spirituality and professional
behavior and attitudes.
“Professionalism: Mind, Body and Spirit.” Barry Bleidt, Nancy Kawahara, Sharon Hanson,
Rebecca Gryka, Gamal Hussein, Jennifer Hillman, Bruce Currie, and Avis Ericson. Loma Linda
University School of Pharmacy.
References
Connors GJ, Tonigan JS, Miller WR. A measure of religious background and behavior for use in behavior
change research. Psychol Addict Behav 1996;10(2):90-96 (ADAI jl)
Musick DW, Woods S, Tipton S, Nora LM. “Toward a More Spiritual Approach to Medical Education”
An of Behav Sci and Med Educ (2002), Vol. 8, No. 2, 101–104.
43
Professional Years 01, 02, 03 (Didactic)
Best Practice Guidelines
I. INTRODUCTION
Background
Professionalism must be fostered throughout the curriculum of the Doctor of Pharmacy degree program.
The initial three years of study provide many opportunities for developing and enhancing professional
behavior in students. Students, faculty, administrators and staff associated with a school or college of
pharmacy should serve as models of professionalism.
Planning Elements
Following an introduction to professionalism during the Doctor of Pharmacy program orientation,
professional behavior must continue to be emphasized. This can be achieved as an integral part of the
didactic course work and early professional practice experiences during the first three years of a
pharmacy degree program. Student organizations, the school’s curriculum committee and the coordinator
of the early professional practice experience rotations will play a major role in planning and developing
activities and experiences that promote professionalism within the college or school.
Timelines
Specific activities related to promoting professionalism are suitable for advanced planning when included
as part of a course or early professional practice experience. Such activities are generally planned at least
a quarter or semester in advance.
Promotion
It is not uncommon for professionalism to be taken for granted in a professional degree program. During
the first three years of study, students and faculty are in constant contact with each other. This affords an
opportunity to reinforce professional behavior on a continuing basis. Creative approaches by students,
faculty and administrators may be needed to maintain professionalism as an expected standard, especially
during a time period when students are primarily gaining knowledge in traditional classroom and
laboratory settings.
Evaluation
Course evaluations are a logical assessment tool, especially when a course contains criteria related to
professionalism. For example, fellow students and the instructor can evaluate the participation and
behavior of a student when a course employs group assignments. A global assessment of professionalism
among students and faculty may be difficult to assess in an objective manner. However, formal or
informal evaluation approaches can be employed to gauge the effectiveness of various initiatives to
promote professional behavior among students and faculty.
44
II. POSSIBLE ACTIVITIES
A. Honor System
Description of activity
An honor system includes an honor pledge and a policy for promoting these values. Typically, the honor
system consists of a policy or policies that describe the responsibilities of students, faculty and
administrators in upholding academic integrity. At the same time there is a description about the rights of
individuals to the due process offered by administrative hearings and appeals. In some systems, only
students are involved in evaluating violations and determining the appropriate penalty or sanction. Other
systems may involve a combination of students, faculty and administrators.
Rationale
An honor system provides the infrastructure for fostering honesty, truth and integrity among students. A
system serves to inform and educate students about professional behavior and provides consequences in
the event of an infraction.
45
B. Dress Code
Description of activity
The dress code for a school of college of pharmacy establishes an accepted standard of attire that
promotes a professional image for students, faculty, staff and administrators. Ideally, a set of accepted
standards should apply universally for all areas where students, faculty, staff and administrators interact
(i.e., classrooms, laboratories, offices and patient care areas). In addition, colleges and schools can
arrange a fashion show of dress-code do's and don'ts each year as part of the orientation programming for
new students.
Rationale
Appropriate attire is important in creating an image that is consistent with the public’s expectation of a
health professional. When students, faculty, staff and administrators dress as professionals an atmosphere
of professionalism is created.
Reference
Brandt LJ. On the value of an old dress code in the new millennium, Arch Intern Med. 2003; 63:1277-
1281
46
C. Course Content and Structure
Description of activity
The content and structure of courses can enhance professionalism among students. Faculty should
consider different strategies of instruction and evaluation depending on the type of course (e.g., basic
science, administration science, clinical science) to promote professionalism.
Rationale
The majority of course offerings during the first three years of study are didactic in nature. This is an
important time period for the professional development of students as future health care providers. While
it may be difficult to identify specific topics related to professionalism for every course, others are ideal
for developing attitudes and behaviors that foster professionalism (e.g., pharmacotherapeutics, pharmacy
practice laboratories, pharmacy communications, pharmacy law and ethics). In other courses, the structure
of the course can be arranged to facilitate self-directed learning and group projects requiring teamwork,
both of which develop professional attitudes and behaviors in students. In all courses, the use of various
evaluation methods can enhance professionalism.
“Developing Professionalism Through the Official and Unofficial Curriculum”. Regina Caldwell,
Dwaine Green, Phyllis E. Nally, Peggy Piascik, William C. Lubawy, University of Kentucky.
47
References
Berger BA, Butler SL, Duncan-Hewitt W, Felkey BG, Jungnickel PW, Krueger JL, Perry CR, Taylor C.
Changing the Culture: An Institution-wide Approach to Instilling Professional Values. Am J Pharm Educ.
2004; 68(1): 22.
Ellsworth A, LaVigne LL, Odegard PS. A Diabetes Education Program for Pharmacy Students. Am J
Pharm Educ. 2002; 66(4) 391.
Wear D, Castellani B. The Development of Professionalism: Curriculum Matters. Acad Med. 2000 Jun;
75(6):602-11.
48
D. Classroom Demeanor
Description of activity
Students and faculty have a mutual responsibility for establishing a positive learning environment for
effective instruction in the classroom and laboratory settings. Students are expected to conduct themselves
in a civil manner at all times and faculty should identify the boundaries of acceptable behavior in their
course syllabi.
Rationale
Professional courtesy is expected from students and faculty. Students are entitled to receive instruction
that is free from the interference of others and faculty should set clear expectations for the elimination of
such interferences (e.g., arriving late to class, conversations in class, the active ringing of cellular
telephones).
References
Berger BA. Incivility. Am. J. Pharm. Educ. 2000;64:445-450.
