Ecreee-Unido Bioenergy Crops Assessment Third Report

Regional potential assessment of novel bio energy crops
in fifteen ECOWAS countries

3
rd
progress report to ECREEE (and IIB!"I#O$
#ecember %&'%
'
Contents

1 Background and structure of the project ...................................................................................................................... 2
'(' )eneral introduction to t*e pro+ect ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( %
'(% ,*e pro+ect *as been structured in t-o p*ases ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( %
'(3 )eneral intermediate observations and conclusions (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( %

2 Specific conclusions after the first phase ...................................................................................................................... 3
%(' S-eet Sorg*um (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 3
%(% .atrop*a ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( /
%(3 Cassava ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 0
%(/ Cas*e- ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 1

3 Setting the boundaries for economical sustainability ................................................................................................... 8
4 Jatropha curcas in ali and Burkina !aso ................................................................................................................... 13
/(' 2rocessing (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( '/
/(% 3ass and energy balance ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( '0
/(3 Current pro+ects ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( '0
/(/ Intermediate observations and conclusions (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( '1

" S#eet Sorghum in Sierra $eone and %igeria ............................................................................................................... 1&
0(' 2rocessing (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( '4
0(% 3ass balance (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( '4
0(3 Intermediate observations and conclusions (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( %&

' Cassa(a in %igeria and )hana .................................................................................................................................... 2*
1(' 2rocessing (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( %'
1(% 3ass and energy balance ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( %'
1(3 Current pro+ects ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( %'
1(/ Intermediate observations and conclusions (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( %%

& Cashe# in +est ,frica ............................................................................................................................................... 22
5(' 2rocessing into bio energy ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( %3
5(% 3ass balance (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( %3
5(3 Intermediate observations and conclusions (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( %/
,ppendi- 2. $ist of figures and tables ........................................................................................................................................... 2"

%
1 Background and structure of the project
1.1 General introduction to the project
,*e pro+ect 6Regional potential assessment of novel bio energy crops in fifteen ECOWAS countries77 -as
started by t*e different pro+ect partners based on t*e need identified to ma8e an overall assessment of a
series of ovel potential bio energy crops -*ic* can or could be gro-n and processed in t*e future in t*e
'0 ECOWAS countries( ,*is pro+ect fits in a broader strategic analysis of alternative energy needs and
production9 t*e 8ey mandate of t*e main funding partner in t*e pro+ect9 ECREEE( ,*e pro+ect partners
deliberately e:cluded traditional ;7bio energy77 crops li8e sugarcane9 oil palm9 mai<e or sunflo-er as target
crops9 since t*ey believed a sufficient 8no-ledge base on t*e gro-ing and processing crops -as available
globally and in t*e region( ,*e novel bio energy crops c*osen as targets for t*e study are a selection of
crops for -*ic* eit*er t*e agricultural 8no-ledge is still limited and!or t*e use of t*e crop as an energy
source is relatively ne-( ,*e pro+ect team reali<es t*at t*e list of selected crops is not an e:*austive list of
potential bio energy crops and t*at ot*er novel crops may *ave a potential in t*e region( ,*e pro+ect -ill
develop a met*odology t*at can be follo-ed in t*e future for analy<ing t*e potential of ot*er crops and
does not -ant to e:clude t*is analysis in t*e future( ,*e crops t*at *ave been selected for analysis in t*is
pro+ect are= Camelina sativa9 Crambe abyssinica9 Cassava (Manihot esculenta$9 Castor bean (Ricinus
communis$9 Cas*e- (Anacardium occidentale$9 )roundnut (Arachis hypogaea$9 Jatropha curcas and S-eet
sorg*um (S-eet version of Sorghum bicolor$(
1.2 The project has been structured in two phases
In t*e first p*ase t*e pro+ect *as analy<ed t*ese 4 different crops for adaptation to gro-ing conditions and
agricultural systems in t*e '0 ECOWAS countries and -ill analy<e t*e broad operating conte:t for t*e
establis*ment of ovel Bio energy crops in t*e '0 ECOWAS countries( Based on t*is analysis / crop> region
combinations *ave been selected for an in dept* feasibility study in t*e second p*ase of t*e pro+ect(
1.3 General intermediate observations and conclusions
A number of studies suggest t*at t*e gro-ing of novel bio energy crops in t*e region does not represent
viable solutions for energy production t*at can be recovered in t*e e:isting electricity grid( ?o-ever9 t*e
selection of t*e crop region combinations opens -e believe a very important opportunity to furt*er
develop off grid energy applications for local energy production and use( ,*is aspect -ill be analy<ed in
detail in t*e second p*ase of t*e pro+ect(
,*e full e:ploitation of t*is potential -ill also remove an important concern often associated -it* t*e
cultivation of t*ese novel bio energy crops= t*e fact t*at many pro+ects -ere started -it* t*e primary goal
to produce feedstoc8 in Africa for e:port to important end user mar8ets li8e India9 C*ina and Europe(
,*e pro+ect team believes t*at a policy development around t*e production of bio energy crops in t*e
ECOWAS region needs to address t*is aspect urgently( It s*ould also allo- foreign investors to come to t*e
region -it* confidence but at t*e same time addressing t*e delicate balance bet-een local and global
needs( A significant fact is t*at t*e selected target areas are landloc8ed in t*e region( We believe t*is -ill
en*ance t*e (local and foreign$ investment in t*e crop as -ell as t*e local use of t*e feedstoc89 on
condition t*at t*e correct policy and regulatory frame-or8 is available for implementation(
,*e full implementation of t*e potential identified for t*e / crops -ill also depend on t*e availability or t*e
development of a strong 8no-ledge base on t*e professional gro-ing of t*e crop and t*e subse@uent small
and larger scale do-n stream processing( ,*is -ill be anot*er important sub+ect of focus in t*e second
p*ase of t*e pro+ect(
2 Specific conclusions after the first
Based on t*e progress report after t*e first p*ase of t*e pro+ect9 / crop region combinations *ave been
selected for furt*er analysis( ,*e selection -as based on t*e follo-ing 8ey findings(
2.1 Sweet Sorghum
Based on t*e climate based suitability maps
t*e ECOWAS countries can develop a sugar to et*anol business from s-ee
Sierra Aeone and igeria *ave commercial sugar to et*anol plants running based on large
of cassava or sugar cane( In co*erence -it* t*e et*anol production9 t*e end mar8ets for et*anol (transport
fuel9 coo8ing stoves9 *eating -ater9 oven$ *ave also been developed and ne- applications for bio
are being created( Because Bra<ilian
cane mills in times of lo- cane supply9 it is interesting to investigate a potential role for s-eet sorg*um
*ere as -ell( Based on t*ese observations9 -e *ave % regions of interest= t*e ort*e
and central Senegal( Some parts of igeria -it* e:isting et*anol conversion tec*nology from sugarcane
and!or cassava can also be target areas for t*is application( We believe t*ese are areas -*ere dedicated
s-eet sorg*um can be developed into a suc
attention (figure '$(
!igure 1. target area for further S#eet Sorghum
dots sho# e-isting ethanol plants processing
One sc*ool of t*oug*t also -ants to develop a s-eet version of grain sorg*um (in general more resistant to
droug*t$( It remains to be seen if t*e additional income from t*e Sorg*um grain can com
Specific conclusions after the first phase
selected for furt*er analysis( ,*e selection -as based on t*e follo-ing 8ey findings(
Based on t*e climate based suitability maps -e developed for s-eet sorg*um9 t*eoretically a large area of
t*e ECOWAS countries can develop a sugar to et*anol business from s-eet sorg*um in t*e future(
Aeone and igeria *ave commercial sugar to et*anol plants running based on large
fuel9 coo8ing stoves9 *eating -ater9 oven$ *ave also been developed and ne- applications for bio
are being created( Because Bra<ilian researc* *as s*o-n t*at s-eet sorg*um can be processed in sugar
*ere as -ell( Based on t*ese observations9 -e *ave % regions of interest= t*e ort*e
loped into a successful bio energy crop and s*ould be our primary areas of
S#eet Sorghum study. /ark green. primary focus area0 light green. secondary focus area. Black
processing sugarcane or cassa(a
droug*t$( It remains to be seen if t*e additional income from t*e Sorg*um grain can com
3

