Faculty of Science

Department of Applied Geochemistry
Osmania University
Syllabus for Ph.D. Eligibility Test
UNIT I
Primary distribution of elements, geochemical classification of elements, Isomor-phism,
atomic substitution, polymorphism. Isotopes, nuclear stability. Decay laws and half-life.
Geochronology - K-Ar, Rb-Sr.
Classification of igneous rocks - chemical classification, classification of trace elements,

controls on trace element distribution, REE, PGE, transition metals.
Definition and types of metamorphism, factors of metamorphism. metamorphic facies..

Thermodynamics – Definition, the first law, enthalpy, heats of reaction, heat capacity, the
second law of thermodynamics, Gibb’s free energy, fugacity and activity.
Classification, textures and structures of sedimentary rocks, chemical weathering, weathering

reactions, Lithification and diagenesis. Oxidation and reduction, redox reactions in the
environment, oxidation potentials and their relation to free energy, hydrogen ion activity
(pH), limits of Eh and pH in natural environments, Eh-pH diagrams.
UNIT II
Geochemical Exploration concepts – terminology and their definitions in geochemical
exploration. Back ground, threshold, anomaly. Primary and secondary environments and
dispersion, additive, leakage and diffused halos. Zoning, mobility, migration, indicator,
pathfinder elements and minerals.
Geochemical Exploration methods – conceptual models, lithogeochemical, pedogeochemical,

hydrgeochemical, biogeochemical and atmogeochemical methods
Definitions of ore, gangue, tenor, grade, specifications. Geochemistry of mineral deposits:

Sedimentary affiliation - banded iron deposits, manganese deposits, igneous habitat - gold,
diamondiferous kimberlites. Metamorphic affiliation – asbestos formation, talc-soap stone
formations.
Petroleum Geochemistry: Source rocks, Kerogen types. carbon cycle, trace element cycles,
organic geochemistry of fresh water and soils, organic geochemistry of sea water and marine
sediments, coal and petroleum.
UNIT III
The hydrological cycle, inter relationship of surface and ground water, physico-chemical
properties of water and its structure and bonding. Solution and solubility.
Principles of Environmental Geochemistry. Assessment of metal pollution in soils, sources

and types of metal pollution. Geochemistry and water quality, measures of water quality,
chemical analysis, Water quality criteria, factors influencing ground water quality,
Bioremediation, Types of bioremediation,. bioindicators. acid rain, green house effect, ozone
layer, CFCs, atmospheric pollution
Principles of remote sensing: (Optical/ Microwave) - Applications of remote sensing

techniques for geological and geochemical studies, General application of satellite data for
lithological, geomorphological and structural mapping.
GIS-concepts, spatial and attribute data, data structures GPS: concepts, available
constellations, accuracy and types of errors, types of GPS machines.
UNIT IV
Precision and accuracy, detection limits, contamination effects, standard solutions, classical
and rapid methods of analysis; rock dissolution techniques, acid attack, rock dissolution
procedures, fusion with alkali salts, classical methods of rock analysis. Flame photometry.
Titration’s involving ethylene di-amine tetra acetic acid (EDTA), a rapid scheme of analysis.
Principles of optical spectroscopy, monochromator, optical filters, photon detectors.
Geochemical Analytical Instruments: Flame photo meter, Inductively coupled plasma