49
E. Student Membership on School and College Committees
Description of activity
Most standing committees within schools and colleges exist to prepare future health care professionals.
Students should be included as members of committees, except where a definite conflict of interest exists
(e.g., academic performance committee that reviews the grades and determines academic progression for
students)
Rationale
As future professionals, students should be involved with the decision making process that impacts their
educational experience. Also, this type of involvement facilitates positive relationships between faculty
and students.
50
F. Professional Demeanor: Faculty, Teaching Assistants, Preceptors, Staff &
Administrators
Description of activity
All members of the academic pharmacy community should be held to the same standards of
professionalism as the student body. According to the AACP Excellence Series paper on professionalism,
“…faculty, practitioners and others must act as role models to display or demonstrate the kinds of
attitudes, values, and behaviors expected of students, and must take the lead in guiding and facilitating the
professional socialization process.”
Rationale
Individuals associated with a college or school of pharmacy must exhibit professional behavior at all
times since students may choose to emulate them. Students and graduates often identify individuals at
their college or school of pharmacy who served as role models in shaping their professional behavior.
Efforts should be made to reward and recognize positive models. Programs should be available for faculty
and staff who desire or require professional behavior development.
51
G. Ethics Course Offering
Description of activity
An ethics course related to pharmacy practice can examine and assess the types of ethical dilemmas that
are encountered in pharmacy practice settings. Objectives of a required course might include:
distinguishing ethical issues from other types of issues in pharmacy practice; identifying the morally
relevant characteristics of a professional practice situation; identifying the options available to a
pharmacist when addressing an ethical dilemma; providing justification for options; and, displaying the
interaction skills need to apply ethical decisions to patient care situations in a sensitive and humane
manner.
Rationale
Students entering the profession of pharmacy must be taught ethical decision-making with the
understanding that confronting ethical issues is a recurring and lifelong process.
Reference
Purtilo R. Ethical Dimensions in the Health Professions, 3rd edition. W.B. Saunders Company, 1999
52
H. Leadership and Political Advocacy Course Offering
Description of activity
An elective course can be offered to develop leadership and political advocacy skills for pharmacy
students. The course can examine leadership through exploring health care issues and gaining direct
experience in the political process and community action. Objectives can include defining and evaluating
effective leadership, reviewing the management of student organizations, differentiating between
legislation and regulation, identifying and analyzing current health care issues, discussing healthcare
issues with individuals beyond the discipline of pharmacy and advocating a stance on state or national
health care issues.
Rationale
Pharmacy students need effective leadership and political advocacy skills to deal with issues related to
health care delivery. Strengthening the leadership ability of students enhances their professionalism and
offers potential for future leadership within the profession and in the community.
53
I. Recognition and Awards
Description of activity
Programs that recognize students for demonstrated excellence in academic and leadership activities may
include scholarships, award ceremonies and established pharmacy societies such as Rho Chi and Phi
Lambda Sigma.
Rationale
The recognition of excellence by faculty, administrators, practitioners and peers serves as a motivating
force for achievement. Also, it serves to recognize those individuals who make a conscientious effort to
exceed expectations.
Another common example of recognition is a Dean’s List of Distinguished Students. The list defines a
specific population of students who have demonstrated stellar academic performance for a given
semester.
Students belonging to specific organizations may choose to name peers for awards based upon criteria
established by the organization. In other situations, students may nominate and select outstanding
instructors and preceptors.
54
J. Cultivating Student and Faculty Relationships
Description of activity
A mutual respect between students and faculty can be established through structured activities within and
outside the instruction setting. Several examples of interactions within the instructional setting include the
development of a formal mentoring program and the ability of students to have access to faculty through
appointments or established office hours. An example of an interaction outside the instructional setting
includes faculty participation in extracurricular activities sponsored by student organizations such as
picnics and other social events.
Rationale
Students and faculty must establish a professional relationship built upon mutual respect. Activities to
enhance this relationship are important for faculty to model professionalism and for students to rely on
faculty as mentors.
55
K. Professional Pharmacy Organizations
Description of activity
Numerous professional organizations exist for students enrolled in schools and colleges of pharmacy.
Most organizations are associated with national pharmacy organizations such as the American
Pharmacists Association. Students may wish to create a chapter office within the student organization
devoted to professional development.
Rationale
Student organizations serve as a major force in developing professionalism. Active participation in
student organizations is critical for the professional development of a student enrolled in a school or
college of pharmacy.
56
L. Student Leadership Council
Description of activity
Invite student leaders from the local professional pharmacy associations and fraternities to participate in
monthly or periodic student council meeting. Representatives may also include elected leaders from each
pre-professional or professional class. The council provides student leaders with an opportunity for
additional professional development. The council may also encourage collaboration and discussion on
common issues. With the help of faculty advisors, student representatives should develop a mission
statement to guide the activities of the group. The group may come together to organize campus events,
community service activities, fundraisers, or to advise the administration on issues related to student life.
Rationale
The leadership council provides opportunities for students to get involved in community and campus-
based projects. Student leaders can enhance their negotiation and communication skills that may transfer
to the workplace or community. Student leadership deepens each student's commitment to the values of
the profession and may help to encourage other students to participate in a professional association.
57
M. Community Service Requirements (Service Learning)
Description of activity
Community service projects promote altruism and service to others. These activities encourage students to
embrace their roles as patient advocates and proactively address social issues affecting the health of their
communities. Community service requirements or service learning are often included as part of the early
pharmacy practice experiences conducted during the first three yeas of the curriculum. Further details can
be found in the section entitled “new students.”
58
N. Pinning / Professional Commitment Ceremony (End of P3)
Description of activity
A pinning ceremony may be held for third professional year students in late Spring. This special event
formally recognizes the students’ transition from the primarily didactic to full-time experiential
curriculum. All P3 students should be required to attend. At the ceremony each student wears the lab
jacket with school seal affixed that was presented to them at the White Coat Ceremony upon entry into
the Pharm.D. degree program. Pharmacy school representatives present students with a specially
designed lapel pin. After the pins are affixed, the students reconfirm the Pledge of Professionalism that
was made upon entry three years earlier. Family, friends, faculty, staff and other students are invited to
attend the ceremony. Following the ceremony, students and their guests may be invited to a reception
featuring light refreshments.
