PART I.

INFLECTION.
151. INFLECTION is a change in the form of a word, made to express its relation to other
words. It includes the declension of nouns, adjecties, and pronouns, and the conjugation of
er!s.
152. Eer" inflected word has a fundamental part, which is called the stem. To this are
appended arious letters or s"lla!les, to form cases, tenses, persons, num!ers, etc.
153. #ost words contain a still more primitie element than the stem, which is called the root. Thus, the stem
of the er! $ %&', honor, is $ %(), and that of the noun $ %*, is $ % )+ that of $,-./, pa"ment, is $.-.), that of
$,%.0/, held in honor, is $.%,0), that of $,%1%( 2$.%*%($0/3, aluation, is $.%1%($)+ !ut all these stems are
deeloped from one root, $.), which is seen pure in the er! $,)', honor. In $,', therefore, the er! stem and the
root are the same.
154. The stem itself ma" !e modified and assume arious forms in different parts of a noun or er!. Thus the
same er! stem ma" in different tense stems appear as 4.5)+ 46.5), and 40.5) 2see 7893. :o the same noun stem
ma" appear as $ % ), $ % ), and $ %1) 2;<=3.
155. There are three numbers> the singular, the dual, and the plural. The singular denotes
one o!ject, the plural more than one. The dual is sometimes used to denote two o!jects, !ut
een here the plural is more common.
156. There are three genders+ the masculine, the feminine, and the neuter.
157. ?. The grammatical gender in @reeA is er" often different from the natural gender. Especiall" man"
names of things are masculine or feminine. B @reeA noun is called masculine, feminine, or neuter, when it
reCuires an adjectie or article to taAe the form adapted to either of these genders, and the adjectie or article is
then said to hae the gender of the corresponding noun+ thus 6 DE
F
/ 50$(%G/, the !road rier 2masc.3, H(41
F
0 H, , the !eautiful house 2fem.3, $0 $0 $0
F
5D I%(, this thing 2neut.3.
The gender of a noun is often indicated !" prefixing the article 2J=<3 + as 2 3 K*D, man+ 2 3 IEK*, woman+ 2$0
F
3
5D I%(, thing.
158. Nouns which ma" !e either masculine or feminine are said to !e of the common gender> as 2 , 3 L6G/,
@od or @oddess. Names of animals which include !oth sexes, !ut hae onl" one grammatical gender, are called
epicene 2 5,H0.K0/3+ as 6$G/, the eagle+ 4M51N, the fox+ !oth including males and females.
159. The gender must often !e learned !" o!seration. Out
2;3 Names of males are generall" masculine, and names of females feminine.
2P3 #ost names of rivers, winds, and months are masculine+ and most names of countries, towns, trees, and
islands are feminine.
2J3 #ost nouns denoting qualities or conditions are feminine+ as D6$*, virtue, 45,/, hope.
273 Qiminutie nouns are neuter+ as 5(.R,0K, child + ISK(.0K, old woman 2literall", little woman3.
Other rules are gien under the declensions 2see ;<=+ ;=9+ P=;)P=73.
160. There are fie cases+ the nominatie, genitie, datie, accusatie, and ocatie.
161. ;. The nominatie and ocatie plural are alwa"s aliAe.
P. In neuters, the nominatie, accusatie, and ocatie are aliAe in all num!ers+ in the plural
these end in .
J. The nominatie, accusatie, and ocatie dual are alwa"s aliAe+ and the genitie and datie
dual are alwa"s aliAe.
162. The cases of nouns hae in general the same meaning as the corresponding cases in Latin+ as Nom., a
man 2as su!ject3, @en. of a man, Qat. to or for a man, Tccus. a man 2as o!ject3, Uoc. O man. The chief functions
of the Latin a!latie are diided !etween the @reeA genitie and datie. 2:ee ;V7P.3
163. Tll the cases except the nominatie and ocatie are called oblique cases.
NOUNS.
164. There are three declensions of nouns, in which also all adjecties and participles are
included.
165. These correspond in general to the first three declensions in Latin. The first is sometimes called the A
declension 2with stems in and the second the declension 2with stems in 03. These two together are
sometimes called the Vowel declension, as opposed to the third or Consonant declension 2PV<3.
The principles which are common to adjecties, participles, and su!stanties are gien under the three
declensions of nouns.
166. ?. The name noun 23, according to ancient usage, includes !oth su!stanties and adjecties. Out !"
modern custom noun is generall" used in grammatical language as s"non"mous with sustantive, and it is so
used in the present worA.
167. CASE-ENDINGS OF NOUNS.
VOWEL DECLENSION CONSONANT DECLENSION
:IN@. !asc" and #em" $euter" !asc" and #em" $euter"
Nom. W none ! W none none
@en. W "# #
Qat. " "
Tcc. ! ! W none
Uoc. none ! none W liAe Nom. none
QXTL.
N. T. U. none $
@. Q. "! #"!
YLXZ.
Nom.WUoc. " $
@en. %! %!
Qat. "&" '"( &") &&") $&&"
Tcc. ! ' ( !)
The relations of some of these endings to the terminations actuall" in use will !e explained under the different
declensions. The agreement of the two classes in man" points is striAing.
FIRST DECLENSION.
168. :tems of the first declension end originall" in . This is often modified into * in the
singular, and it !ecomes in the plural. The nominatie singular of feminines ends in + or *+
that of masculines ends in or *. There are no neuters.
169. The following ta!le shows how the final + or * of the stem unites with the case endings 2;<[3, when an"
are added, to form the actual terminations > \