Viscous Flow

MECH5001
(P01)
Edgar A. Matida
Department of Mechanical &
Aerospace Engineering
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Equations of Motion
3. Boundary Layer Equations
4. Laminar Boundary Layers
5. Boundary Layer Stability and Transition
6. Turbulent Boundary Layers
7. Calculation of Turbulent Boundary Layers
8. Compressible Boundary Layers
9. 3-D Boundary Layers
10. Current Capabilities
Objectives
Analytical and numerical methods for viscous
flow analysis
Report findings (assignments & term project)
Evaluation
60% - Homework Assignments (not all equally
weighted)
30% - Term Project
10% - Participation


Recommended Literature
White, F. M., Viscous Fluid Flow, Third Edition,
McGraw-Hill
Accommodations
Students with disabilities requiring academic
accommodations in this course are encouraged
to contact the Paul Menton Centre for Students
with Disabilities (500 University Centre) to
complete the necessary forms. After registering
with the Centre, make an appointment to meet
with me in order to discuss your needs at least
two weeks before the first in-class test or CUTV
midterm exam. This will allow for sufficient time
to process your request.
Viscosity
Viscosity is important when
Velocity is very low (creeping flow)
Velocity gradients are changing rapidly (shear flows),
for example
Boundary layers
Jets
Wakes
Mixing Layers
Basics Concepts
A) Solid versus fluid
For a solid, stress is proportional to strain
For a fluid, stress is proportional to the rate of strain
For a simple parallel laminar shear flow (Couette flow)





Where is the shear stress, du/dy is the rate of shear
strain, and is the viscosity
y d
u d
Newtonian fluid: linear relationship
Basic Concepts
B) Continuum
Fluid properties (P, , T, ) are treated as
continuous even though they reflect molecule
properties
Pressure is a measure of molecular momentum
Temperature is a measure of molecular kinetic energy
Continuum approach is valid except at very low
densities
Basic Concepts
C) Equation of State for Gases
For gases, only 2 of P, T, and are independent
They are linked by the equation of state
The perfect gas law will be used in this course





Where M is the molecular weight of the gas
K kg
J
287
K kmol
kJ
314 . 8 where
air
R
R
M
R
R
T R P
Basic Concepts
D) No-Slip Condition
Surface irregularities and intermolecular forces
prevent relative motion at a solid surface
Due to viscosity, velocity cannot change
discontinuously thus a thin boundary layer
develops over which the velocity varies from the
wall value to the freestream value
Basic Concepts
Temperature dependence
Role of Viscosity in High Reynolds
Number Flows
The Reynolds number is the ratio between
inertial ( u
2
) and viscous stresses ( u/ y) given
by
UL
Re
Role of Viscosity in Low Reynolds
Number Flows
Creeping Flow

Viscous forces are important everywhere in the fluid

Low velocities and high viscosities (liquid metal melts)
Very small length scales (micro-organisms, dispersion
of particulate matter, microfluidic devices)
) 1 ( Re O
UL
Re
Role of Viscosity in High Reynolds
Number Flows
For most problems on a human scale:
Re = 2 x 10
4
: water flow in a 2.5-cm-diameter bathroom
supply pipe
Re = 2 x 10
5
: for a baseball thrown by a major league pitcher
Re = 1 x 10
7
: car at highway speeds
Re = 5 x 10
7
: modest river (Reynolds based on width)
Re = 2 x 10
8
: commercial jet airplane wing (Reynolds based
on chord length)
Re~10
12
: For a typical atmospheric low pressure system
Role of Viscosity in High Reynolds
Number Flows
For flows with Reynolds number much larger
than unity, viscous forces will be important only
in the regions with small length scales or over
very long convective time scales
The length scale ratio (boundary layer thickness
versus height) for a channel flow is
) (Re
2 / 1
O
L
Role of Viscosity in High Reynolds
Number Flows
Viscous forces are important everywhere in a
turbulent flow, but only at small scales of
motion
The ratio of the smallest to the largest length
scales of a turbulent flow is
) (Re
4 / 3
O
L
Viscous Flow Unsteady Simulation
Velocity field using LES (Large Eddy
Simulation, Ilie, 2005)





2-D simulation using 16 processors during a
week (approximately 1.2 million elements)
Review
Standard vector algebra
Mass, momentum, and energy conservations
Vector Algebra
A+B=C, A-B=D
Scalar product
Note that the scalar product of two vectors is a scalar
Vector product (cross product)


Where G is perpendicular to the plane of A and B and
in a direction which obeys the right-hand rule
Note that the vector product of two vectors is a vector

cos | | | | B A B A
G e B A B A ) sin | | | (|
Orthogonal Coordinate System
A point P in space is located by specifying the three
coordinates (x,y,z)
The point can also be located by the position vector r