Rationale
The end of the third year marks the end of didactic coursework. It is believed that the transition to full-
time experiential education is a significant step in professional development of the pharmacy student.
During the fourth year in school, students translate the professionalism that has been acquired primarily in
the classroom into various practice settings. Many students will visit the campus occasionally during P4.
It is imperative that they renew their personal commitment to professionalism.
If the institution does not already have a pin for this purpose, colleges and schools may want to invite
current students to submit a design that represents pharmacy, patient-care, and institutional pride.
59
O. Faculty Retreat
Description of activity
Dedicate all or a portion of a faculty retreat to the issue of student and faculty professionalism. Use the
retreat to emphasize the importance of professionalism within the institution via group discussion and
speakers. Clarify the institution’s expectations for professional behavior and attitudes among faculty, as
well as students. Explore ways to promote and assess the level professionalism within the pharmacy
college community.
Rationale
Pharmacy students learn professional behaviors by observing and imitating peers and faculty in and out of
the classroom setting. The values of the profession may be idealized in lectures, but they are demonstrated
and reinforced by faculty and preceptors in various settings. To effectively create a culture of
professionalism throughout the institution, a school needs the support of its faculty.
Reference
Piascik P, Lubawy W. Do as I Say...and as I Do. Am J Pharm Educ. 2003; 67(1): 4.
60
P. Student Professionalism Assessment
Description of activity
Valid and reliable assessment tools should be developed that evaluate professional behaviors as well as a
student’s knowledge and skills. Evaluation should extend beyond the acquisition of knowledge by
students to professionalization and the application of knowledge and skills in the care of patients in
improving medication use. The college or school should insure the professionalization of its students
throughout the educational continuum. As part of the assessment process, an institution may conduct a
survey of graduating students.
Rationale
To ensure faculty and students are engaging in the most effective professionalism activities, the institution
must annually assess the value of each related program and policy, and its impact on students, faculty,
curriculum, culture, etc.
61
Experiential Education
Best Practice Guidelines
I. INTRODUCTION
Background
Experiential education, introductory (early) and advanced, encompasses approximately one-third of the
pharmacy curriculum. During these experiences, students are exposed to a variety of environments,
pharmacists, other healthcare providers, staff and patient encounters. The impact of these experiences is
multifold, involving most of the senses, thereby appealing to all learning styles (visual, auditory and
adult).
The Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education standards encourage colleges and schools to develop
introductory (early) and advanced experiences that help foster professional development and a zeal for the
profession. The standards are purposefully broad based so colleges and schools can develop
programming suited for their culture and mission. Preparing quality and competent healthcare providers
is the goal of every academic program.
Experiential Education Directors / Coordinators have the enormous responsibility of guiding and
monitoring the professional development and behaviors of students. Additionally they are often asked to
assist faculty and preceptors with identifying areas for continued professional development. Therefore
much of the possible activities that will be described are for all involved with experiential education. The
goal of this section is to highlight some of the activities that have been developed and provide resources
(references or institution contact information).
Planning Elements
The planning of experiential education programming is institution-specific dependent on curricular
design. Introductory experiences typically involve activities that emphasize the utility of didactic
material in daily practice. These activities also introduce students to different career opportunities and
issues faced once in practice. Along with professional development, a key goal of these activities is to
ensure students are prepared for advanced experiences. Advanced experiences are more student-driven;
however each institution requires specific, key rotations during which general competencies are to be
mastered. Guidance in the selection of experiences is essential to ensure continued successful
professional development.
Although standardization of activities may not be possible across institutions, commonalities to consider
during the planning stages include:
• Design orientation programming for students, faculty and preceptors in parallel to ensure information
is complementary
• Develop a process for disseminating information, whether new material, announcements or
accomplishments (e.g. campus events, news from professional organization, information highlighted
in lay press, etc.) throughout the academic calendar to students, faculty and preceptors
• Develop activities whereby faculty and preceptors can instill and reinforce professional elements
62
• Encourage and facilitate mentoring (student: student, student: faculty/preceptor and faculty/preceptor:
faculty/preceptor)
• Identify and/or develop opportunities for professional interaction and development
o Service learning
o Involvement in pharmacy organizations (state and national)
o Political advocacy
o Post-graduate education opportunities or other career development programs
• Utilize committees, advisory boards/councils or focus groups to ensure programming is sound and
attaining institutional and societal goals and objectives
Timelines
Successful planning and implementation is dependent on the development of an accurate timeline.
Appendix A is an example of an experiential education timeline outlining activities across all levels of the
curriculum. Experiential Education Directors / Coordinators must develop timelines that best meet
institutional and curricular needs. A challenge for many programs is maintaining communication and
interaction with senior students enrolled in advanced experiences, Appendix B provides an example
schedule coordinating activities between students, faculty and preceptors.
Promotion
A goal of all colleges and schools is to sustain a culture of professionalism (students, faculty,
administrators and staff). Maintenance of communication and interaction between students, faculty /
preceptors and Experiential Directors / Coordinators is essential to ensure continued engagement in the
various experiential activities. Experiential Directors / Coordinators are challenged with finding
appropriate and efficient methods for disseminating professional information. Some items require careful
planning and promotion while others are more informative in nature. Development of a committee or
task force may be prudent for activities that require planning, timelines and formal promotion.
Evaluation
Evaluation is the cornerstone of every experiential education program. Experiential Education Directors /
Coordinators have a tremendous responsibility ensuring and assisting with the maintenance of quality
programming, faculty / preceptors and practice sites. The sequencing of the experiential curriculum
provides a unique opportunity to (potentially) evaluate the progression of student professional attitudes
and behaviors longitudinally. Lastly evaluations can be used collectively to promote programmatic
enhancements (continuous quality improvements).
63
• Professional behaviors of students, faculty and preceptors
• Orientation and other training programs (students, faculty and preceptors)
• Experiential program goals, objectives and activities
o Committees or task forces
o Advisory board/council
o Focus groups
• Site visits
o Adequacy of site
o Preceptor effectiveness
• Student attainment of curricular outcomes via annual proficiency exams, objective structured clinical
examinations (OSCE), etc.