-e developed for s-eet sorg*um9 t*eoretically a large area of
sorg*um in t*e future(
Aeone and igeria *ave commercial sugar to et*anol plants running based on large>scale plantations
fuel9 coo8ing stoves9 *eating -ater9 oven$ *ave also been developed and ne- applications for bio>et*anol
sorg*um can be processed in sugar
*ere as -ell( Based on t*ese observations9 -e *ave % regions of interest= t*e ort*ern part of Sierra Aeone
energy crop and s*ould be our primary areas of

green. secondary focus area. Black
droug*t$( It remains to be seen if t*e additional income from t*e Sorg*um grain can compensate for t*e
/
lo-er biomass9 and t*us sugar production9 to be anticipated in t*e traditional grain sorg*um areas in West
Africa( In addition9 t*e crops gro-n in t*ese areas -ill *ave to be t*e sole feedstoc8 for et*anol conversion9
as t*ese areas do not allo- t*e large>scale production of sugarcane or to a lesser e:tend cassava(
A p*ased approac*9 -*ere dedicated s-eet sorg*um cultivation can benefit from e:isting cassava or
sugarcane to et*anol 8no->*o-9 follo-ed by a smaller scale implementation of dedicated s-eet sorg*um
plants moving to t*e nort*ern gro-ing areas9 may be realistic(
2.2 Jatropha
3ali and Bur8ina Baso *ave t*e longest record in .atrop*a pro+ects( 3ost of t*ese pro+ects are located in
t*e Sout*ern part of t*e countries( In t*ese areas t*ere is a .atrop*a grain processing capacity and a
mar8et for t*e .atrop*a oil9 mainly used to po-er 3B2s9 to produce soap or to be turned into biodiesel on
a small scale( Bot* countries are land>loc8ed and diesel prices are relatively *ig*( ,*e large plantation
pro+ects pro+ected for )*ana and Senegal -ere less successful so far and -ere not reali<ed9 alt*oug* small
e:periments are ongoing( In t*e case of Senegal9 t*e primary reason -as t*e fact t*at .atrop*a -as pus*ed
in areas suboptimal for rainfall (too dry$( In t*e case of )*ana9 t*e pro+ect optimi<ation is still ongoing(
Recently ma+or pro+ect intentions -ere also announced in igeria( Based on global e:perience C"IDI,A
*as developed .atrop*a7s suitability to be gro-n as a sustainable oil crop(
Based on t*e suitability maps and t*e ongoing and announced initiatives9 a crop>region combination is
suggested9 using some of t*e more developed pro+ects in 3ali and Bur8ina Baso as e:amples to build on(
,*erefore -e li8e to select t*e area s*o-n on t*e map in figure % for a furt*er .atrop*a plantation
evaluation( One of t*e important pre>+udgments -e -ill *ave to deal -it* upfront is t*e persisting belief in
some countries t*at .atrop*a is a miracle crop -*ic* can be developed into a successful oil crop in areas
marginal for land @uality and rainfall patterns( ,*e reality is t*at in t*ese areas (nort*ern boundaries of t*e
areas on t*e map$9 .atrop*a can survive t*e *ars* climatic conditions but -ill never become a significant
source of energy oil( In t*ese areas .atrop*a can be evaluated as an anti>erosion crop -it* very limited
potential as an oil feedstoc8 crop(

!igure 2. target area for further 1atropha study. /ark green. primary focus area0 light green. secondary focus area
0
2.3 Cassava
Based on climate suitability of cassava9 a relatively large portion of t*e ECOWAS region can develop cassava
into a bio energy source( It is very critical t*at cassava is produced in first instance as a food crop and t*at
supply for food applications is guaranteed( ,able ' summari<es t*e current supply demand situation for t*e
different ECOWAS countries( igeria already *as an e:tensive cassava for et*anol industry( ,*is is t*e direct
result of t*e fact t*at t*e country *as a ma+or surplus of production of cassava for food purposes( Dery fe-
ot*er countries in West Africa are in a similar condition( Only )*ana9 Benin and to a lesser e:tend Ivory
Coast and ,ogo could consider t*e development of a cassava to et*anol industry based on a surplus
production(

2able 1. production and consumption of Cassa(a in 3C4+,S countries 5!,4S2,26
In countries -*ere cassava suitability is good but current productivity is too lo- to supply local food needs9
emp*asis first needs to be put on t*e improvement of cassava productivity( In a later p*ase and only if a
surplus production situation is reac*ed9 s*ould t*ese be a consideration for cassava to et*anol conversion(
In our furt*er study9 t*ese countries -ill currently not be considered( On t*e map in figure 39 t*e target
area for furt*er study is indicated(
BAOS,A,
Country Area (8m
%
$
2op(
#ens
(E!8m
%
$
Arable
land!capi
ta (*a$
2otential
arable land
in use (F$ production food supply
surplus !
(s*ortage$
Benin ''%(1%& 1&9& &931 'G93 3(GG1(/%& '('10(3&G %(43'('''
Bur8ina Baso %5/(%&& /19& &930 '590 3(G15 0(54& >'(4'3
Cape Derde /(&33 '&'9& &9&G nd 3(0G' 3(551 >'40
)*ana %3G(/1& 409& &9'1 %391 '%(%3&(1&& /(1&%(05' 5(1%4(&%G
)uinea %/0(405 3%9& &9%1 090 G4G(3%1 G4%(00' 1(550
)uinea>Bissau 31('%& 359& &9'& '/95 /0(&&& /3(3G5 '(1&3
Ivory Coast 3%%(/1& 0%9& &9%4 '/9' %(G&&(&&& %('&5('%% 5G%(454
Aiberia '''(35& 3&9& &9'1 19& /G3(5&1 00&(&&& >01(%G/
3ali '(%/&(&&& G9' &9'4 G9/ 44('1% %'('%0 15(&35
iger '(%15(&&& 49/ &9// 309' '&5(1%0 ''3(%55 >0(10%
igeria G%3(514 '/'9& &9/' /G9/ 31(4&/(3&& '1(4G&(3&0 'G(G'3(GG0
Senegal 'G1('G& 0/9& &9%% '595 %10(033 %'%('0' 03(34%
Sierra Aeone 5'(5/& 549& &9%G '395 3/G(1'4 35&(%%0 >%&(1&5
,*e )ambia ''(3&& '%G9& &9'% %'9G 5(35& 4('GG >4%G
,ogo 01(540 G39& &91' 0191 551(5'0 105(/&0 ''G(3'&
,otal 0(''%(G&3 0G(&1'(G33 %5(533('G3 3'(3%4(5/&
Cassava
tonnes roots
1

!igure 3. 2arget area for further Cassa(a study. /ark green. primary focus area0 pale green secondary focus area
,*e et*anol produced from cassava in igeria is not only used as transport fuel( It is also put on t*e mar8et
for coo8ing stove fuel9 -ater *eaters9 and ovens( In )*ana9 Caltec* Dentures is planning to build a cassava
to et*anol plant( )*ana is a ma+or producer and e:porter of various cassava products for food and feed(
Cassava for t*e et*anol plant is ideally of t*e so>called *ig*>sugar varieties( Aearning from t*e igerian
e:perience9 it -ill be interesting to investigate t*e potential of t*ese cassava varieties for et*anol
production in )*ana and Benin and possibly in Ivory Coast and ,ogo in t*e future(
2.4 Cashew
Based on t*e analysis of t*e pro+ect team9 West Africa is t*e second most important producer of Cas*e-
uts in t*e -orld (after India$(

!igure 4. +orld Cashe# production 5source. 7ed 7i(er8 9ndustry8 !,46
5
#uring t*e Cas*e- production process in West Africa9 today t*e ma+or emp*asis lies on t*e production of
t*e cas*e- nuts( igeria (10&H tons$9 Ivory Coast (30&H tons$9 )uinea Bissau and Benin ('&&H tons$ are t*e
8ey producers in t*e area( In 3ali9 producing 3H tons of nuts9 a small industry *as been developed to also
;7mar8et77 cas*e- apples or fruits in analogy -it* Bra<il -*ere t*is is an important component of t*e value
c*ain for Cas*e- farmers( In addition Bra<il *as also developed a ma+or cas*e- apple processing industry
-it* a range of end mar8et applications in t*e food sector( We *ave not been able to find evidence t*at a
similar development *as started on a large scale in West Africa alt*oug* t*is could also add significant
value to t*e cas*e- value c*ain in t*e area( ,*e @uestion -*et*er t*is industrial development can be
accompanied by parallel value capture from t*e leftovers of t*e cas*e- apple processing (after delivery of
t*e sap into a food application stream$ into et*anol or biogas bio energy applications is lin8ed to t*e
current state of affairs of t*e food processing industry from cas*e- apples(
)iven t*e fact t*at today igeria and Ivory Coast are t*e primary producers of Cas*e- in t*e ECOWAS
region9 -e suggest to focus our primary analysis on t*e state of affairs of t*e apple processing in t*ese
countries( 2otential e:isting or emerging success stories can t*en be transposed to secondary target areas
li8e Benin9 )uinea Bissau and smaller producers li8e )*ana9 )uinea9 3ali9 Senegal and Bur8ina Baso(
,*e focus map for t*e Cas*e- analysis derived from t*is analysis is s*o-n belo-(

!igure "= 2arget area for further Cashe# study. /ark green. primary focus area0 pale green secondary focus area
,*is report builds on t*e 8no-ledge reported in previous reports and summari<es t*e current 8no-ledge
base and interim conclusions for t*e four crop!region combinations9 on t*e basis of t*e fact finding
missions e:ecuted during t*e last mont*s of %&'%( 3any bio energy pro+ects and people involved in t*em
-ere contacted and many @uestions on t*e feasibility of t*e pro+ects -ere as8ed( A lot of t*is information
-as obtained during visits to t*e region or during interactions on a conference -*ere a lot of t*e
sta8e*olders of different ECOWAS countries -ere present( ,*e collected information -as complemented
by p*one calls or email contacts( ,*is process is currently being continued( ,*e data in t*is interim report
give a first indication and must be regarded as -or8 in progress(