methods (ICP-ES) and (ICP-MS), X-ray Fluorescence analysis (XRF), X-ray diffraction
methods (XRD), Atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS), Neutron activation analysis
(NAA), Ion selective electrodes.
REFERENCES
Brian Mason, C. B. Moore (1982): Principles of Geochemistry, 4th ed., John Wiley & sons.
Krauskopf, K.B. (1979): Introduction to Geochemistry, 2nd edition Mcgraw Hill Pub.
Arthur H. Brownlow (1979): Geochemistry. Prentice Hall Inc.
Faure Gunter, (1986): Principles of Isotope Geology, W.I.E II edition
PJ Potts, (1996): A handbook of silicate rock analysis. Blackie Academic & Professional.
Lillesand TM and Kiefer RW (1987): Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation.
Philpotts (1990): Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic petrology, Prentice Hall India
Myron G. Best, (1986): Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology CBS publishers.
F.J. Pettijohn (1984): Sedimentary rocks III Edition CBS Publishers.
Petroleum Geochemistry and Geology (1996): J.M.Hunt, Freeman, Newyork 2nd Edition
Gorden Smith F (1963) Physical Geochemistry, Addison Wesley Publishers.
Henderson, P. (1982): Inorganic Geochemistry Permagon press.
Evans, A.M. (1987): An introduction to ore geology, 2nd edition, Blackwell Scientific Pub.
Arthur W. Rose Herbert E. Hawkes and John S. Webb, (1979): Geochemistry in Mineral
exploration 2nd edition Academic press.
A.A. Levinson (1974): Introduction to Exploration Geochemisty, Applied Pub., USA.
Iain Thornton, (1983): Applied Environmental Geochemistry Academic Press.
B.K. Sharma, & H.Kaur (1979)Environmental Chemistry Goel Pub. House Meerut
Model Paper : Ph.D. Eligibility Test
Subject: Applied Geochemistry
Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 100

Note: Answer all Questions
Section-A : Short Answer Type (10 x 6= 60 marks)
1. Explain Decay Laws
2. Define Gibb’s free energy
3. Applications of Eh and pH diagrams
4. Explain Pathfinder Elements
5. Discuss Asbestos formation
6. Kerogen types
7. Hydrological cycle
8. Explain Spatial and attribute data
9. Precision and accuracy
10. What are Ion selective electrodes
Section- B : Essay Type (4 x 10 = 40 marks)
11. Explain the chemical classification of Igneous rocks.
12. Explain the Geochemical Exploration methods.
13. Describe the Assessment of metal pollution in soils
14. Describe the different rock dissolution techniques.
***
Department of Astronomy, Osmania University
(ASTRONOMY/ASTROPHYSICS)
Unit I: Basic Physics

Hamiltonian Mechanics
Generalized coordinates. Principle of Least Action. Lagrange's and Hamilton's mechanics.
Statistical Mechanics
Entropy and probability. Maxwell-Boltzmann, Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac statistics.
Planck's law of radiation. Equation of state of matter in non-degenerate and completely
degenerate states. Saha and Boltzmann equations.
Theory of Relativity
Lorentz transformation. Length contraction and time dilation. Relativistic addition of
velocities. Conservation of mass and momentum.
General Theory of Relativity
Equivalence of mass and energy. Relativistic Doppler shift and aberration of light.
Elementary ideas about general theory of relativity with observational tests.
Mathematical Methods of Physics

Ordinary differential equations
Solution of ordinary differential equation. Solution by power series methods, Solutions of
Legender's, Bessel's, Laguerre's and Hermit's differential equations.
Partial differential equations
Solutions by the method of separation of variables. Wave, diffusion and Laplace's equations
and their solutions.
Special functions
Gamma, Beta, Legendre and Bessel functions of the first kind and their properties.
Fourier Series and Transforms
Definition and expansion of a function of x. Extension of interval. Complex form of Fourier
series. Fourier's integrals. Fourier transform and their inverse. Application of Fourier
transform.
Celestial Mechanics
Fundamentals of Celestial Mechanics
Newton's laws of motion. Newton's Law of Gravitation, Kepler's Laws of Planetary motion.
N - Body problem
The ten integrals of motion of the n-body problem. Transfer of origin to one of the particles.
The perturbing function. Virial theorem.
The Three Body problem
Lagrange's solution for the motion of three bodies. Restricted three body problem . Surfaces
of zero relative velocity. Roche lobes.
Unit II: Basic Astronomy