An assessment instrument to evaluate the professional behaviors of students has been developed and
validated for use during experiential activities [Behavioral Professionalism Assessment Form –
Experiential (BPAE)]. The validation of this instrument in the classroom setting is ongoing. Instruments
have also been developed to ascertain professional attitudes, however none are yet validated. The
American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy is currently involved with several initiatives to facilitate
Experiential Education Directors / Coordinator efforts including the development of standardized
evaluations. Standardization would also assist the efforts of the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy
Education, possibly allowing for national comparisons.
64
II. POSSIBLE ACTIVITIES
A. Student Orientation
Description of activity
The goal of orientation is to provide an introduction to and review of the upcoming academic calendar
and activities. The duration of orientation differs across institutions and academic years. Curricular
content and experiential programming determine areas of review and discussion. Those institutions who
offer experiential activities as part of a course will provide orientation differently than those who require
distinct visits. Many combinations exist; however, the commonalities that all should address include:
• Experiential education goals and objectives
• Responsibilities of Experiential Education personnel and department policies and procedures
• Student, preceptor and site responsibilities
• Evaluation process
Rationale
Orientation provides a wonderful opportunity to introduce and reinforce professional attitudes, values and
behaviors. Directors / Coordinators can use this time to review and discuss program culture and mission,
policies and procedures and national professional conduct statements such as the Code of Ethics, Oath of
a Pharmacist and Pharmacist Pledge of Professionalism. Annual repetition is encouraged as this material
is often displaced in lieu of didactic materials.
65
References
Accreditation Standards and Guidelines for the Professional Program in Pharmacy Leading to the Doctor
of Pharmacy Degree Adopted June 14, 1997.
Campagna KD, Boh LE, Beck DE, et al. Standards and Guidelines for Pharmacy Practice Experience
Programs. Am J Pharm Educ. 1994; 58 (Winter Supplement):35S–45S.
Hammer DP, Berger BA, Beardsley RS, Easton MR. Student Professionalism. Am J Pharm Educ. 2003;
67(3):96.
66
B. Faculty / Preceptor Orientation and Training Programs
Description of activities
Similar to students, the goal of orientation is to provide an introduction to and review of the upcoming
academic calendar and activities. Emphasis should be placed on effective teaching strategies and
evaluation. Similar to student orientation, curricular content and experiential programming determine
areas of review and discussion:
• Experiential education goals and objectives
• Responsibilities of Experiential Education personnel and department policies and procedures
• Student, preceptor and site responsibilities
• Portfolio review process and appropriate use of document
• Mentoring and career counseling
• Evaluation process
Training programs focus more on faculty / preceptor development. Topic selection should be ascertained
per needs assessment. Delivery of program materials will vary depending on subject matter, availability
and resources. Other considerations when developing training programs include:
• State, college or school requirements
• Programming specific for new faculty / preceptors
• Programming specific for ‘seasoned’ faculty / preceptors
• Example program topics:
o Rotation organization: coordinating site needs with program goals and objectives
o Development of an orientation packet (including contact information, description of activities
and responsibilities, overview of evaluation process, etc.)
o Improving evaluation skills
o Update on new teaching strategies
o How to provide career counseling
o Professional development incentives
The Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education is working with the American Association of
Colleges of Pharmacy to ascertain the utility of developing a national training program and certification
process for preceptors. The creation of a training program would greatly assist Directors / Coordinators
and help standardize learning experiences. It is anticipated that such an endeavor would have a positive
impact on student professionalism.
67
Rationale
Faculty / preceptors need to remain current regarding new activities, revisions in policies and procedures,
and/or responsibilities. Student professionalism and the handling and evaluation of unprofessional
behaviors should be reviewed and discussed. It should be emphasized that faculty / preceptor attitudes
and behaviors play as much of a role in shaping student opinions as clinical proficiency and site activities.
These opportunities provide an open forum for discussion of experiences from the previous year, to solicit
feedback, and obtain ideas for future programming and delivery methods.
Directors / Coordinators need to remain cognizant of faculty / preceptor issues and needs. They must be
available to offer guidance, support and act as a mediator if difficulties should arise. Programming should
be informative and reflective of daily practice.
68
References
Accreditation Standards and Guidelines for the Professional Program in Pharmacy Leading to the Doctor
of Pharmacy Degree Adopted June 14, 1997.
APhA-ASP/AACP-COD Task Force on Professionalism. White paper on pharmacy student
professionalism. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2000;40:96-102. Also available at:
http://www.aphanet.org/students/whitepaper.pdf
Campagna KD, Boh LE, Beck DE, et al. Standards and Guidelines for Pharmacy Practice Experience
Programs. Am J Pharm Educ (1994) 58 (Winter Supplement):35S–45S.
Hammer DP, Berger BA, Beardsley RS, Easton MR. Student Professionalism. Am J Pharm Educ. 2003;
67(3):96.
Piascik P, Lubawy W. Do as I Say...and as I Do. Am J Pharm Educ. 2003; 67(1):4.
69
C. Professional Portfolios
Description of activity
Professional portfolios are living documents that highlight professional accomplishments. Portfolio
content will vary depending on the individual:
• Student: record of assignment completion and attainment of curricular objectives
• Faculty: documentation for promotion and tenure
• Preceptor: documentation for promotion and awards/acknowledgement
Other items for inclusion include academic calendar, copy of intern license, HIPAA certification
acknowledgement, immunization records, a copy of signed college / school Honor Codes, Oath of a
Pharmacist and Code of Ethics, and evaluations. Portfolios can be maintained in hard copy or electronic
format. Faculty / preceptors should review student portfolios at the beginning of advanced experiences
to gain an appreciation of past experiences and current needs. The information contained in portfolios is
confidential and should not be copied or distributed without authorization.
Review of student portfolios is usually the focus of discussion, however it may be beneficial for faculty /
preceptors to share theirs with students. Reciprocation makes the process more realistic, adding a purpose
and value to the activity.
Rationale
The development of a professional portfolio is an expectation of students, faculty and preceptors.
Portfolios allow individuals to assess and appreciate past experiences in order to identify areas for growth
and development (i.e. life-long learning). Finally they serve as a tremendous resource for curriculum
vitae and resume development.
