Copyright IICE-2014 Published by Infonomics Society ISBN: 978-1-908320-25-4

IICE-2014
Edited By
Charles A. Shoniregun
Galyna A. Akmayeva
Ireland International Conference on Education
October 27-30, 2014, Dublin, Ireland
www.iicedu.org
IICE-2014 Proceedings
Contents Page Executive Committees Invited Workshop PhD/Doctorate Consortium
Welcome Speech Keynote Speakers Workshops Sessions
Ireland International Conference on Education (IICE-2014)
October 27-30, 2014, Dublin, Ireland
Bewleys Hotel Ballsbridge
Marrion Road
Ballsbridge
Dublin 4
Ireland
Copyright IICE-2014 Published by Infonomics Society ISBN 978-1-908320-25-4 2
Flipping Advice for Beginners: What I Have Learned So Far
(Author: Craig McBride)
233
Instructional Design of Collaborative Studies for Problem-Based Learning in English
(Authors: Yoshinori Naruse, Akiko Nagayama)
240
Effects of High-Stakes Testing on Elementary Classroom Practice
(Author: Linda Mabry)
244
Session 11: Curriculum, Research and Development
251
Library Education in Schools: The Case of Eleven Selected Schools in Mtubatuba, South Africa
(Author: Veli Jiyane)
252
Comparison of French-Canadian Children with Other Samples of Children Using the Medical Symptom Validity Test
(Author: Hlne Flamand)
253
The Use of Intercultural Simulation for Teaching Cultural Competence to Pre-Service Teachers
(Author: Sharon Matthews)
254
An Appraisal of the Information Needs of Home-based and Cross-border Distance Students in Botswana
(Author: Olugbade Oladokun)
259
Session 12: Language Education
265
Topic Selection and Development in Learner Native Speaker Voice-Based Telecollaborative Discourse
(Author: Anne Barron)
266
Third Year Level South African University Students Competence of English Indirect Statements and Sequence of Tenses
(Author: Matodzi Nancy Lambani)
269
Dual Language Learners in Early Childhood: Literacy through Language
(Authors: Mary Ann Cahill, Anne E. Gregory)
270
Language-induced Cultural Conflict: Are Schools in Mining Towns in Zimbabwe Strategic in Averting Cultural Conflict?
(Authors: Daniel Madzanire, Corinne Meier)
272
Session 13: ICT Education
281
Reliability and Validity of Social Media Toolkit
(Authors: Selcan Kilis, Christian Rapp, Yasemin Glbahar)
282
Constructing Identities in an Online Forum of a South African University
(Authors: Louise Postma, A. Seugnet Blignaut)
288
Supporting the development of Cloud Computing skills in SMEs through Training and Mentoring
(Authors: Ileana Hamburg, Emma O Brien)
295
Formative Accompaniment Border in E-Learning: Integration between LMS and PLE
(Authors: Ivanildo Jos de Melo Filho, Alex Sandro Gomes, Rosngela Saraiva Carvalho, Enio Luiz Costa Tavares)
302
Session 14: Global Issues in Education
306
Four Portuguese Educational Guides on Gender and Citizenship
(Authors: Cristina C. Vieira, Teresa Alvarez, Teresa Pinto)
307
The Boys in the Back Room Meet the Liberals under the Bed: Politics and Childrens Literature
(Author: Hilary Pollack)
308
Israeli National Security and Palestinian Education after the Intifadas
(Author: Jeffrey S. Burwell, S.J.)
313
Learning by listening to African women's voices in Australia
(Author: Susie Costello)
318
Copyright IICE-2014 Published by Infonomics Society ISBN 978-1-908320-25-4 7
Formative Accompaniment Border in E-Learning: Integration between
LMS and PLE
Ivanildo Jos de Melo Filho
IFPE Belo Jardim Campus Brazil
UFPE Informatics Centre Brazil
Alex Sandro Gomes
UFPE Informatics Centre Brazil
Rosngela Saraiva Carvalho
UFPE Informatics Centre Brazil
Enio Luiz Costa Tavares
IF Serto Ouricuri Campus Brazil
Abstract
This paper aims to introduce a conclusion of an
initial study and make way for reflection on existing
limitations and difficulties in the Learning
Management System (LMS) literature opposing the
Personal Learning Environment (PLE). The revision
which was done assures the existing limitations in
the LMS, besides indicating that the researches
related to the formative accompaniment of the
learners activities in e-learning coming from this
possible integration are absent. Moreover, 03 (three)
integrating sceneries were identified and are
introduced. From these results, a scenario is
proposed and introduced the concept of social
mechanism for the formative accompaniment
activities in e-learning. After that, two questions are
introduced. They are part of the follow-up step of
this investigation for discussing with this community.
1. Introduction
One of the most representative tools in the field of