4
3 Setting the boundaries for economical sustainability
,*e / crops selected for furt*er studies -ere S-eet Sorg*um9 Jatropha curcas9 Cassava and Cas*e-( ,*e
planned bio energy component for t*ese crops is summari<ed in table %(
Crop :rincipal product Co;product Bio energy
components
)rain S#eet Sorghum )rain Stal8s!Sugar Et*anol
/edicated S#eet
Sorghum
Stal8s!Sugar Bagasse Et*anol
1atropha Crude Oil Seed ca8e Crude oil
Ca8e biomass
Cassa(a Roots Bagasse Et*anol
Cashe# uts Apples (food$ Biogas
2able 2. Summary of the planned bio energy component for the selected crops
Bigure 1 gives a general overvie- of bio energy generation processes based on crop sources(

!igure '. 4(er(ie# of the #ay energy carriers are being obtained from (arious types of bio energy crops and ho# these carriers
are utili<ed in the market
G
,*e costs for energy carriers9 derived from rene-able sources are determined by t-o ma+or factors= t*e
cost of t*e feedstoc8 and t*e cost (comple:ity$ of t*e conversion process( Bor pure plant oil (22O$ and
biodiesel9 t*e conversion processes are relatively simple( ,*e ma+ority of t*e costs (more t*an 4&F$ is
feedstoc8 production!ac@uisition costs( Bor et*anol from sugar cane t*e costs of feedstoc8 are more t*an
*alf of t*e production costs( Bor et*anol from starc* crops or lignocellulose crops9 feedstoc8 cost is less
t*an *alf of t*e production costs9 because t*e et*anol production process is capital e:tensive and is more
or less effective depending on t*e feedstoc8 source used for fermentation into et*anol (Bindraban %&&G$(
Beedstoc8 production costs are related strongly to t*e yields ac*ieved for t*e bio energy component of t*e
feedstoc8 in t*e field( Bor .atrop*a t*e fruits are collected( #e>cortication of t*e fruits leads to t*e
production of a large volume of fruit coats9 -*ic* can be left in t*e field as mulc* or as composted
material( Crus*ing t*e grain results in Crude .atrop*a Oil9 t*e principal energy source from t*e crop and a
seedca8e -it* very interesting attributes as a fertili<er (/F itrogen content$ and a soil conditioner (/&F
organic carbon content$( ,*is seedca8e can be used as a fertili<er!soil conditioner in .atrop*a or on
co>cultivated cas* crops( #uring t*e dormancy period of t*e .atrop*a crop9 t*e plant also s*eds its leaves9
adding biomass bac8 to t*e field( Bertili<er needs for economical .atrop*a production are currently being
studied( A recently publis*ed finding could *ave interesting effects on t*e economy of .atrop*a( It states
t*at a nitrogen fi:ing bacterium associated -it* t*e roots of .atrop*a -as found( If t*is bacterium indeed
assists .atrop*a in nitrogen fi:ation9 t*is could improve t*e economics of t*e crop dramatically and turn
.atrop*a into a 8ey companion crop for food and energy farms in its area of adaptation(
S-eet Sorg*um produces sugar as t*e principal source for energy in t*e stal8s and leaves of t*e plant( In a
model -*ere dedicated s-eet sorg*um for energy production is produced9 t*is is t*e principal product of
t*e crop( In a model -*ere s-eet versions of grain sorg*um *ybrids are developed9 t*e crop is e:pected to
produce muc* lo-er volumes of biomass due to t*e lo-er rainfall areas -*ere t*e grain sorg*um is gro-n
but it -ill also produce sorg*um grains as an additional product( In bot* t*ese models9 very little of t*e
biomass t*at -as produced -ill be returned to t*e soil9 demanding supplementary fertili<ation to avoid soil
depletion and to guarantee an economic production level of t*e crop(
Cassava produces its biomass feedstoc8 under t*e form of starc*y roots( A number of *ig* sugar!starc*
content varieties *ave been developed as a more dedicated feedstoc8 for cassava based et*anol
production( ,*e areal parts of t*e plants can be used as animal feed or as fertili<er( In case t*ey are used as
animal feed9 almost not*ing of t*e crop is returned to t*e soil and additional measures for fertili<ation *ave
to ta8e place to 8eep production per *a at acceptable levels(
Binally in t*e case of cas*e- nuts9 t*e principal product is t*e nut( ,*ese are typically removed from t*e
apples on t*e farm and t*e nuts are collected and centrali<ed in processing plants -*ere more or less
finis*ed products of t*e cas*e- nut value c*ain are produced( ,*e apples today are mostly left on t*e farm
as leftovers( It -as demonstrated t*at cas*e- apples are very ric* in vitamin C and can t*us be a very
interesting target to be converted on farm or in small village based decentrali<ed units into valuable food
products (+am9 etc($(
,*is opportunity needs to be -eig*ed against t*e potential to use t*e large volumes of apples as a
feedstoc8 for decentrali<ed biogas production(
,*e development of a smart nutrient management strategy of t*ese crops toget*er -it* a similar strategy
for co>cultivated food crops must prevent furt*er nutrient depletion of t*e soils9 -*ic* is already a ma+or
problem in t*e region (figure 5$( ,*e use of .atrop*a seedca8e and t*e ma:imal recovery of organic matter9
left over from t*e production processes can alleviate t*is concern some-*at and can also *ave a positive
effect on t*e fertili<er budget of individual farmers and on overall productivity of food and cas* companion
crops to t*e bio energy crops( We believe it is very critical t*at for all considered crops9 one needs to
creatively stimulate co>cultivation of food and energy rat*er t*an automatically assume t*at food crops -ill
be replaced by energy crops( It -ould be a good step if t*ese intentions ar
development for energy crops(
!igure &. Status of mineral depletion of soils in +est ,frica 5Bindraban 2**=6
Energy carriers -ill *ave to compete -it* t*e local energy sources being used at t*is
-*ic* are eit*er from traditional biomass (crop residues9 -aste9 dung9 -ood$ or from mineral sources
(diesel9 gasoline and gas$( ,*e c*eapest sources are traditional biomass9 -*ile mineral sources are relatively
e:pensive( ,*ere is a relation bet-een t*e income of a family and t*e energy sources t*ey use for t*eir
needs (figure 4$(
!igure 8. !uel use is related to income in ,frica 52*11 1ansen6
In figure G t*e retail prices for several energy carriers from m
given( It is very important to reali<e t*at in a number of ECOWAS countries9 t*e state governments are
subsidi<ing retail prices of mineral energy sources significantly( ,*is is costing t*e country t-o times= it *as
to use its valuable *ard currency to buy mineral energy sources and subse@uently t*e country distributes
t*e mineral fuels at a loss t*roug* t*e retail net-or8( ,*is not only puts
disadvantage compared to traditional fuels9 but it i
biobased economy -*ic* is e:pected to generate income for t*ousands of people based on t*e country
side( In t*is conte:t -e believe it is very critical to ta8e *ard currency values paid by t*e governments i
be replaced by energy crops( It -ould be a good step if t*ese intentions are also considered in policy

. Status of mineral depletion of soils in +est ,frica 5Bindraban 2**=6
Energy carriers -ill *ave to compete -it* t*e local energy sources being used at t*is
( ,*e c*eapest sources are traditional biomass9 -*ile mineral sources are relatively
relation bet-een t*e income of a family and t*e energy sources t*ey use for t*eir

. !uel use is related to income in ,frica 52*11 1ansen6
In figure G t*e retail prices for several energy carriers from mineral sources in t*e ECOWAS region are
t*e mineral fuels at a loss t*roug* t*e retail net-or8( ,*is not only puts bio energy
disadvantage compared to traditional fuels9 but it indirectly also *ampers t*e development of a local
based economy -*ic* is e:pected to generate income for t*ousands of people based on t*e country
side( In t*is conte:t -e believe it is very critical to ta8e *ard currency values paid by t*e governments i
'&
e also considered in policy
Energy carriers -ill *ave to compete -it* t*e local energy sources being used at t*is moment in t*e region9
( ,*e c*eapest sources are traditional biomass9 -*ile mineral sources are relatively
relation bet-een t*e income of a family and t*e energy sources t*ey use for t*eir
ineral sources in t*e ECOWAS region are
bio energy sources at a
t*e development of a local
based economy -*ic* is e:pected to generate income for t*ousands of people based on t*e country
side( In t*is conte:t -e believe it is very critical to ta8e *ard currency values paid by t*e governments into
consideration alongside retail prices as reference frame-or8 to determine t*e s*ort and medium term
economic feasibility of t*e bio energy
!igure =. abo(e. retail prices of diesel in >S c
Only igeria is a big oil producing country9 but because t*e processing capacity is limited9 igeria still *as to
import most of its generator9 transport and aviation fuels +ust li8e t*e ot*er ECOW
one s*ould e:pect t*e price of diesel and gasoline to be positively correlated -it* t*e distance to a port(
#ue to price regulation t*is picture is not so clear( ,*e differences in policies bet-een countries lead to big
differences in pump prices even across borders of non
smuggling in t*e region( Bor gas a similar picture emerges( ,*e butane price may be as lo- as 0(0 BCBA!3.
for Ivory Coast and as *ig* as ''(5 BCBA!3. for )uinea
*ouse*old purposes is +ust a fraction of t*e gas price9 alt*oug*
becoming increasingly e:pensive due to limitation and greater distances of supply(
bio energy crops(

prices of diesel in >S cents?litre8 belo#. retail prices of gasoline in >S/?litre 5data.#orldbank.org6
import most of its generator9 transport and aviation fuels +ust li8e t*e ot*er ECOWAS countries( ,*erefore9
in pump prices even across borders of non>land>loc8ed neig*bouring countries9 leading to fuel
for Ivory Coast and as *ig* as ''(5 BCBA!3. for )uinea>Bissau (3( #ian8a %&'%$( 2rices for -ood for
*ouse*old purposes is +ust a fraction of t*e gas price9 alt*oug* in urban areas fire -ood and c*arcoal are
becoming increasingly e:pensive due to limitation and greater distances of supply(
''
5data.#orldbank.org6
AS countries( ,*erefore9
loc8ed neig*bouring countries9 leading to fuel
Bissau (3( #ian8a %&'%$( 2rices for -ood for
urban areas fire -ood and c*arcoal are