70
D. Mentor Programs
Student: Student
Faculty/ Preceptor: Student
Faculty / Preceptor: Faculty / Preceptor
Description of activity
Coursework or other activities specifically designed to promote exchange between students, faculty and
preceptors. Examples include:
• Shadowing experiences: singular vs. longitudinal
• Electronic communication either via email or discussion board
• Formal events during professional meetings
Rationale
Mentor programs promote professional interaction and collegiality. The primary goal of mentor
programs is to emphasize the benefits of professional involvement, networking, career counseling, etc.
Mentoring provides a forum for open discussion between individuals on topics that may not be
appropriate for open forum or listserv opinion. Evidence suggests these programs have the potential to
reduce inconsistent socialization.
Reference
Haines S. The Mentor-Protégé Relationship. Am J Pharm Educ. 2003; 67(3):82.
71
E. Service Learning
Description of activity
Service learning programs are being developed to increase student awareness of cultural diversity and
other societal issues. Medical management is often of secondary importance. Site and/or activity
selection will depend on college and school missions, physical abilities, individual interests and/or
collaborative initiatives or partnerships. Affiliate organizations include but are not limited to local
pharmacies, medical facilities (hospitals, long-term care facilities, home health care, and hospices),
professional organizations or fraternities, federal agencies (Public Health System), or religious
organizations. Senior citizens, children and adolescents, indigent populations and mentally or physically
challenged individuals are often identified as target audiences.
Rationale
Service learning programs help to increase student awareness of issues that are often overlooked, yet
directly impact the provision of pharmaceutical care. An additional benefit associated with these
activities is the enhanced visibility of pharmacists as healthcare providers.
72
F. Community and Hospital Practicums (Introductory Experiences)
Description of activities
Introductory (early) experiences are an ACPE standard and therefore an expectation of all colleges and
schools of pharmacy. Similar to the other activities mentioned previously, curricular structure, goals and
objectives and duration of exposure will be institution–specific:
Rationale
The purpose of these activities is three-fold:
• Provide early exposure to a variety of pharmacy practice settings
• Promote the integration of didactics with practice (thereby decreasing the propensity towards
inconsistent socialization)
• Facilitate student mentoring and career counseling
References
Accreditation Standards and Guidelines for the Professional Program in Pharmacy Leading to the Doctor
of Pharmacy Degree Adopted June 14, 1997.
Purkerson Hammer D, Mason HL, Chalmers RK, Popovich NG, Rupp MT. Development and testing of
an instrument to assess behavioral professionalism of pharmacy students. Am J Pharm Educ.
2000;64:141-151.
Purkerson Hammer D. Professional attitudes and behaviors: The “As and Bs” of professionalism. Am J
Pharm Educ. 2000;64:455-464.
73
G. Classroom Workshops and/or Reflections
Description of activity
Classroom workshops and/or reflections afford students the opportunity to experience or be exposed to a
variety of practice scenarios, beyond what may be observed during introductory or advanced experiences.
Programming can be designed to promote awareness, foster the development of coping skills, and afford
students the opportunity to work through inconsistencies identified between didactic material and
professional experiences. A secondary objective is to share and discuss clinical cases and other scenarios
with peers in a controlled, nurturing environment.
Rationale
The goal of these experiences is to reduce inconsistent socialization. Directors / Coordinators, faculty and
preceptors should consistently reinforce and support didactic offerings and describe their relationship to
and/or place in daily practice. Discussions with students afford the opportunity to resolve any
discrepancies that may be identified, thus promoting a clearer appreciation of pharmacist roles and
responsibilities. These sessions can also be used to enhance student awareness of current events, career,
professional growth, and leadership opportunities.
“Professionalism: Mind, Body and Spirit.” Barry Bleidt, Nancy Kawahara, Sharon Hanson, Rebecca
Gryka, Gamal Hussein, Jennifer Hillman, Bruce Currie, and Avis Ericson. Loma Linda University
School of Pharmacy.
74
“Encouraging Professional Development in Pharmacy Education.” Cynthia P Koh-Knox, Steven A
Scott. Purdue University School of Pharmacy.
“Professionalism: A Critical Element in Pharmacy Education.” L Clifton Fuhrman Jr, Wayne E Buff,
Farid Sadik. University of South Carolina.
75
H. Inter-professional Experiences
Description of activity
Inter-professional experiences involve students and faculty from a variety of health disciplines. The goal
for pharmacy students is to gain an appreciation of how other health care providers approach patient care.
Activities range from case discussions to inter-professional patient care rounds (depending on student
level and institution capabilities).
Rationale
Inter-professional experiences broaden student perspectives and promote pharmaceutical care. In addition
these activities have been endorsed and encouraged by the Institute of Medicine (reference provided
below).
Reference
Ann C. Greiner, Elisa Knebel, Editors, Committee on the Health Professions Education Summit. IOM
Report: Health Professions Education: A Bridge to Quality (2003); Accessible at:
http://www.nap.edu/books/0309087236/html/
76
I. Advanced Practicums
Description of activities
Advanced practicums are an ACPE standard and therefore an expectation of all colleges and schools of
pharmacy. Activities vary according to college and school curricular goals and objectives and
opportunities within practice locales. Practicum duration varies from four to six weeks, depending on
institution and/or practice site logistics.
Rationale
Advanced practicums build on introductory experiences, further solidifying the purposes previously
outlined. In addition, advanced practicums provide students the opportunity to obtain professional
practice experience under the guidance of a pharmacist.
References
Accreditation Standards and Guidelines for the Professional Program in Pharmacy Leading to the Doctor
of Pharmacy Degree Adopted June 14, 1997.
Campagna KD, Boh LE, Beck DE, et al. Standards and Guidelines for Pharmacy Practice Experience
Programs. Am J Pharm Educ. 1994, 58(Winter Supplement):35S–45S.
Purkerson Hammer D, Mason HL, Chalmers RK, Popovich NG, Rupp MT. Development and testing of
an instrument to assess behavioral professionalism of pharmacy students. Am J Pharm Educ.
2000;64:141-151.
Purkerson Hammer D. Professional attitudes and behaviors: The “As and Bs” of professionalism. Am J
Pharm Educ. 2000;64:455-464.