e-learning is the LMS [1]. According to [2], the LMS
are controlled and managed by teaching institutions.
They can be found in almost all the institutions, and
consequently, students, tutors, and teachers use them.
To [3] the LMS is widely established and must stay
in the learning field. It means that, whichever it is the
teaching modality, this tool is completely
consolidated in the educational range. Although,
despite its extensive acceptance, [4] call our attention
to the fact it has not reached the expected
improvements. To [1], the fundamental reasons to
this panorama are related to:
The learning process ought to be focused on
the learner not on the institution or even the
course [5].
In the necessity to offer lifelong learning
support to learners [6].
It is essential to consider the informal learning
and the support to 2.0 tools which foster this
learning pattern [7].
The learning systems must be able to proceed
with the new technologies [8].
The LMS became prominent 20 years ago, in
view of the World Wide Web general use [9].
According to the authors, The technologies which
are used by LMS have a standard specification,
whether they are commercial, for instance the
WebCT, REDU and Blackborad or Open Source as
the Moodle, A Tutor and LMS AMADEUS among
other ones. Whichever the perspective, they all
introduce basically similar functionalities and a set of
pedagogical approaches which may be developed.
These environments intrinsically have the
characteristic of providing a set of benefits to
students and employees at an institution. To those
who manage an LMS environment it is allowed to
provide a set of tools that enable the addition of new
contents, a cut-off of an existing content in order to
create new courses. The student is managed
efficiently, besides offering a unique integration
point with the students records systems.
However, the LMS are considered a conservative
technology, it happens due to the fact they are
idealised to be a solution to a set of institutional
problems. Whether it is in the learners management,
or it is in providing the tools, or even it is in
delivering the contents. From this point of view, the
LMS work efficiently to the necessities of the
institutions. On the other hand, according to [9], they
are frequently badly adapted to the learners
necessities.
In the attempt to solve these problems the PLE
arise. These learning environments are idealised to
Copyright IICE-2014 Published by Infonomics Society ISBN 978-1-908320-25-4 302
be able to fulfil the brand new necessities, although,
it is necessary to consider how to integrate formal
tendencies, and informal ones in the learning
process. It is assured by [1] that the PLE represent an
opportunity to management, searching for higher
efficiency in the learning process.
A lot of PLE solutions in a wide array of fields
are conceived to the learning support, although, a
great number of them are focused on providing
autonomy to learners, without keeping any relation
to the systematic monitoring of their activities out of
the LMS environment.
In the pursuit of his research [10], introduce the
potentials associated to the PLEs and He exposes
that this kind of technology is in itself a type of
increasing phenomenon, and it has attracted the
interest in the e-learning field due to its
multidimensional characteristic. Up to 2006, the
definition to the PLE term remained unclear, that is
what assures [11]. The author shows that the concept
about what must compose a PLE depends on the
viewpoint and its use.
It suggests that the priorities to an PLE propose
themselves to be different to an undergraduate
student, a technical education student, to a university
coordinator, to a professor, to an specific assignment,
or even to any individual who looks for an
alternative way of learning during ones lifetime.
This paper aims to introduce a conclusion of an
initial study and make way for reflection on existing
limitations and difficulties in the Learning
Management System (LMS) literature opposing the
Personal Learning Environment (PLE). Besides the
introduction to the limitations, it is also discussed
and introduced the integration possibilities and how
important they are in the learners formative
accompaniment in e-learning.
This work is organised as it follows: section 2 is
about the LMS limitations facing the PLE
possibilities. Section 3 introduces the perspectives of
the ongoing research. And, eventually, section 4
comes up with some final considerations on this
research.