,*e differences in strategies bet-een countries to regulate pump fuel prices directly *ave an effect on t*e
economic viability of alternative energy sources9 e(g( off grid electricity via p*otovoltaic or diesel generator
systems( Bigure '& clearly s*o-s t*at for a large part
prices as a reference9 diesel generators are more economical t*an p*otovoltaic systems9 but t*is does not
ta8e into account t*at for most of t*e ECOWAS region over /&F of t*e national budget is spend on imp
and subsidy of mineral energy sources( ,*e rising crude oil prices *ave a dramatic effect on t*e )#2
of West African states (Oil and gas in Africa9 African #evelopment Ban8 %&&G$( ,*erefore9 t*is picture may
c*ange dramatically if all regulation
energy resources is decreased(
,*e pressure t*at *ig* international mineral fuels prices put on national budgets also result regularly in
periods of relative scarcity or non>availability9 espec
into t*e transport sector but also in t*e public (grid enabled$ or private electricity supply( ,*is unreliable
supply is furt*er complicated by a lac8 of infrastructure especially in more remote are
!igure 1*. best economical options for off
photo(oltaic 5yello#6 systems 5S. S<ab@ 2*116
Besides t*e regulation of prices for mineral energy
over t*e energy used for coo8ing and *eating in t*e ECOWAS region
biomass9 -*ic* is c*eaper but *as an impact on deforestation9 cost
*ealt* problems for especially -omen (%&'' World Ban8 African Biomass Report$( On t*e ot*er *and9 ne-
mineral energy sources are being prospected (figure ''$ and offer an alternative for energy from
agricultural sources in a region -*ere food security is
droug*t(

trategies bet-een countries to regulate pump fuel prices directly *ave an effect on t*e
systems( Bigure '& clearly s*o-s t*at for a large part of t*e ECOWAS region9 using current diesel retail
ta8e into account t*at for most of t*e ECOWAS region over /&F of t*e national budget is spend on imp
and subsidy of mineral energy sources( ,*e rising crude oil prices *ave a dramatic effect on t*e )#2
c*ange dramatically if all regulation measures are abandoned in time and t*e dependence on mineral
availability9 especially in remote places( ,*is results in unreliable supply
supply is furt*er complicated by a lac8 of infrastructure especially in more remote are

est economical options for off;grid electricity generations in the 3C4+,S region. diesel generators 5blue6 (ersu
5S. S<ab@ 2*116
Besides t*e regulation of prices for mineral energy sources9 one *as to ta8e into account t*at over 5&F
over t*e energy used for coo8ing and *eating in t*e ECOWAS region is still derived from -ood or ot*er
biomass9 -*ic* is c*eaper but *as an impact on deforestation9 costs a lot of time to collect and cause
agricultural sources in a region -*ere food security is not evident due to regular occurring periods of
'%
trategies bet-een countries to regulate pump fuel prices directly *ave an effect on t*e
of t*e ECOWAS region9 using current diesel retail
ta8e into account t*at for most of t*e ECOWAS region over /&F of t*e national budget is spend on import
and subsidy of mineral energy sources( ,*e rising crude oil prices *ave a dramatic effect on t*e )#2>gro-t*
measures are abandoned in time and t*e dependence on mineral
ially in remote places( ,*is results in unreliable supply
supply is furt*er complicated by a lac8 of infrastructure especially in more remote areas(
iesel generators 5blue6 (ersus
sources9 one *as to ta8e into account t*at over 5&F
still derived from -ood or ot*er
a lot of time to collect and causes
not evident due to regular occurring periods of
!igure 11. 4il 5black dots6 and coal 5grey dots6 reser(es in +est ,frica 52**=
It is in t*is setting t*at rene-able energy sources *ave to be
environmental and social sustainability and on grounds of more reliable energy supply( ,*e direct and
indirect impacts t*at t*ese developments can *ave on local economy and poverty alleviation programs also
form a very important element for consideration(
4 Jatropha curcas
Jatropha curcas is already in t*e region for a very long time but it is only recently t*at t*e crop *as been
considered as a bio energy crop( ,*e traditional uses and perceptions of t*e crop as a miracle crop
*ampered t*at .atrop*a could be developed into a professionally gro-n9 valuable alternative for farmers
and an economically viable energy crop(
,raditionally .atrop*a plants *ave been used by small *olders for *edges to protect vegetable gardens
against animal gra<ing( ,*e dense planting of t*ese plants *o-ever
production( 3oreover9 .atrop*a -it* its reputation to survive *ars* conditions an
planted in a very -ide climatic range( In a lot of droug*t stressed areas9 it *as been s*o-n t*at t*e
production of fruits is suppressed(
Recently9 muc* literature *as been publis*ed to s*o- t*at t*e grains of .atrop*a indeed *ave a
content of a @uality t*at is very versatile in use9 but t*at t*e plant needs optimal climatic conditions
(temperature A# rainfall$ to produce economic @uantities of grain and oil( In addition9 in order to ac*ieve
t*is9 t*e plant needs fertili<er input and proper canopy management practises(
"nfortunately a lot of ;7believers in .atrop*a as a miracle crop77 still ignore t*ese realities and continue to
promote t*e planting of t*e crop in ;7marginal areas -it* limited management practises77 as a -a
@uic8 money for farmers( Wit* t*e current 8no-ledge t*at *as
irresponsible(

. 4il 5black dots6 and coal 5grey dots6 reser(es in +est ,frica 52**= oil and gas in ,frica6
It is in t*is setting t*at rene-able energy sources *ave to be evaluated on grounds of economic9
ortant element for consideration(
Jatropha curcas in ali and Burkina !aso
is already in t*e region for a very long time but it is only recently t*at t*e crop *as been
crop( ,*e traditional uses and perceptions of t*e crop as a miracle crop
and an economically viable energy crop(
ave been used by small *olders for *edges to protect vegetable gardens
against animal gra<ing( ,*e dense planting of t*ese plants *o-ever9 results in very lo- levels of fruit
production( 3oreover9 .atrop*a -it* its reputation to survive *ars* conditions an

literature *as been publis*ed to s*o- t*at t*e grains of .atrop*a indeed *ave a
input and proper canopy management practises(
promote t*e planting of t*e crop in ;7marginal areas -it* limited management practises77 as a -a
@uic8 money for farmers( Wit* t*e current 8no-ledge t*at *as developed on t*e crop9 t*is is
'3
evaluated on grounds of economic9
is already in t*e region for a very long time but it is only recently t*at t*e crop *as been
crop( ,*e traditional uses and perceptions of t*e crop as a miracle crop9 *ave
ave been used by small *olders for *edges to protect vegetable gardens
in very lo- levels of fruit
production( 3oreover9 .atrop*a -it* its reputation to survive *ars* conditions and dry periods *as been
literature *as been publis*ed to s*o- t*at t*e grains of .atrop*a indeed *ave a *ig* oil
promote t*e planting of t*e crop in ;7marginal areas -it* limited management practises77 as a -ay to ma8e
developed on t*e crop9 t*is is very
'/
4.1 rocessing
In figure '% t*e traditional processing of Jatropha curcas is summari<ed( ,*e ma+or underlying driver of t*is
crop -it* regard to bio energy is t*e oil content of t*e seeds( In t*e ma+ority of pro+ects today9 t*e crude
.atrop*a oil is obtained by classical seed>oil pressing processes( ,*e crude .atrop*a oil (C.O$ can be used
directly in lo->speed diesel engines eit*er to generate off>grid electricity or to drive tractors( ,*e C.O can
also be converted to biodiesel using a trans>esterification process -it* met*anol9 delivering glycerol as
by>product( ,*e biodiesel produced is suitable for fuel in ve*icles -it* *ig*>speed diesel engines( ,*e
glycerol can be used in soap production9 cosmetics or for combustion(
E:tra bio energy can be obtained -*en t*e crop residues are being fermented to biogas( In t*is case fruit
coats and press ca8e are added to ot*er agricultural -aste9 cattle manure and *uman -aste to a
bio digester( ,*e produced gas can be used for coo8ing9 lig*ting and *eating( ,*e remaining slurry is ric* in
minerals and can be returned to t*e field as fertili<er( Anot*er -ay to increase t*e energy yield is to turn
fruit coats and seed ca8e into c*arcoal and use t*at for coo8ing and *eating(
C"IDI,A is convinced t*at s*ort on term t*e fruit coats and t*e seed ca8e can and s*ould be used as a
fertiliser and soil conditioner given t*e overall state of t*e degraded soils in t*e region( Wit* t*e current
8no-ledge9 -e believe t*ere is an opportunity to upgrade t*e degraded soils bac8 to a status t*at allo-s
t*eir use for food production and!or bio energy crop production(
Some people *ave @uestions about t*e biodegradability of p*orbol esters in t*e soil -*en using .atrop*a
seed ca8e as a fertili<er and a soil conditioner( Srinop*a8an et al( (%&'%$ *ave demonstrated t*at .atrop*a
seed ca8e can be used successfully for t*ese purposes -it*out any evidence for presence of p*orbolesters
in t*e food crops( 2*orbol esters are readily degraded in soil (#evappa %&'&$(