77
Extracurricular Activities
Best Practice Guidelines
I. INTRODUCTION
Background
Extracurricular activities help build professional responsibility and leadership skills through active
involvement in professional organizations, patient advocacy programs and community service.
Advocating for appropriate legislation and regulations that ensure quality health care, addressing
problematic workplace issues, and creating new practice models that improve patient outcomes, are
examples of ways students can impact current professional challenges. Core values, attitudes and
behaviors that embody professionalism, such as respect and compassion for others, integrity, work ethic,
accountability, leadership, working well with others, altruism, and pride in the profession, are often
strengthened by participation in extracurricular activities.
Schools should create a learning environment that values student involvement and fosters the
development of desired professional behaviors. Extracurricular activities, such as service learning and
patient-care projects, can help make learning more meaningful by linking theory to practice. Student
pharmacists should be aware that as healthcare providers they must demonstrate professional competence,
provide compassionate health care, place the needs of their patients above their own, solve complex
problems, work effectively on health teams and adapt successfully to change. They may be more likely to
make informed and responsible ethical decisions if they are aware of professional norms, laws, and
ethical principles. Attention should also be directed at reducing negative influences (at both the school
and practice setting) that undermine student professionalism. Honor or conduct codes should include
standards related to both academic and professional integrity with published processes in place to address
unprofessional behaviors.
Schools should offer a variety of professionalism activities throughout the educational continuum. Many
schools plan white coat ceremonies for their students as part of the orientation process. Schools may also
host a program at the end of the 2nd or 3rd year that allow students to reaffirm their professionalism vows
and discuss challenges they have faced since entering pharmacy school. The Oath of the Pharmacist is
often recited at graduation ceremonies to remind students of their responsibility to serve others, with
“dignity, integrity and honor.”
Planning Elements
Advanced planning is key to a successful event. If faculty and practitioner participation is desired, it is
important that they are informed of project dates, well in advance of the planned activity. Besides
increasing faculty, student and practitioner participation in student events, early planning helps schools
with numerous student organizations prevent scheduling conflicts. This allows students the flexibility to
participate in several organizations’ activities.
78
As the role of the pharmacist continues to evolve, extracurricular activities should familiarize students to
these changing roles. Students may enter pharmacy programs unaware of the full range of practice
opportunities available in their state. Events should allow students to hone skills in counseling, health
screenings, immunizations, and so forth. Several schools have created an administrative position in the
Dean’s Office that oversees the design and assessment of student professional development initiatives.
Timelines
Advance notice of activities is an important planning element. When possible, student organizations and
committees should provide a schedule of events at the beginning of each school term/year to promote
better attendance. Notifying students of even tentative activity dates is helpful in mapping a general
schedule. Since this issue presents a challenge each year, student leaders should build on past experiences
to determine the most successful strategy.
Promotion
Early planning and scheduling is beneficial for the planning committee as well. The earlier a date is set,
the sooner important planning elements (e.g., promotional and recruitment activities) can be initiated.
Notifying the faculty in the previous quarter of upcoming plans for an important event might allow for
adjustments in the exam schedule if a conflict occurs.
Evaluation
Evaluation of the activity can benefit that activity in subsequent years. It is especially important to
include an assessment of what aspects of the event went well and what needs improvement. This
document can serve as a reference to troubleshoot problems in future events.
Reference
Slack and Murphy “Faculty Influence and other Factors Association with Student Membership in
Professional Organizations”AJPE, 59, 125-130(1995).
79
II. POSSIBLE ACTIVITIES
Rationale
Offered annually, this recognition award can serve to encourage students to work on their professional
and personal development as they progress through the program. The award also demonstrates to the
educational and professional community, the value the school places on pharmacy professionalism.
The award can reflect any of the following depending on the award criteria:
• Different individual areas of professionalism
• Recognizes a student who exemplifies the highest standards of professionalism.
• Recognizes a student with the greatest improvement in professional behavior
80
B. Professionalism Committees
Description of activity
Professionalism committees can serve as the catalyst for professionalism activities in the school. Many
schools have created professionalism committees specifically for this purpose. Although not all current
committees are called professional committees per se they may perform similar duties.
Rationale
A separate committee designed to foster a “culture of professionalism” can help give this issue the
attention it requires. A professionalism committee, after defining professionalism and professional
behavior, could help promote professional development on their campus. Whether this means organizing
campus activities that promote professionalism or rendering decisions on honor code violations, this
committee would oversee and respond to issues related to professionalism.
81
Reference
Berger BA, Butler SL, Duncan-Hewitt W, Felkey BG, Jungnickel PW, Krueger JL, Perry CR, Taylor C.
Changing the Culture: An Institution-wide Approach to Instilling Professional Values. Am J Pharm Educ.
2004; 68(1): 22
82
C. Patient-care Projects
Description of activity
Patient-care projects involve pharmacists, faculty and pharmacy students performing a wide range of
clinical activities. This could include bone-density, cholesterol, and diabetes screening, as well as
monitoring blood pressure, determining body fat composition, and providing counseling on emergency
contraception, smoking cessation, stroke prevention and so forth. Patient-care projects can take place on
campus, at health fairs, local pharmacies or other community locations.
Rationale
The role of the pharmacist has greatly evolved. Patient-care projects broaden access to health care and
raise public awareness on the pharmacist’s role in community health.
83
D. Poster Presentations
Description of activity
Posters that highlight research projects or practice innovations are often displayed at various local, state or
national association meetings. Posters can be created on individual student projects or research, as well as
other unique activities the student is involved in.
Rationale
Posters not only serve as a means to share new information and ideas, but also to recognize outstanding
students. Enhanced presentation skills and practice creating posters are made possible with this activity.
84
E. Patient Counseling Activities/Competitions
Description of activity
Patient counseling activities include any event that allows student pharmacists to provide patients with
important health information, under the supervision of a licensed preceptor. This could include
information regarding medications, health conditions, as a component of healthcare screenings, and so
forth. Participation in these activities helps students gain confidence in their patient counseling skills and
respond to patient concerns with sensitivity and compassion.
Rationale
Patient counseling occurs throughout the day, every day at pharmacy worksites. Not only does
counseling involve information on drug therapy (directions for use, safety concerns, expected outcomes,
etc.) but it also involves how this information is delivered, how well the pharmacist is able to listen to
what the patient has to say, and how caring the pharmacist actually is toward the patient’s concerns. The
best way for a student to learn the art of patient counseling is to practice and receive helpful feedback
from their preceptors.