Where i, j, and k are unit vectors
If A is a vector, then
k j i r z y x
k j i A
z y x
A A A
Scalar and Velocity Fields
Pressure, density, and temperature are scalar
quantities
A scalar quantity given as a function of
coordinate space and time t is called a scalar
field
) , , , (
) , , , (
) , , , (
1
1
1
t z y x T T
t z y x
t z y x p p
Scalar and Velocity Fields
Velocity is a vector quantity


Where


is the vector field for V in the Cartesian space
k j i V
z y x
V V V
) , , , (
) , , , (
) , , , (
t z y x V V
t z y x V V
t z y x V V
z z
y y
x x
Scalar and Velocity Fields
The scalar and vector products can be written in
terms of the components of each vector
Having
And
Then
And
k j A
z y x
A A Ai
k j i B
z y x
B B B
z z y y x x
B A B A B A B A
) ( ) ( ) (
x y y x z x x z y z z y
z y x
z y x
B A B A B A B A B A B A
B B B
A A A k j i
k j i
B A
Gradient of a Scalar Field
The gradient of p, , at a given point in space
is defined as a vector such that
Its magnitude is the maximum rate of change of p
per unit length of the coordinate space at the given
point
Its direction is that of maximum rate of change of p
at the given point


p
Gradient of a Scalar Field
The magnitude of is the rate of change of p per
unit length in the direction from this point along which
p changes the most.
A line along which sigma p is tangent at every point is
defined as a gradient line.
At any point, the gradient line is perpendicular to the
isoline.

p
Gradient of a Scalar Field
Consider a gradient of p at a point (x,y). The rate of
change of p per unit length in some arbitrary s direction
is


Here n is a unit vector in the s direction
The expression for the gradient of p is
n p
ds
dp
) , , ( z y x p p
k j i
z
p
y
p
x
p
p
Divergence of a Vector Field
Consider a fluid element of fixed mass moving
along a streamline with velocity V
As the fluid element moves through space, its
volume will, in general, change
Divergence of a Vector Field
The time rate of change of the volume of a
moving fluid element of fixed mass, per unit
volume of that element, is equal to the
divergence of V

k j i V V
z y x
V V V z y x ) , , (
z
V
y
V
x
V
z
y
x
V
Curl of a Vector Field
Consider the same fluid element of fixed mass
moving along a streamline with velocity V
It is possible that this fluid element is rotating
with an angular velocity as it translates along
the streamline
Curl of a Vector Field
The angular velocity, , is equal to one-half of
the curl of V
k j i V V
z y x
V V V z y x ) , , (
y
V
x
V
x
V
z
V
z
V
y
V
V V V
z y x
x
y
z x
y
z
z y x
k j i
k j i
V
Line Integrals
Consider a vector field
Consider a curve C connecting two points a and b
Let ds be the elemental length of the curve and n be a
unit vector tangent to the curve
Then the line integral from point a to b is


) , , ( z y x A A
ds n ds
a
b
ds A
Line Integrals
If the curve C is closed
Where the counterclockwise direction around C
is positive


C
ds A
Surface Integrals
Consider an open surface S bounded by a closed curve C
At point P, let dS be an elemental area of the surface and n
be a unit vector normal to the surface
The orientation of n is in direction according to the right-
hand rule for a movement along C
The vector elemental area is

dS n dS
Surface Integrals
The surface integral can be defined in three ways
1) Surface integral of a scalar p over the open
surface S (the result is a vector)

2) Surface integral of a vector A over the open
surface S (the result is a scalar)

3) Surface integral of a vector A over the open
surface S (the result is a vector)
dS
S
p
dS A
S
dS A
S
Surface Integrals
If the surface S is closed (spheres, cubes, etc.), n
will point out of the surface, and
dS
S
p
S
dS A
S
dS A
Volume Integrals
Volume integral of a
scalar over the volume
V (the result is a scalar)


Volume integral of a
vector A over the
volume V (the result is a
vector)
V
dV
V
dV A
Relations
Stokes theorem



Divergence theorem



Gradient theorem



dS A ds A
S
C
) (
V S
dV ) ( A dS A
V S
dV p p dS
Models of Fluid
Three Fundamental Principles
Mass is conserved
Newtons second law
Energy is conserved
Determine a suitable model of the fluid
finite control volume
infinitesimal fluid element
molecular
Apply the principles to the model
Models of Fluid
Finite Control Volume
Finite control volume fixed in space with the fluid
moving through it
Finite control volume moving with the fluid such
that the same fluid particles are always in the same
control volume
Models of Fluid
Infinitesimal Fluid Element
Infinitesimal fluid element fixed in space with the
fluid moving through it
Infinitesimal fluid element moving along a
streamline with the velocity V equal to the local flow
velocity at each point
Models of Fluid
Molecular
The fundamental laws are applied directly to the
atoms and molecules, and statistical averaging is used
to define the fluid properties