!igure 12. production and use of Jatropha curcas plant parts 5!. %ielsen 2*126
'0
4.2 !ass and energ" balance
Assuming t*at blac8 fruits are *arvested from t*e .atrop*a trees9 ' ton of fruit delivers ca( /%& 8g of fruit
coats and 04& 8g of grain( Assuming t*e oil content of t*e grain is around 3/F9 a classical crus*ing process
-ould turn ' ton of grain into %5& 8g C.O9 5&& 8g of ca8e and 3& 8g of filter -aste( One 8g of C.O can be
transformed into ' 8g of biodiesel or '(1 8g of soap(
,*e energy value of t*e various components is given in t*e table belo-(
Component 3nergy (alue for
combustion 51?kg6
!ruit coats ''('
)rain 534A oil6 %0(0
4il 3G(4
:ress cake 51*A oil6 %0(&
Charcoal 5#ood8 cake6 %1>3&
4.3 Current projects
,*e current pro+ects on .atrop*a are given in figure '3( ,*e estimate of t*e surface of t*e land occupied
-it* .atrop*a plants is based on intervie-s -it* operators and t*e information t*at typically9 farmers *ave
planted about 3&F of t*eir farm base in a mi:ed cropping system -it* .atrop*a trees( ,*e total surface of
.atrop*a trees is t*erefore estimated at %/9&&& *a( ,*is does not ta8e into consideration t*e plants in
traditional *edges( 2lants -ere raised primarily from locally available seed t*at -as not tested or selected
for (*ig*$ oil content( In some cases9 some first planting -as done -it* seed of selected cultivars( Some of
t*e pro+ects are also doing agronomy researc* trials eit*er on farm or in collaboration -it* some of t*e
local agricultural researc* centres (see furt*er$( ,*e ma+ority of .atrop*a is co>cultivated -it* food crops or
cas* crops( In some instances .atrop*a is gro-n as a distinct bloc8 on t*e farm but in most instances9 t*e
plants are planted in a *edge pattern( As indicated before e:perience teac*es us t*at .atrop*a plants t*at
are planted too densely9 are not resulting in economical yields of .atrop*a fruits(
Based on t*e suitability maps presented in previous reports9 *alf of t*e pro+ects seem to be in t*e suitable
.atrop*a gro-ing areas( ,*e ot*er *alf of t*e pro+ects seem to be in areas too dry for optimal production of
.atrop*a fruit9 a clear relict of t*e ;7miracle crop syndrome77(
3ost of t*e pro+ects are based on out>gro-er modelsI some of t*em are plantations( Jields per *a per year
vary a lot( #ata -ere found to range bet-een '&& 8g!*a for *edges (confirming our observations above$ to
3&&& 8g!*a for mature plantations( In t*is area .atrop*a is co>cultivated -it* groundnut9 sorg*um9 cotton9
mai<e9 soybean and sunflo-er(
!igure 13. $ocation of Jatropha curcas projects in ali and Burkina !aso.
!asoga<8 & B !aso Biocarburant8 8 B ,3/78 = B ali Biocarburant8 1* B Bel#et
Selling prices for *arvested grain used to be 0&
Assuming / 8g grain is needed to e:pel ' liter of oil9 t*e feed stoc8 costs for t*e oil is /&&
crus*ing costs( Hno-ing t*at t*e retail diesel price in t*is region varies bet-een 1&&
.atrop*a cannot be used to produce biodiesel at prices competitive to t*e subsidi<ed diesel price(
Comparable subsidies for biodiesel as an introductory policy9 -ould overcome t*is ine@uality(
3ost of t*e oil today is being used for t*e prod
generators as C.O for ca 1&& BCBA!l(
,*e press ca8e is being sold at 1&>5& BCBA!8g for fertili<er(
4.4 #ntermediate observations and conclusions
In 3ali and Bur8ina Baso9 t*e pro+ect team identified G pro+ects -it* a good professional basis and a more
or less developed agricultural e:tension support( 3ost of t*e pro+ects are based on outgro-er systems(
Wit* an average planting density of '&&& trees
.atrop*a( 3ost of t*ese planted *a are integrated in e:isting farming operations in mi:ed farming concepts(
In most cases t*ere is already some capacity to crus* smaller to larger @uantities of grain in
seedca8e( ,*e oil is today primarily used for soap production (a smart -ay of incentivising t*e -omen in
t*e local communities to -or8 on t*e crop$ or as a drop
capability and infrastructure to prod
ma8es t*e production of biodiesel from .atrop*a (-it*out e@ual subsidies$ not economical(
projects in ali and Burkina !aso. 1 B !C8 2 B 198 3 B )eres8 4 B Sudagri8 " B ,pro
!asoga<8 & B !aso Biocarburant8 8 B ,3/78 = B ali Biocarburant8 1* B Bel#et
Selling prices for *arvested grain used to be 0&>10 BCBA!8g but -ent up recently to '&&
Assuming / 8g grain is needed to e:pel ' liter of oil9 t*e feed stoc8 costs for t*e oil is /&&
crus*ing costs( Hno-ing t*at t*e retail diesel price in t*is region varies bet-een 1&&
being used for t*e production of soap t*at is sold at '5&&
ators as C.O for ca 1&& BCBA!l(
5& BCBA!8g for fertili<er(
#ntermediate observations and conclusions
Wit* an average planting density of '&&& trees!*a9 t*e pro+ects translate into %/9&&& *a of planted
In most cases t*ere is already some capacity to crus* smaller to larger @uantities of grain in
t*e local communities to -or8 on t*e crop$ or as a drop>in fuel for generators( Some pro+ects *ave t*e
capability and infrastructure to produce biodiesel via esterification but t*e pricing subsidy on fossil fuels
'1

1 B !C8 2 B 198 3 B )eres8 4 B Sudagri8 " B ,projer8 ' B
BA!8g but -ent up recently to '&&>'0& BCBA!8g(
Assuming / 8g grain is needed to e:pel ' liter of oil9 t*e feed stoc8 costs for t*e oil is /&&>1&& BCBA!l before
crus*ing costs( Hno-ing t*at t*e retail diesel price in t*is region varies bet-een 1&&>10& BCBA!l9 grain from
uction of soap t*at is sold at '5&& > /&&& BCBA!8g or in
!*a9 t*e pro+ects translate into %/9&&& *a of planted
In most cases t*ere is already some capacity to crus* smaller to larger @uantities of grain into oil and
in fuel for generators( Some pro+ects *ave t*e
uce biodiesel via esterification but t*e pricing subsidy on fossil fuels
'5
)iven t*e current economics of t*e crop and its competitiveness -it* ot*er cas* crops9 t*e pro+ect team
believes t*at t*e e:tension services need to be intensified in order to bring t*e yields to over 3 tons of grain
per *a (at maturity> 0>1 years after planting$( ,*e yield levels today are in most places belo- '90 tons of
grain per *a(
An important value added component of t*e .atrop*a production c*ain is t*e seedca8e9 -*ic* is used in a
lot of pro+ects as an organic fertili<er( ,*e use of .atrop*a seedca8e on food>or cas* crops *as a number of
benefits for t*e pro+ects and for t*e farming community gro-ing t*e crop(
a$ In periods -*ere mineral fertili<er is becoming more scarce and e:pensive9 .atrop*a
seedca8e can be a very interesting complementary source of nitrogen fertili<ation(
b$ A lot of t*e soils in t*e ECOWAS region are very poor in organic matter contentI t*is can
again be complemented -it* t*e Carbon residing in t*e .atrop*a seedca8e( We believe
t*at t*is can represent an opportunity to upgrade t*e @uality of large acreages of degraded
soils and can *ave a beneficial effect on overall productivity of agricultural soils in t*e area(
Some pro+ects -e *ave tal8ed to start to s*o- t*ese beneficial effects(
c$ Integration of .atrop*a into mi:ed farming systems and t*e use of t*e ca8e for t*e
purposes described and t*e oil as an energy source to drive food!cas* crop processing and
storage9 forms a clear opportunity for a smart co>cultivation of food and energy crops( ,*is
forms a clear argument against t*e food vs fuel discussion fre@uently occurring on popular
net-or8s(
,*e pro+ect team *as been very impressed -it* t*e efforts in 3ali to gat*er t*e industry9 government and
farmers interest in one platform for discussion9 decision ma8ing and policy development( It is indeed critical
t*at t*e public and private sector players gat*er in t*is 8ind of platform and discuss tec*nical9 financial and
political matters related to bot* t*e agricultural and t*e industrial aspects of t*ese comple: pro+ects( 3any
times bio>energy pro+ects focus too muc* on end use infrastructure development and forget t*e absolute
necessity to *ave a strong agricultural base to t*e pro+ect( Ai8e-ise9 some pro+ects *ave started agricultural
production of bio>energy feedstoc8 -it*out t*e (financial$ commitment for t*e investment into do-n>
stream processing capabilities( Bot* activities need to be developed *and in *and for pro+ects to be
successful(

