The inverter is the power electronic circuit, which

converts the DC voltage into AC voltage. The DC

source is normally a battery or output of the
controlled rectifier.
Inverters are usually designed to provide either
three-phase or single-phase output. three-phase or single-phase output.
The output voltage waveform of the inverter can be
square wave, quasi-square wave or low distorted
sine wave. The output voltage can be controlled
with the help of drives of the switches.
Applications : Un-interruptible power supply (UPS),
Industrial (induction motor) drives, Traction, HVDC
A voltage source inverter is fed by a stiff dc
voltage, whereas a current source inverter is fed by
a stiff current source.
A voltage source can be converted to a current
source by connecting a series inductance and then
varying the voltage to obtain the desired current. varying the voltage to obtain the desired current.
A VSI can also be operated in current-controlled
mode, and similarly a CSI can also be operated in
the voltage control mode.
The inverters are used in variable frequency ac
motor drives, uninterrupted power
supplies, induction heating, static VAR
compensators, etc.
Each leg includes a pair
of transistors with anti-
parallel discharge circuits
of reverse current built
on the freewheeling on the freewheeling
diodes.
These diodes provides an
alternate path for the
inductive current, which
continues to flow when a
switch is turned off.

It consists of three legs,

one per each phase.
All inverter legs are
equal; therefore, the equal; therefore, the
output of each leg
depends only on the dc
supply voltage and on
the switch status.
Two transistor are in on state
and the output voltages have a
rectangle shape.
When VT1 is on, point L1 is
connected to the positive
terminal of dc supply, giving
UL1 = 0.5Ud. UL1 = 0.5Ud.
When VT4 is on, point L1 is
connected to the negative
terminal of dc supply, giving UL1
= - 0.5Ud.
Waveforms of L2 and L3 are the
same as L1, except that they are
shifted 120.
good speed range
multiple motor control from a single unit
simple regulator design.
DRAWBACKS OF VSI DRAWBACKS OF VSI DRAWBACKS OF VSI DRAWBACKS OF VSI
decreasing power factor with decreasing
speed
induced harmonics, and
"cogging," jerky start/stop motions.
DRAWBACKS OF VSI DRAWBACKS OF VSI DRAWBACKS OF VSI DRAWBACKS OF VSI
A current source inverter accepts input from a power supply
that acts as a current source rather than a voltage source.
The source consists of a phase-controlled rectifier which can
be made to operate as a current source by means of a large
series inductor at its output and a current regulating loop.
The shape of the output voltage depends on the load whereas
the output current is independent of load.
The merits of CSI are: The merits of CSI are:
Reversal of motor current, which is needed for regenerative
braking, is possible without any additional components
whereas these are essential in a VSI
The large filter inductor prevents the short-circuiting of the
output terminals when there is a commutation failure
CSIs which are used in drives in medium / high power levels
employ relatively less costly converter grade thyristors
An inductor is included in
the input circuit of the
inverter.
A capacitor is placed in the A capacitor is placed in the
output as an energetic
buffer between the pulsing
inverter and the load.

While thyristors VS2 and VS3

conduct current, the input
voltage charges the
capacitor.
When VS1 and VS4 switch on,
VS2 and VS3 obtain the VS2 and VS3 obtain the
reverse voltage of the
charged capacitor, which
helps them to close
immediately.
The capacitor begins
recharging to the other
polarity, finishing it before
the next switching instant.
VSI CSI
VSI is fed from a DC voltage
source having small or
negligible impedance.
CSI is fed with adjustable
current from a DC voltage
source of high impedance.
Input voltage is maintained
constant.
The input current is constant
but adjustable.
Output voltage does not
dependent on the load.
The amplitude of output
current is independent of the
load.
dependent on the load.
load.
VSI requires feedback diodes
The CSI does not require any
feedback diodes.
The commutation circuit is
complicated.
Commutation circuit is simple
as it contains only capacitors.
Power BJT, Power MOSFET,
IGBT, GTO with self
commutation can be used in
the circuit.
They cannot be used as these
devices have to withstand
reverse voltage.
The input current is constant. Hence, there is no
possibility of short circuit.
CSI can handle reactive or regenerative loads
without freewheeling diodes.
The maximum current of the power devices is
limited (i.e. fixed)
It needs large inductance to generate constant current
source.
Since the current is limited, the dynamic response of CSI
is slow.
Voltage spikes are generated when switching of devices
take place.
Filters are required to suppress these spikes.
An effective VSI implementation method involves
the use of transistor bridges with freewheeling
diode.
In electrical drives, VSI are used as current source
in which an appropriate current feedback
arrangement is used. arrangement is used.
CSI can be used for electrical equipment that needs
the control of current value, particularly in
controlled-torque drives.
CSI is unpopular because of the large input
inductor and the requirement in a resistive-
capacitor load.