HANDBOOK OF EQUATIONS, TABLES

AND CHARTS FOR

ME3122/ME3122E HEAT TRANSFER











Department of Mechanical Engineering
National University of Singapore
1

CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER

1
st
law of thermodynamics: W Q dU o o =

Conduction:

Convection:

Radiation: where
-4 -2 8
K Wm 10 67 5

= . o

Control Volume:


Surface:


Heat Conduction Equation:

Cartesian:




Cylindrical:




Spherical:



2

One-Dimensional Walls









Fin Equations:

kA / hP m m
dx
d
= =
2 2
2
2
where 0 u
u
which has the general solution
mx mx
e C e C
2 1
+ =

u .

Fin Efficiency:

Fin Effectiveness:

Overall Surface Efficiency: ( )
f
t
f
t
t
max
t
o
A
NA
hA
q
q
q
q
u
q = = 1 1
0
where
unfinned f t
A NA A + = .
3







Lumped Capacitance Method:

,

, , ,


Other Equations (Thermal Properties):

Solids:

Free electrons:

Gases:

Joule heating: R I E
g
2
=

Interfaces:

Heat wave speed:

Two semi-infinite solids touch:

4

CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER

All symbols have their usual meaning.

Constants
Gravitational acceleration: g = 9.81 m/s
2

Specific gas constant for air: R = 287 J/kgK

Definitions
Kinematic viscosity, v /
Thermal diffusivity, /
p
c k o
Volumetric thermal expansion coefficient,
T T
p
1 1
=
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

| for an ideal gas.

General









Dimensionless Groups













( )

=
=

=
u c
h
Pr Re
Nu
St
Pr Gr Ra
L T T g
Gr
k / hL Nu
/ Pr
/ VL / VL Re
p
x
x
x
x
L L
s
L
L
L

v
|
o v
v
Number, Stanton
Number, Rayleigh
Number, Grashof
Number, Nusselt
Number, Prandtl
Number, Reynolds
2
3
( )
T c m
y
u
V A m
RT pv
T T h q
p
c
s

=
c
c
=
=
=
= ' '

section a gh flux throu energy Thermal
stress, Shear
rate, flow Mass
: law gas Ideal
Cooling, of Law s Newton'
t

5


2D Continuity Equation:


2D x-Momentum Equation:


2D Energy Equation:


where viscous dissipation,


2D Boundary Layer Equations:

x-Momentum Equation:


Energy Equation:


Integral Momentum Equation:


Integral Energy Equation:


Forced Convection Over External Surfaces

Generally,
n m
Pr Re C Nu =


Forced Convection Over a Flat Plate:

For constant , .

0 =
c
c
+
c
c
y
v
x
u
X
y
u
x
u
x
p
y
u
v
x
u
u +
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
2
2
2
2

q
y
T
x
T
k
y
T
v
x
T
u c
p
+ u +
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c

2
2
2
2

(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
= u
2
2
2
2
y
v
x
u
x
v
y
u

2
2
y
u
y
u
v
x
u
u
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
v

2
2
y
T
y
T
v
x
T
u
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
o
0
0
) (
=

c
c
=
}
y
y
u
dy u u u
dx
d
o

( )
0
0
=

c
c
=
(

}
y
y
T
dy T T u
dx
d t
o
o
6

Uniform Surface Temperature (Isothermal):

1 1

0
} }
= =
L
x
A
x
dx h
L
dA h
A
h
For laminar flow (
5
Re 5 10
x
s ):
; 5
3 1 2 1
= = Pr Re x
t x
o o o





For turbulent flow (
5
Re 5 10
x
> ):
Pr 0296 0 ; 0592 0 ; 37 0
3
1
5
1
5 4 5 1
x x x x , f x turb
Re . Nu Re . C Re x . = = =

o

For mixed boundary layer conditions (
5
10 5 >
L
Re ):




Uniform Surface Heat Flux (Isoflux):
For laminar flow (
5
Re 5 10
x
s ):
For turbulent flow (
5
Re 5 10
x
> ):
3
1
Pr 0308 0
5 4
x x
Re . Nu =


For Unheated Starting Length, x
o
, with laminar flow for both isothermal and isoflux
conditions:




Forced Convection Across Long Cylinders:



where C and m are given by






Re
D
C m
0.4-4 0.989 0.330
4-40 0.911 0.385
40-4000 0.683 0.466
4000-40,000 0.193 0.618
40,000-400,000 0.027 0.805
3
1
2
1
3
1
2
1
664 0 ; 332 0 Pr Re .
k
L h
Nu Pr Re . Nu
L L x x
= =
) 871 037 0 ( ; 1742 074 0
8 0 1 5 1
3
1
= =
.
L L L L L , f
Re . Pr
k
L h
Nu Re Re . C
3
1
2
1
453 0 Pr Re . Nu
x x
=
2
1
2
1
328 1 ; 664 0
2
2