" S#eet Sorghum in Sierra $eone and %igeria
S-eet Sorg*um is a *ig*>sugar containing variant of Sorg*um *ybrids(
ICRISA, *as developed ne- varieties t*at are suitable to gro- in semi>arid tropics and do accumulate *ig*
sugar levels in t*e stems9 according to t*e sc*ool of t*oug*t t*at one s*ould ma8e grain sorg*um into a
s-eet variant9 -*ile maintaining t*e option to also *arvest t*e grain( ,*is is completely logical -it*in t*e
mandate of ICRISA, t*at develops crops for farmers operating in semi arid regions( It is *o-ever not yet
proven t*at in t*ese areas9 ;7s-eet grain sorg*um77 -ill9 under lo- rainfall patterns9 produce economical
levels of stems and sugar(
In addition it *as been demonstrated t*at t*e production of optimal sugar yield in t*e stems is not
sync*roni<ed in time -it* optimal grain production(
W*en t*e panicles are removed9 stem sugar concentration is muc* *ig*er( W*en t*e panicles are left on9
stem sugar concentration starts to reduce -*en panicles ripen (figure '/$(
'4

!igure 14. $eft. sugar content in stems at (arious stages of panicle de(elopment and right. #ith or #ithout panicles for (arious
(arieties 52*1* )utjar6.
In Brasil dedicated S-eet Sorg*um *ybrids *ave been developed by public and private breeding groups and
are tested in co>cultivation sc*emes -it* sugarcane plantations( ,*ese sc*emes s*o- a lot of promise
because s-eet sorg*um can be cultivated on t*e %&F land base -*ic* is left one year fallo- on typical
sugarcane estates( In addition t*e timing of t*e s-eet sorg*um *arvest can be sync*ronised -it* t*e
do-n>time of sugar mills -*en sugar cane *arvesting season is over( In t*is -ay9 sugar> and et*anol plants
can be more optimally used( We are investigating t*e potential to develop similar co>cultivation sc*emes in
ECOWAS countries gro-ing sugarcane and transforming it into et*anol(
$.1 rocessing
,*e processing sc*eme of S-eet Sorg*um is given in figure '0( ,*e stems are *arvested and *ave to be
transported immediately to t*e processing plants( ,*e stems can *ardly be stored -it*out significant loss in
sugar content( In t*e plant '&F -ater is added and t*e sugar ric* +uice is s@uee<ed from t*e stems( ,*e
+uice is fermented to et*anol leaving a vinasse t*at can eit*er be used to generate biogas or directly be
used to generate electricity( ,*e bagasse can be used as animal feed9 as feed stoc8 to generate electricity or
be fermented to et*anol as -ell(

!igure 1". ass stream in s#eet sorghum processing 5S#eethanol6
$.2 !ass balance
,*e mass balance of S-eet Sorg*um processing is given in figure '1( 2er *a per year % tons of grain and
0& tons of stems are *arvested using % crop cycles( ,*is can be ac*ieved in t*e regions -*ere S-eet
Sorg*um is gro-n in con+unction -it* sugar cane( Only one crop per year is possible in t*e traditional )rain
Sorg*um belt9 -*ic* is located more to t*e ort* of t*e region( 2er 0& tons of stems (53F moisture$9 ca(
'G
0 tons of -ater is added( S@uee<ing yields ca( /& tons of +uice (4/F moisture$ and '0 tons of bagasse (53F
moisture$( ,*e +uice delivers ca( 30&& l et*anol and vinasse( ,*e bagasse can deliver anot*er %/&& l et*anol(
So9 t*e yield per *a per year is close to 1&&& l et*anol( ,*e remaining dry plant parts can be used for t*e
preparation of animal feed(

!igure 1'. ass balance of Sorghum processing to ethanol 5:rasad 2**&6
Alt*oug* processing of t*e stems is a -ell>establis*ed procedure for sugar cane9 for S-eet Sorg*um little
e:perience is at *and in t*e region( #ue to t*e similarities of t*e process -it* sugar cane and t*e
8no-ledge t*at S-eet Sorg*um stems can be processed in sugar cane mills in Brasil9 it is safe to assume
t*at production costs of et*anol from S-eet Sorg*um stems -ill be similar to t*e one for sugar cane(
?o-ever9 for t*e sugar cane process in t*e region9 it is *ard to produce et*anol against mar8et competitive
prices for butane even if t*ese are not subsidised (#ian8a %&''$( Et*anol production prices from sugar cane
vary from G(' BCBA!3. to '5(5 BCBA!3.9 -*ile butane retail prices are bet-een 0(0 and ''(5 BCBA!3.(
)asoline retail prices are *ig*er ('/(' K %%(% BCBA!3.$9 so et*anol from sugar cane may be used as a
drop>in transport fuel depending on t*e region( It is important to reali<e t*at storage and supply of et*anol
into t*e transport fuel retail net-or8 is a c*allenging business( It may be critical for t*e countries involved
to develop and e:perience an infrastructure base in t*is sector first in public transportation and ta:i
companies(
Bor t*e focus region of t*is study9 igeria9 )*ana and Sierra Aeone *ave t*e lo-est gasoline retail prices in
West Africa (figure G$9 -*ile Senegal and Ivory Coast *ave t*e *ig*est prices( ,*is illustrates t*e negative
%&
effect t*at transport fuel subsidies on mineral fuels *ave on t*e roll out of biofuels in t*e transport sector(
,*e deployment of et*anol in public transportation systems or concentrated applications in t*e ta:i fleet
creates opportunities for e@uali<ation bet-een different product types( ,oday9 t*e et*anol produced in
igeria and Sierra Aeone is not used for transport fuel but for e:port9 beverages and p*armaceutical uses(
"se of t*e et*anol (gel$ for clean coo8ing stoves is also an option9 but t*at is in most places more e:pensive
t*an t*e commonly used -ood fuel and it -ill depend on t*e (subsidised$ distribution of stoves and income
of t*e people( ,*erefore9 you -ill find t*e use of et*anol for coo8ing only in more urban areas -*ere
c*arcoal is more e:pensive( S-itc*ing *abits a-ay from using coo8ing -ood is anot*er c*allenge t*at
needs to be overcome( A long term vision on t*is -ill need to be ta8en and sc*ool education programs on
t*ese practises are one -ay to en*ance t*is tec*nology( ,*e global clean coo8ing stove initiative9
supported by t*e Clinton foundation and recently endorsed also by )BE2 is spending a lot of resources on
possible promotion programs(
$.3 #ntermediate observations and conclusions
In t*e pro+ect -e are analy<ing opportunities for t-o models of s-eet sorg*um deployment in t*e ECOWAS
region= SWEE, )RAI SOR)?"3 and #E#ICA,E# SWEE, SOR)?"3( ,*ese need to be considered as
almost t-o different crops as t*e first one -ill be more adapted to traditional grain sorg*um cultivation
<ones -*ile t*e latter one -ill be more adapted to areas immediately ad+acent to sugarcane gro-ing areas
in *ig*er rainfall areas( ,oday t*e cultivation of s-eet sorg*um in t*e area is very limited alt*oug* a
number of pro+ects are being considered(
E:perience from ot*er parts of t*e -orld tells us t*at small pro+ects -it* de>centrali<ed gro-ing and
processing of t*e sugar into et*anol are c*allenging9 primarily for logistical reasons (*arvested s-eet
sorg*um needs to be processed9 +ust li8e sugarcane almost immediately$(
,*e first scientific reports indicate t*at optimal grain production and sugar production are not sync*roni<ed
in t*e SWEE, )RAI SOR)?"3 model9 adding economic pressure to t*is business model( In addition
limited rainfall in traditional grain sorg*um areas -ill limit t*e biomass production and t*us t*e sugar
production potential for t*e crop(
Based on similar models developed in Bra<il9 t*ere is clear potential synergy bet-een gro-ing and
processing sugarcane and s-eet sorg*um( We -ill e:plore t*is synergy more in detail also -it* e:isting
sugarcane pro+ects in t*e ECOWAS region(