85
F. Developing a Portfolio
Description of activity
Self-assessment and reflection are important components of continued professional development. Many
schools are utilizing portfolios (electronic or paper) as an important method to encourage student
reflection. One plan developed by Dr. Renae Chesnut at Drake University uses personal “SOAP” notes
(see below).
Rationale
Providing an opportunity for students to actively reflect on key issues appears to be effective in fostering
personal and professional growth. This activity also encourages students to strive for self-improvement
and assume responsibility for their own professional development.
Subjective thoughts on pharmacy, their progress in the curriculum, and their professional
development;
Objective measures including grade points and the scores from various assessment
instruments;
The on-line form eliminates the need for several reflective papers, and students are able to easily
track their completion of the course requirements. In addition, the students become accustomed
to the use of this tool prior to entering the professional course work. This health care
documentation tool provides a framework for pharmacy student portfolios which allows the
opportunity for student self-assessment, development, and goal-setting.
86
G. Honor Codes
Description of activity
Honor codes state the school’s policies regarding academic integrity and professional behavior.
Zimmerman and Kier, surveyed the nation’s pharmacy schools and found that 76% of the pharmacy
schools who responded to their survey enforce honor codes. Schools who report stricter penalties, such as
mandatory dismissal also appear to have fewer infractions than other institutions.
Rationale
The high degree of respect given to pharmacists is based on the public’s trust and confidence in our
integrity. Students are considered members of the profession when they enter pharmacy school and are
expected to demonstrate high standards of ethical conduct. Ignoring infractions of the honor code could
affect the student body in several ways. If students feel the honor code is not taken seriously, the number
of infractions could increase. Also, students who demonstrate ethical conduct may experience a decline in
morale if unprofessional behavior is not addressed.
87
H. Broadening the Scope of Practice
Description of activity
Student pharmacists should be encouraged to take an active role in developing or changing policies that
improve health care delivery. Through political advocacy, students have the opportunity to influence
future directions of practice.
Rationale
Experience has shown that having the opportunity to act as change agents in school, gives students the
confidence to continue these activities as practitioners.
88
I. Leadership Conferences
Description of activity
Leadership conferences are designed to enhance both individual and group leadership skills and provide
opportunities for networking. Speakers may include CEOs and VPs of health organizations or
professional organizations, legislators, and community leaders. An interactive workshop familiarizes
students with important leadership skills. Students are then given the opportunity to solve professional
challenges by working on project in small groups.
Rationale
The purpose of these conferences is to help participants strengthen their leadership and team-building
skills and to apply these skills in completing an assigned group project.
References
Bazil M, Kirschenbaum, “Student Membership on Standing Committees at Colleges and Schools of
Pharmacy”, Am J Pharm Educ;62, Spring 1998 pg. 66-71.
89
J. Mentor Programs
Description of activity
The responsibilities of a mentor may include, exposing a student to new opportunities, assisting the
student in defining goals, nurturing his or her natural talents, providing regular feedback, and modeling
professional values and behaviors. Many schools invite practitioners to lecture in the classroom or act as
course facilitators, to encourage interactions between students and positive role models. Structured
mentor programs may be available through schools or professional organizations.
Rationale
Mentoring can benefit the mentor and mentee in terms of professional development and growth.
90
K. Interprofessional Activities
Description of activity
The Institute of Medicine in its recent report, “Bridge to Quality” states the importance of creating
effective interprofessional teams. Participating in joint activities often helps students from different
health professions become familiar with and appreciate each other’s area of expertise. It is believed that
this heightened awareness and respect enhances their future collaboration as practitioners.
Rationale
“Health care professionals need better preparation in order to provide the highest quality and safest care,
and to function at optimum levels in a changing and increasingly complex 21st century health system”
Ann Greiner, Institute of Medicine
91
L. Etiquette Dinner
Description of activity
A professional etiquette dinner offers instruction in basic table manners and appropriate dining in a
business setting. The dinner should represent what might be served at a typical meal for business
purposes, including a salad or appetizer, entrée, and dessert. Require participants to wear professional
business attire. Make the experience as close to a real restaurant as possible. Arrange to have waiters,
hosts or hostesses. Before each course, provide instruction on proper utensil selection and table manners.
Provide a checklist of proper dining behavior and as well as worst-case scenario examples consisting of
things that could happen. Allow for ample time for questions from the student guests.
Rationale
Table manners are an integral part of non-verbal communication. Formality in dress, grammar, and
manner fosters better respect for the individual.
92
M. Monthly Column on Professionalism
Description of activity
Devote a monthly or periodic column to particular professionalism issue in college and student
publications, such as Pharmacy Student, chapter newsletters, and state association publications. The
column may help pharmacy leaders raise awareness of professionalism issues to students, faculty and
practitioners.
Rationale
The column will consistently emphasize the importance of professionalism to those within the pharmacy
community and will provide resources and discussion to address common professionalism dilemmas.
93
Appendixes
Appendix A - Experiential Rotation Timeline (P1 - P3)
April
94
Appendix B - Experiential Rotation Timeline: P4
Programs (examples):
March -Transitions Preceptor training
-Life-long learning tips
April Awards ceremony Awards ceremony
NAPLEX review Advisory board meeting
May Annual proficiency exams / OSCE Assist with NAPLEX review and annual
Senior survey proficiency exams / OSCE
June Graduation Graduation
95
Appendix C – Professionalism Competency in the Curriculum
Provided by the University of Georgia
In a professional school, the curriculum of study consists of knowledge, skills, abilities, and
attitudes/behaviors. The curricular goals and objectives of the Doctor of Pharmacy program at the
University of Georgia College of Pharmacy are articulated in the document entitled, Competency
Statements, Terminal Objectives, and Enabling Objectives for the Doctor of Pharmacy Program.
Procedures for addressing academic competency and progression associated with students’ knowledge,
skills, and abilities are addressed in the College’s Progression Policy. Procedures for addressing attitudes,
i.e., professional competency, are addressed by the following policy.