= =
x L , f x
x , s
x , f
Re . C Re .
/ u
C

t
( ) | |
3 1
4 3
0
1

=
= x / x Nu Nu
o
x
x x
o
3 1
Pr Re C
k
D h
Nu
m
D
D =
7

Forced Convection Across Spheres:



where all properties are evaluated at the free-stream temperature, except
s
, which is
evaluated at the surface temperature of the sphere.


Forced Convection Across Non-Circular Cylinders

where C and m are given by





Forced Convection Across Tube Banks




where all properties, except Pr
s
, are evaluated at the average of the fluid inlet and outlet
temperatures, Re
D,max
is based on the maximum fluid velocity, and C
1
and m are given in the
table below for number of tube rows for various aligned and staggered arrangements
of tubes.

( )
4 1
4 0 3 2 2 1
06 0 4 0 2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + = =
s
.
D D D

Pr Re . Re .
k
D h
Nu
3 1
Pr Re C
k
D h
Nu
m
D
D =
4 1
36 0
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
s
. m
max , D D
Pr
Pr
Pr Re C Nu
8


(a) Aligned tube rows (b) Staggered tube rows




For : where C
2
for various is given in the table
below:




( )
( )
( )
( ) 20 2 20 > <
=
L L
N D N D
Nu C Nu
9

Forced Convection in Tubes and Ducts

Friction factor,

Perimeter Wetted
Area sectional - Cross 4
Diameter, Hydraulic

h
D

For thermally fully-developed condition:


Laminar Flow (Re
D
s 2300):
Fully developed velocity profile:


where mean fluid velocity,

Friction factor, f = 64/Re
D


Nu and f for Fully-Developed Laminar Flow in Tubes of Various Cross-Sections

dx
dp r
r
m
u
m
t 8
2
0
2
0
= =

(

=
2
0
2
1 2
) (
r
r
u
r u
m
( )
2
or
2
2
2
m
m
u
D
L
f p
/ u
D dx / dp
f =

0
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
=
(

c
c
x T x T
x , r T x T
x
m s
s
10

Turbulent Flow (Re
D
> 2300):

For smooth tubes and ducts, the Dittus-Boelter equation:
with n = 0.4 for heating of fluid, and n = 0.3 for cooling of fluid

Friction factor for smooth tubes: ( )
2
64 1 790 0

= . Re ln . f
D


Friction factor for rough tubes of roughness e : ( ) | |
2
9 0
74 5 7 3 325 1

+ =
.
D
Re / . D . / e ln . f


Reynolds-Colburn Analogy

For flow over a flat plate:

For flow in a tube or duct:



FREE CONVECTION

Generally,
( ) ( ) flow. ent for turbul 3 1 and flow, laminar for 4 1 with = = = = m m Ra C Pr Gr C Nu
m
L
m
L L



Laminar Free Convection on an Isothermal Vertical Plate:

Boundary layer momentum equation:

Integral Momentum Equation for Free Convection BL:



Boundary layer thickness,

Critical Ra = 10
9
.

Free Convection from an Isothermal Sphere



n
D D
Pr Re . Nu
h h
5 4
023 0 =
2 ; 2
3 2 3 2
/ C Pr . St / C Pr . St
L , f L x , f x
= =
8
3 2
/ f Pr . St =
( )
2
2
y
u
T T g
y
u
v
x
u
u
c
c
+ =
c
c
+
c
c

v |
( )
} }

+
c
c
= |
.
|

\
|
o o
|
0 0
2
dy T T g
y
u
dy u
dx
d
s
( )
4 1 4 1 2 1
952 0 93 3

+ =
x
Gr Pr . Pr x . o
( )
5 4 1
10 1 for 43 0 2 < < + =
D
/
D D
Gr Pr Gr .
k
D h
Nu
11


Free Convection from Isothermal Planes and Cylinders


Free Convection from a Vertical Plate with Constant Surface Heat Flux





where




( ) ( )
m
L
m
L L
Ra C Pr Gr C Nu = =
Geometry Gr
L
Pr C m
Characteristic
Length
Vertical plane and cylinder
10
4
10
9
0.59 1/4
Height
10
9
10
13
0.10 1/3
Horizontal cylinder
10
-10