' Cassa(a in %igeria and )hana
Cassava is one of t*e staple food crops in t*e ECOWAS region( It is a special crop since it is to:ic due to t*e
presence of cyanogenic c*emicals( 2roper processing!preparation of t*e Cassava roots is of utmost
importance to reduce t*e to:icity( ,*e root tubers are processed to various products li8e starc*9 gari9 -et
or dry fufu( Alt*oug* igeria and )*ana are e:porters of cassava root derived products9 G&F of t*e
production is used locally( )*ana produces enoug* food to feed its population9 but igeria does not( ,*e
nort*ern part of t*e country is an area vulnerable to regular droug*ts causing local food s*ortages in t*ese
periods(
igeria *as embar8ed on a program to transform its agricultural production system after reali<ing t*at crop
yields stay far be*ind in relation to ot*er countries li8e Bra<il9 India and countries in Sout* East Asia
(Adesina %&''$( In igeria and )*ana yields from local farming are closely to '& t rootstoc8!*a per annum(
"sing ne- varieties and improved agricultural met*ods9 i(e( fertili<er applications9 over %& t!*a is obtained
per annum( In ot*er countries muc* *ig*er yields are obtained (up to /& t!*a annually and e:pected to
%'
increase furt*er$ and igeria *as embar8ed on a program to spread t*e 8no-ledge and t*e varieties
enabling suc* yields in t*e country as -ell( ,*ere are many cassava varieties eac* *aving t*eir o-n pattern
in time for tuber production( ?arvest time can be spread t*roug*out t*e year by varying planting dates and
c*oosing t*e rig*t fast> and slo->tuberi<ing varieties( Bor t*e production of et*anol9 special *ig* sugar
containing varieties *ave been bred(
%.1 rocessing
"sing modern farming tec*ni@ues and ne- varieties t*e yield is around %& t!*a per annum( Cassava roots
once *arvested cannot be stored and decay rapidly( Because roots contain at least 0&F moisture9 t*ey are
processed to dried c*ips -it* only '0F moisture( ,*e c*ips can be stored if pac8ed -ell(
A typical et*anol production process is SASB= slurry K li@uefaction > sac*arification K fermentation( Slurry is
produced by grinding c*ips and mi:ing t*em -it* an e@ual -eig*t of -ater( Ai@uefaction of t*e starc* in
t*e slurry ta8es place at '&0
o
C( ,*en alp*a>amylase is added to sacc*arify t*e starc* at 00
o
C9 yielding
syrup t*at is fermented -it* yeast at 3&
o
C to produce an 4>'&F et*anol containing slurry( ,*e et*anol is
distilled from t*e slurry and de*ydrated( ,*is -ay 1 8g of root tuber containing %0F starc* delivers ca(
' litre et*anol( ,*is tec*nology *as been improved to a very *ig* gravity tec*nology9 in -*ic* less -ater is
needed9 saving a lot of energy (ca( '0F$ mainly on *eating and drying9 and in -*ic* sac*arification and
fermentation are done simultaneously9 t*ereby reducing t*e processing time -it* 3&F and increasing t*e
et*anol concentration in t*e fermentation product to '/>'4F(
%.2 !ass and energ" balance
,*e roots *ave a moisture content of 10>50F( ,ypically9 ' ton of roots are processed to &(0 tons of root
c*ips -it* a moisture content of '0F( ,*e c*ips are grinded and an access of '(5 tons of -ater is added and
mi:ed( ,*e slurry is li@uefied -it* steam at '%&
o
C9 t*en cooled do-n to ca 0&
o
C for sac*arification and
fermentation9 -*ic* releases ca &('1 t CO
%
( ,*e remaining slurry contains 4>'&F et*anol9 -*ic* is distilled(
Circa &(%0 tons of -ater is recycled and around &('1 tons (%&& l9 /144 3.$ of et*anol is obtained( ,*e
remaining % tons of t*ic8 slop contains about 0F solids and can be used for biogas production
(2iyac*om8-an9 %&''$( "sing t*is process ca G&F of t*e original caloric value in t*e roots is retained in t*e
et*anol( 2rocessing ta8es about %(5 3.!t feedstoc8 mainly for distillation and drying(
%.3 Current projects
igeria *as an internal mar8et demand of 0 billion liters of et*anol for transport fuel and domestic coo8ing(
,*e igerian et*anol production is not sufficient by far to meet t*is demand( In %&'&9 3 companies
imported ''4(1 million liters of crude et*anol mostly from Bra<il( #ura Clean in Bacita and Allied Atlantic
#istilleries in Sango>Ota produced only '0(3 million liters from molasses and cassava (Agbro %&'%$( ,*e
massive import of crude et*anol t*us eludes igerian cassava farmers of additional business opportunities
of feedstoc8 supply( Atlantic #istilleries is producing 3&9&&& l from locally sourced cassava feedstoc8( #ura
Clean *as yet to begin full operations(
Evidently9 L 3(41 billion *as already been committed to construct 'G et*anol biorefineries9 '&9&&& units of
mini>refineries and feedstoc8 plantations for t*e production of over %(11 billion liters of fuel grade et*anol
per year( Bive companies already e:ist including t*e % mentioned above -it* a total installed capacity of &(%
billion liters per year( Aocations are Bacito9 Sango>Ota9 E8iti9 Bayelsa and Aagos( Anot*er G pro+ects are in
t*e development p*ase( ,-o of t*ese9 located in assara-a and E8iti State9 aim to *ave an integrated bio
et*anol refinery and cassava farm( ,*e ot*ers -ill use sugar cane9 Sorg*um or imported molasses(
?o-ever9 t*e entire supply c*ain needs to be re>evaluated because currently bio et*anol from cassava is
%%
too e:pensive to use for fuel in igeria9 -*ic* *as one of t*e lo-est pump gasoline prices in t*e region
(Agboola9 %&''$(
)*ana does not produce et*anol from cassava at t*is moment( Caltec* Dentures is busy to construct a
cassava to et*anol plant -it* an initial capacity of 5& 3t roots!day to yield '&9&&& l et*anol!day t*at *as to
be operational in %&'3( Caltec* gro-s cassava on managed plantations near ?o and estimates it needs +ust
over '&&& *a -it* an average yield of %% t!*a per annum to be able to generate enoug* feedstoc8 for t*e
et*anol plant( ?o-ever9 t*e et*anol -ill not be used for transport fuel because t*e gasoline pump price is
lo-er t*an t*e et*anol production price and a good regulatory and distribution system to blend gasoline
-it* et*anol is lac8ing( ,*erefore9 t*e et*anol -ill be used for beverages9 p*armaceutical purposes and
e:port (Caltec*$(
%.4 #ntermediate observations and conclusions
,*ere are very fe- countries in t*e region t*at *ave today a surplus production of cassava over and above
its food and ot*er industrial needs(
,*e first pro+ects of cassava into et*anol production are being developed around central nucleus plantation
pro+ects (also *ousing t*e processing and t*e et*anol production plants$ -it* t*e future potential to also
attract produce from outgro-ers( ,*e advantage of t*is model is t*at t*e nucleus farms can function as
model and demo farms for ne- agricultural tec*nology li8e better varieties or optimi<ed agronomy
practises( "nli8e sugarcane9 staggering of different cassava varieties results in an almost '&&F occupation
level of t*e starc* into et*anol plant( Cassava *as t*e added value t*at t*e ra- material for t*e plant *as
e:tended storability under t*e form of Cassava c*ips( ,*is forms a strong operational advantage over
sugarcane into et*anol operations( It remains to be seen if t*is also can form a basis for more de>
centrali<ed smaller scale processing units(
& Cashe# in +est ,frica
West Africa is (one of$ t*e biggest producer(s$ of cas*e- -it* a volume of nuts in s*ells of over ' million
tons in %&'& -it* a value of 0&&>1&& "S#!ton( Cas*e- nut yield is about '50& 8g!*a since t*e ne- Bra<ilian
varieties -ere introduced( Cas*e- nuts are sold no-adays for 10&>43& "S#!ton and deliver a revenue of
"S# '4&!*a ()IM %&'&$ for small *olders( Over 4& F of t*e nuts are e:ported from t*e region9 mostly to
India -ere t*ey are processed(
2rocessing nuts into s*ells and 8ernels is *ardly done in t*e region alt*oug* many small processing
businesses e:ist( Hernels are sold for over '&&& "S#!t depending on t*e @uality and si<e( 2rocessing t*e
nuts gives a lot of employment and t*erefore t*e establis*ment of ne- processing companies is
stimulated( ,*e s*ells contain %&>3&F li@uid9 -*ic* is called cas*e- nut s*ell li@uid (CSA$( ,*is oily li@uid
contains 5&F anacardic acid9 '4F cardol9 0F cardanol and 5F ot*er p*enols( ,*e li@uid is very corrosive9
also for t*e *uman s8in9 but *as many interesting properties( It is being used to protect -ood from termite
attac8( ?eating t*e oil de>carbo:ylates t*e anacardic acids( Subse@uent distillation delivers a distilled CSA
containing 54F cardanol9 4F cardol and t*e rest is polymeric substances and ot*er p*enols( #istilled CSA
*as a -ide range of applications in t*e production of lubricants9 varnis* and bra8e pads( It is sold for
/4&>00& "S#!ton(
Bor every ton of nuts about '& tons of apples is *arvested as -ell( Apple is not t*e good -ord for it9
because it is t*e s-elling of t*e fruit stal8 t*at produces t*is structure( ,*e apple contains 40F moisture9
but *as a tremendous nutritious value( Bor 3 regions in )*ana t*e apple -as s*o-n to contain %>'0 mg
Ditamin C per gram dry matter (over %&& mg!'&& ml +uice$9 -*ic* is />0 times more t*an 8i-i or oranges
and '& times more t*an pineapple (Ao-or %&'%$( ,*ese values are retained in commercial products derived
%3
from t*e apples li8e +uice and fro<en pulp (Assuncao %&&3$( Besides t*at9 t*e apples *ave a very *ig*
antio:idant activity and a good mineral composition9 -*ic* could benefit t*e *ealt* of t*e population as
-ell (Adou %&''$( ?o-ever9 t*e astringent nature of apple and +uice seems to be t*e limiting factor for its
acceptance by t*e population( Strategies need to be evaluated to mi: products derived from cas*e- apples
-it* products derived from ot*er fruits or vegetables to circumvent t*e taste issues(
In Bra<il t*e nutritious value of t*e apples *as been recogni<ed( A lo- o:ygen pac8aging tec*ni@ue *as
been developed to increase t*e s*elf life of t*e apples from % to '% days in order to ma8e fres* apples
available via supermar8ets( Apples are also being converted to marmalade9 +uices9 syrup9 canned fruit and
-ine9 as suc* or in combination -it* ot*er +uices( In West Africa application of t*e apples for *uman
nutrition is in its infancy and most of t*e apples are not used or left on t*e field to rot for fertilisation
purposes( In a region -it* fre@uent food s*ortages t*at produces over '& million tons cas*e- apple
annuallyI not using t*ese for *uman nutrition really loo8s li8e a big -aste( Investigations are ongoing to use
t*e apples for animal feed purposes as -ell(
&.1 rocessing into bio energ"
Cas*e- can be used for bio energy purposes via several -ays( ,*e CSA can be used up to a 30F blend in
diesel( ,*e oil can be obtained simply by e:pelling t*e s*ells9 -*ic* -ill deliver about %&& 8g oil per *a( ,*e
55& 8g!*a press ca8e can only be used as fertili<er or for combustion(
,*e 8ernels also contain oil9 -*ic* can be e:pelled( Brom ' ton of 8ernels about 30& 8g oil can be obtained(
,*is -ill deliver about %53 8g oil per *a9 bringing t*e total oil yield per *a to almost 0&& 8g( ,*e 0&& 8g press
ca8e produced per *a can be used for *uman nutrition and animal feed as -ell as t*e 8ernel oil(
So9 using t*e oil in cas*e- s*ells and 8ernels s*ould rely on % separate processing streams= one for s*ells to
generate products t*at cannot be eaten and anot*er one for 8ernels to generate products t*at can be
eaten(
Anot*er -ay to use cas*e- for bio energy is to produce eit*er et*anol or biogas from t*e apples( ,*is can
be done from t*e cas*e- apple -aste after +uice e:traction or from t*e complete apple( ,*e sugar content
of bot* is *ig* enoug* for eit*er process( A @uic8 calculation learns t*at in an efficient fermentation
process ' ton of cas*e- apples -ill generate 5% 8g of et*anol9 -*ic* is ca '%1& 8g et*anol per *a( ,*ese
yields are reasonable9 but t*e income and t*e social effect from selling apples and 8ernels for food and
feed purposes -ill be muc* *ig*er(
&.2 !ass balance
One ton of cas*e- apples produces around 11& 8g +uice( ,*e remainder is cas*e- apple -aste t*at is
suitable for animal feed( #epending on t*e ripening stage of t*e apple t*e +uice contains 0&>%&& g!l
carbo*ydrates(
W*en cas*e- nuts are processed9 t*e 8ernels are separated from t*e s*ells( In literature various data are
obtained9 depending on *o- t*e process is being performed( In general9 nuts consist for 00F of s*ells9 %F
of seed coat9 %0F 8ernels9 3F dirt and '0F -ater( Brom ' ton of s*ells circa %&& 8g CSA is obtained by
pressing9 leaving ca 4&& 8g of CSA>press ca8e to be used as fertili<er or combustion( ,*e 8ernel
composition is /3F fat9 mainly 2"BA (5/F oleic acid$ and a *ig* level of vitamin>E (&(%F$9 %'F protein9 %/F
carbo*ydrates9 and t*e rest being -ater9 as* and fibre(