Professional behavior is expected among all students of the University of Georgia College of Pharmacy in
order to fulfill curricular requirements for graduation. Professional attitudes/behaviors, as well as
examples of unprofessional behavior, are discussed with students during Orientation, stated in various
course syllabi, and reinforced at selected points throughout the academic year. Students who exhibit
appropriate behaviors/attitudes progress in the professional components of the curriculum, whereas
students who do not display competence in professional behaviors and attitudes are subject to informal
and/or formal corrective action.
Any student, faculty, staff member, or individual associated with the College’s academic programs may
report a student for lack of professional behavior to the Assistant Dean for Student Affairs. Under usual
circumstances, the incident should have been brought to the student’s attention and resolution attempted
before reporting the incident to the Assistant Dean.
Upon receiving a report regarding unprofessional behavior, the Assistant Dean will determine the
legitimacy of the report in accordance with his/her interpretation of Competency Statement 10 (in the
College’s document on educational outcomes, Competency Statements, Terminal Objectives, and
Enabling Objectives for the Doctor of Pharmacy Program), the severity of the incident, and the urgency
by which it needs to be addressed administratively. Depending on the nature of the behavior, the
Assistant Dean may act on a single behavioral report or wait to act until he/she receives multiple reports
of unprofessional behavior on a student. Once the Assistant Dean determines that administrative action is
warranted, each case will be addressed in the following manner:
1. For the first action to address unprofessional behavior, the Assistant Dean will meet with
the student to counsel him/her on the seriousness of the behavior and the potential
consequences to the student of such actions, including potential dismissal from the
College of Pharmacy for repeated unprofessional behavior. The discussion will also
include strategies to correct the behavior or address the problem. Following the session,
the student and Assistant Dean will sign and date a statement acknowledging the student’s
behavior and his/her awareness of potential consequences for similar behavior in the
future. The Assistant Dean will notify the person(s) who initiated the complaint that the
student has been counseled.
2. For the next reported offense, the Assistant Dean will notify the student and the chair of
College of Pharmacy Professionalism Committee. The student will appear before the
Professionalism Committee to discuss the behavior. Following this session, the committee
96
may recommend to the Associate Dean that the student be placed on professional
probation in the College of Pharmacy, a final warning of the impending consequences of a
third offense.
3. For subsequent problems with professionalism, the Assistant Dean will notify the student
and the Professionalism Committee. After meeting with the student, the Professionalism
Committee will recommend to the Associate Dean an appropriate course of action. The
outcome will be based on the type of unprofessional behavior and whether this is a new
behavior problem or continuation of an ongoing problem. Possible outcomes will be
professional probation, continued professional probation, suspension from the Doctor of
Pharmacy program for up to one year, or dismissal from the College of Pharmacy.
Students who receive continued professional probation or suspension will be dismissed
from the College of Pharmacy upon further problems with unprofessional behavior.
4. Students may appeal decisions of the Professionalism Committee to the Dean of the
College of Pharmacy.
TO 10.1 (Characterization) Display professional behavior toward faculty, staff, peers, patients,
and other health professionals in the classroom, laboratory, and clinical settings.
• Shows courtesy to faculty, staff, peers, patients, and other health professionals
• Asks appropriate questions
• Asks questions in a respectful manner
• Does not initiate or participate in extraneous conversations
• Focuses on assignments
• Demonstrates ability to prioritize projects
• Demonstrates preparedness to interact in classroom, laboratory, and clinical settings
97
EO 10.1.2.2 (Synthesis) Formulate constructive evaluation of others= performance.
EO 10.1.3 (Organization) Show regard for persons in authority in classroom, laboratory, and
clinical settings.
• Demonstrates sensitivity toward others with choice of language, tone, and inflection
• Demonstrates sensitivity in tone of written and verbal communications
• Demonstrates appropriate physical interactions, including body language
• Demonstrates a tolerance of diversity
98
EO 10.1.6 (Organization) Demonstrate regard for differing values and abilities among peers,
other health care professionals, and patients.
• Shows respect for others’ beliefs, opinions, choices, values, and socioeconomic status
• Demonstrates tolerance of others’ physical, mental, and social limitations
EO 10.1.7 (Characterization) Act with honesty and integrity in academic matters and
professional relationships.
99
• Shows respect for patient confidentiality
• Adheres to rules, regulations, and laws governing patient confidentiality
• Acts in the patient’s best interests
• Demonstrates tolerance of diversity
EO 10.1.9.2 (Analysis) Identify instances when one=s values and motivation are in
conflict with those of the patient.
• Considers cost, benefit, risks, and side effects in relation to the patient’s health care
needs
• Considers the patient’s cultural, religious, socioeconomic, and lifestyle needs when
making recommendations
• Arrives prepared and on time for required classes, labs, and experiences
• Notifies instructor or preceptor in advance or at earliest possible time with regard to
absence or tardiness
• Notifies preceptor in advance for information about upcoming rotation
100
• Completes assignments without reminders
• Demonstrates responsibility to check mail, e-mail, voice mail, and other forms of
communication on a regular basis in order to receive requests/assignments
• Acknowledges established deadlines or sets deadlines appropriate to the request
• Completes assignments on time or within an acceptable time frame
• Takes into account perceptions and values of patients and other health professionals
when determining one’s professional appearance
• Follows established guidelines in classroom, laboratory, and patient care settings
regarding appearance
• Takes initiative to identify appropriate appearance when guidelines are unclear or not
specified
EO 10.3.2 (Valuing) Maintain personal hygiene and grooming appropriate to the academic
or professional environment.
TO 10.4 (Responding) Comply with student health requirements for working with patients in
various health care environments.
TO 10.5 (Organization) Maintain appropriate records (e.g. intern license, CPR certification,
immunizations, insurance, skills) to demonstrate professional competence.
101
• Produces records upon request from authorized faculty, staff, preceptors, or health care
facilities
• Maintains appropriate renewals of credentials and licenses
TO 10.6 (Responding) Comply with federal, state, University, College of Pharmacy and
institutional requirements regarding confidentiality of information.
• Conducts personal business outside established times for classes, labs, or experience
training unless authorized
• Demonstrates good organizational skills
• Prioritizes responsibilities in carrying out assignments
• Demonstrates ability for multi-tasking
102