2. LMS: Limitations and Integrating
Perspective

The limitation characteristics of the LMS have
been discussed since 2001, when [12] evinced that
architectures based on LMS do not meet the
students learning needs completely during their
lives, hampering them to manage their own learning.
Moreover, these architectures do not seem adequate
to provide the learners with continuity, even if it is
temporary, once they themselves are unplugged from
these environments. The authors [13] reinforces that
the LMS are mainly tools to deliver and organise the
content built up by the teacher to the course,
placing the students at a very passive role, simply as
followers of the modules of a course at a pre-
determined rhythm.
In step with [5] the authors complement that the
PLE are on the way to bring two institutional walls
down, making solutions essential to integrate the
institutional and non-institutional worlds, which
means the formal, not formal, and in the informal
learning process. However, some determined tasks
need to be done because of some difficulties shown
in Table 1 keep on existing in the relation.
Table 1. Difficulties associated with the
process of integration between LMS and
PLE Adapted [1]
Difficulties Description
Interoperability
The LMS have difficulties to
add interoperability patterns [3].
Integration of
activities
The formation of integration of
activities between LMS and
PLE are not adequate, once the
PLE are conceived to
representation, sorting, and
accompaniment in other
platforms [14].
Traceability
Difficulties in the traceability of
the user activities in the PLE.
Therefore, it generates
problems in the activities which
are considered formal [15].
Single-sign-on
execution
The difficulty to establish a
unique entry point among the
systems involved [16].
Security
Difficulties to ensure the
security of information due to
lack of interoperability [17].
In light of the diversity of resources, solutions and
existing device make the coexistence possible
between the PLE and LMS in order to promote its
integration has been a continuous challenge in the
scientific community. To [2], bringing flexibility and
extensibility to the LMS is crucial, this is because it
provides a free choice of Technologies and
pedagogical material to teachers and learners in their
courses.
Even according to [1] there are lots of initiatives,
although, none of them provide efficient methods to
assure a complete integration and interaction in
between LMS and PLE. To that extend [14]
proposed 3 (three) sceneries to the coexistence:
Scenery 1: Parallel existence of the LMS and
the PLE. The PLE is a kind of dominant
conception in informal learning environments
or even in learning based on competences.
Meanwhile, the LMS would remain as a key
technology of the formal teaching systems.
Scenery 2: The LMS would make available
its structures, establishing an interoperability
with the PLE.
Copyright IICE-2014 Published by Infonomics Society ISBN 978-1-908320-25-4 303
Scenery 3: Adding the PLE characteristics to
LMS ones, this way, allowing in this way to
incorporate the existing transforming power in
the PLE.
Based on proposals which belongs to [14], [1]
shows that Scenery 1 does not considerate the
integration, simply the simultaneous companionship.
Scenery 2 refers to the releasing of the LMS
throughout Web services and interoperability
initiatives, such as: initiatives based on iGoogle,
social networks connected to the LMS, possibility to
the LMS to offer support to the implementation of
interoperability specifications, for instance the IMS,
the PLE could be conceived with a specific protocol
of communication [10]. Or even to have the
integration based on Service Oriented Architecture
(SOA). Finally, Scenery 3, in which [1] calls the
attention to the fact that he considers the external
tool integrations in the LMS. This way, the learners
could not be able to decide which tools would be
used, this way being restricted to institutional
decisions.

3. Research Perspectives

The authors [18] emphasize that different LMS
offer different affordances and pedagogical design
for learning interactions, which results in difference
learning interaction patterns. They also add that with
the emergence of a new era in LMS a new set of
affordances is needed to support the appropriate
learning interactions.
It is known that formal teaching institutions
practise in their courses a traditional way of
evaluation, where at the end of each module or at the
end of the course grades are given. Within the
researched literature, it was not identified any aspect
directly related to the formative accompaniment of
the learners with activities when they are out of their
formal learning environments. In this research, it is
understood that formative accompaniment is the
possibility in which the teacher or the tutor is able to
arrange to his pupils activities that could be done out
of the LMS.
This context allows us to understand the
importance of the link the LMS must have with the
PLE. Provide conditions that enable the teacher or
even the tutor to keep up with the learners along their
path, mainly in activities out of the LMS
environment which are related to activities in their
formal courses.
Due to the vast number of possibilities which may
be created using the PLE, its process of analysis,
accompaniment, and evaluation, from both the
operational point of view in which the tools will be
selected and used, and also in the accompaniment of
the learners on which activities in their PLEs have
been done and that have a link with the current
activities in the virtual learning environments.
The next step of this research seeks to exclusively
investigate the phenomena arising from the inclusion
of a social mechanism represented by Figure 1
between the educational contexts in order to enable
teachers and/or tutors have grants or indicators for
accompaniment individual or group. The proposed
mechanism is according to the recommendations
[19]. Furthermore, allow to realize who is struggling
in the learning process, and finally, which facilitates
in-depth analysis of the formative accompaniment,
allowing actions to be taken as profile and learning
context of the learners.


Figure 1. Social mechanism for formative
accompaniment between LMS and PLE

The 4 elements are represented in Figure 1 and
consists in the next step in this research setting. In
the figure, the indication "1" is related the LMS in
formal courses or courses in the distance or blended
learning. The indication 2 represent the
introduction of a social mechanism that would enable
the formative accompaniment in formal courses in
distance education enabled by the integration of
these educational contexts. This step consists in the
conception and design of social mechanism and it
has 3 phases namely: Phase 01 Defining
integration technologies and architecture; Phase 02
Designing and validating prototypes; Phase 03
Generate functional prototype. The indication "3"
shows the user in this research considers that it
interacts with both the LMS, as for other tools on the
web or mobile devices represented by indication
"4" in the pursuit of their learning.
In this context, two questions are released and
consist in the following step of this study: to what
extend the integration of educational contexts
between LMS and PLE would allow teachers/tutors
the adequate formative accompaniment out of the
LMS in professional education courses? Then,
similarly, being an element that contributes with the
link to promote organisation to their learning
activities?

Copyright IICE-2014 Published by Infonomics Society ISBN 978-1-908320-25-4 304
4. Conclusions
Once it is about an ongoing work, the proposed
social mechanism finds itself in a continuous process
of development. It is believed that at the end of the
performance of the steps which were defined to its
conception, units or functional stages are conceived,
this way, generating the conceptual pattern of the
social mechanism to the formative accompaniment in
e-learning.
5. References
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