%/
&.3 9ntermediate obser(ations and conclusions
Bor every ton of cas*e- nuts produced9 about G tons of cas*e- apples are produced( ,*is is a very large
volume of potentially interesting biomass to be considered for furt*er processing( One of t*e 8ey problems
-ill be t*at typically today9 t*e cas*e- nuts and t*e apples are manually separated on farm immediately
after *arvesting( Organi<ing a collection system for t*e apples into larger processing units seems to be a
logistical nig*tmare given t*e volumes and t*e te:ture of t*e apples(
One very important observation made by t*e pro+ect team is t*e very *ig* vitamin C content measured in
cas*e- apples9 ma8ing it a very interesting target for furt*er processing into vitamin C ric* food products9
rat*er t*an into t*e suggested biogas production stream(
,*e pro+ect team feels t*at t*is route needs to be fully e:plored and developed first and in a decentrali<ed
-ay( ,*e furt*er processing of cas*e- apples into food crops could lead into larger volumes of secondary
biomass streams9 -*ic* in turn can be used as feedstoc8 for biogas production(
E:perience to produce food products from cas*e- apples e:ists in Bra<il and organi<ations li8e E3BRA2A
could be used as consultants for furt*er development of t*is avenue(
In instances -*ere larger scale plantations are being developed or considered for cas*e- production9 a
more integrated cas*e- nuts and apples processing unit can be considered from day '( ,*e pro+ect team
-ill analy<e t*is furt*er(

%0
,ppendi- 2. $ist of figures and tables
'igures
Bigure '= target area for furt*er S-eet Sorg*um study( #ar8 green= primary focus areaI lig*t green=
secondary focus area( Blac8 dots s*o- e:isting et*anol plants processing sugarcane or cassava (((((((((((((((((( 3
Bigure %= target area for furt*er .atrop*a study( #ar8 green= primary focus areaI lig*t green= secondary
focus area (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( /
Bigure 3= ,arget area for furt*er Cassava study( #ar8 green= primary focus areaI pale green secondary focus
area (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 1
Bigure /= World Cas*e- production (source= Red River9 Industry9 BAO$ (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 1
Bigure 0= ,arget area for furt*er Cas*e- study( #ar8 green= primary focus areaI pale green secondary focus
area (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 5
Bigure 1= Overvie- of t*e -ay energy carriers are being obtained from various types of bio energy crops
and *o- t*ese carriers are utili<ed in t*e mar8et (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 4
Bigure 5= Status of mineral depletion of soils in West Africa (Bindraban %&&G$ ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( '&
Bigure 4= Buel use is related to income in Africa (%&'' .ansen$ (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( '&
Bigure G= above= retail prices of diesel in "S cents!litre9 belo-= retail prices of gasoline in "S#!litre
(data(-orldban8(org$ ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ''
Bigure '&= best economical options for off>grid electricity generations in t*e ECOWAS region= diesel
generators (blue$ versus p*otovoltaic (yello-$ systems (S( S<abN %&''$ ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( '%
Bigure ''= Oil (blac8 dots$ and coal (grey dots$ reserves in West Africa (%&&G oil and gas in Africa$ ((((((((((((( '3
Bigure '%= production and use of Jatropha curcas plant parts (B( ielsen %&'%$(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( '/
Bigure '3= Aocation of Jatropha curcas pro+ects in 3ali and Bur8ina Baso( ' O 3BC9 % O .3I9 3 O )eres9 / O
Sudagri9 0 O Apro+er9 1 O Basoga<9 5 O Baso Biocarburant9 4 O AE#R9 G O 3ali Biocarburant9 '& O Bel-et ((((( '1
Bigure '/= Aeft= sugar content in stems at various stages of panicle development and rig*t= -it* or -it*out
panicles for various varieties (%&'& )ut+ar$( ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( '4
Bigure '0= 3ass stream in s-eet sorg*um processing (S-eet*anol$ ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( '4
Bigure '1= 3ass balance of Sorg*um processing to et*anol (2rasad %&&5$ ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 'G

Tables
,able '= production and consumption of Cassava in ECOWAS countries (BAOS,A,$ ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 0
,able %= Summary of t*e planned bio energy component for t*e selected crops (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 4
,able 3= ,otal pro+ects costs made by C"IDI,A in #ecember %&'' K ovember %&'%3rrorC Bookmark not
defined.
,able /= Specification of cost items in t*e period #ecember %&'' K ovember %&'%3rrorC Bookmark not
defined.

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Ecreee-Unido Bioenergy Crops Assessment Third Report

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Regional potential assessment of novel bio energy crops

in fifteen ECOWAS countries

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