10
-2
0.68 0.058
Diameter
10
-2


10
2
1.02 0.148
10
2
10
4
0.85 0.188
10
4
10
9
0.53 1/4
10
9
10
12
0.13 1/3
Hot surface facing up or
cold surface facing down
10
4
10
7
0.54 1/4
Area/Perimeter
10
7
10
11
0.15 1/3
Hot surface facing down or
cold surface facing up
10
5
10
11
0.27 1/4 Area/Perimeter
( )
( )
16 13
4
1
11 5
5
1
10 10 2 for 17 0 : Turbulent
10 10 for 60 0 : Laminar
< < =
< < =
Pr * Gr Pr * Gr . Nu
Pr * Gr Pr *. Gr .
k
x h
Nu
x x x
x x
x
x
2
4
k
x q g
.Nu Gr * Gr
s
x x x
' '
= =
|
12

RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER

Solid angle:
2
/ r A
n
= e , | u u e d d sin = d
Radiation: where
-4 -2 8
K Wm 10 67 5

= . o

( )
( )( )
sur s sur s r
sur s r
"
rad
T T T T h
T T h q
+ + =
=
2 2
co


Spectral directional Intensity:


Diffuse emitter:

Blackbody:
4
) ( T T E
b
o =
Spectral black body emissive power
| |
) .
) T / C exp(
C
) T , ( E
b ,
m (W/m
1
2
2
5
1

=
m.K 10 439 1 and /m m W. 10 742 3 where
4
2
2 4 8
1
= = . C . C



Weins displacement law: m.K 2898
max
= T
Emissivity of real surfaces:


4
) ( ) ( ) ( T T E T T E
b
co c = =
Absorptivity of surface:

G G
abs
o =

Semitransparent medium: 1 = + + t o


13

Black Body Radiation Functions


14

View factors:





( )
3 2
1 3 3 1 2 2
1 3 2
A A
F A F A
F
,
+
+
=

Radiation exchange between black-body surfaces:


Radiation network approach:
( )
( )
resistance spatial 1 re whe
1
resistance surface 1 where
1
12 1
12 1
2 1
12
=

=
=

=
F A /
F A /
J J
q
A /
A /
J E
q
b
c c
c c


Radiation Exchange Network for a Two-Surface Enclosure





( )
2 2
2
2 1 1 1 1
1
4
2
4
1
12
1 1 1
A F A A
T T
q
,
c
c
c
c
o

+ +

=
15


View factor for aligned parallel rectangles



View factor for coaxial parallel disks

16


View factor for perpendicular rectangles with common edge


HEAT EXCHANGERS

Log Mean Temperature Difference,
( )
i o
i o
lm
T / T ln
T T
T
A A
A A
= A

where
fi
R' ' and
fi
R' ' are fouling factors.








Capacity rate,
p
c m C , is infinite for a condensing or boiling fluid.
o o o
fo
w
i
fi
i i
B A
A h A
R
R
A
R
A h
T T
q
1 1
+
' '
+ +
' '
+

=
exchanger heat in difference ature Max temper
fluid) (minimum
rate fer heat trans possible Max
rate fer heat trans Actual
ess, Effectiven
T
= c
( )
( )
max
min
max
min
Ratio, Rate Capacity
C
C
c m
c m
C
r
= =

nits) Transfer U of (Number NTU C / UA

min

17

Correction Factor Charts
































lm
T UAF q =
Correction Factor for Heat Exchanger with One Shell
Pass and Two (or Multiples of Two) Tube Passes.
Correction Factor for Heat Exchanger with Two Shell
Passes and Four (or Multiples of Four) Tube Passes.
18


































Correction Factor for Single Pass Cross-Flow Heat
Exchangers with the Shell Side Fluid Mixed, and the
Other Fluid Unmixed.
Correction Factor for a Single Pass Cross-Flow
Heat Exchanger with Both Fluids Unmixed.
19

c-NTU Charts for Heat Exchangers


Effectiveness of parallel flow heat exchangers Effectiveness of counterflow heat exchangers








Effectiveness of Heat Exchangers with One Shell
Pass and Two (or Multiples of Two) Tube Passes.
Effectiveness of Heat Exchangers with Two Shell
Passes and Four (or Multiples of Four) Tube Passes.
20








Effectiveness of Single-Pass Cross-Flow Heat
Exchangers with Both Fluids Unmixed.
Effectiveness of Single-Pass Cross-Flow Heat
Exchangers with One Fluid Mixed, and the
Other Unmixed.
21

Heat Exchanger Effectiveness Relations


Heat Exchanger NTU Relations

Use the above two equations with