Celestial Sphere and Time
Constellations and nomenclature of stars. The cardinal points and circles on the celestial
sphere. Equatorial. ecliptic and galactic system of co-ordinates. Aspects of sky from different
places on the earth. Twilight, Seasons, Sidereal, Apparent and Mean solar time and their
relations. Equation of time.
Apparent and Mean Position of stars
Effects of atmospheric refraction, aberration, parallax, precession, nutation and proper motion
on the coordinates of stars. Reduction from apparent to mean places and vice versa.
Stellar Distances and Magnitudes
Distances of stars from the trigonometric. secular. and moving cluster parallaxes. Stellar
motions. Magnitude scale and magnitude systems. Atmospheric extinction. Absolute
magnitudes and distance modulus. color index.
Solar System
Origin of the solar system. Solar System, Orbita1 mechanics of solar system bodies, the
physics of solar and Planetary atmospheres, surfaces and internal structure of planets of the
solar system. Space missions and the exploration of the solar system.
Asteroids, Meteors and Meteorites
Minor planets (Asteroids), their orbits and physical nature. Origin of the minor planets.
Meteors and Meteorites., their types and composition.
Comets
Periodic comets. Physical nature. Spectra. Brightness variation. Gas production rates, dust
and ion tails. Nature of dust particles and origin of comets.
The Earth
The Earth's Upper Atmosphere. Variations of atmospheric densities and temperature.
Formation and structure of Ionosphere. Studies of ionosphere by ground based and space
techniques. The radiation belts. Aurorae. Lyman glow of the nightsky. The geo-corona.
The Sun: Surface features of the sun in white and monochromatic light. Internal structure,
photosphere, chromosphere and corona. Sun spots and magnetic fields on the sun. Solar
activity, solar wind and solar-terrestrial relationship.
Unit III: Stars and Galaxies

Atmospheres and Interiors of stars:
Star Classification. Description of the radiation field, Opacities, Radiative transfer,
Hydrostatic equilibrium, Pressure equation of state, Energy sources, Energy transport and
convection.
Formation and Evolution of stars: Interstellar dust and gas, Formation of protostars, Pre-
main sequence evolution, Post main sequence evolution ,Evolution in the main sequence,
Late stages of evolution, Fate of massive stars, supernovae, Degenerate remnants of stars,
White dwarfs, Chandrasekhar limit, Neutron stars, Pulsars and black holes.
Binaries and Variable Stars
Visual, spectroscopic and eclipsing binaries. Importance of binary stars as source of basic
astrophysical data. Classification and properties of various types of intrinsic and eruptive
variable stars. Astrophysical importance of the study of variable stars. Novae and
Supernovae.
Structure of the Milky Way Galaxy
General galactic rotational law. Oort’s theory of galactic rotation. Determination of Oort’s
constants. Spiral structure of our Galaxy. Size and mass of our galaxy.
Galactic and globular clusters, Inter Stellar Matter, Position of our Sun and its motion around
the galactic centre. Rotation of the Galaxy and its mass.
Extragalactic Systems
Hubble's classification of galaxies and clusters of galaxies. Galaxy interactions.
Determination of the masses. Determination of extragalactic distances. Active galaxies and
galactic nuclei.
High Energy Astrophysics
The importance of X-ray and Gamma ray windows. General observational techniques. The
distributions of sources in our galaxy. Extragalactic sources. Emission mechanism. Nature
and origin of Cosmic rays.
Introduction to Cosmology
The expanding universe. Big Bang and Steady State models of the creation of the universe.
The expanding universe. Microwave background radiation. Cosmological models and
observational tests. Interpretation of Red-shift. Dark matter in galaxies and clusters of
galaxies and its implications on the models of cosmology. Composition of the dark matter.
Unit IV: Astronomical Techniques
Telescopes
Types of telescopes. Design and construction of a simple optical telescopes. Schmidt
telescopes. Solar telescopes.
Detectors
Detectors for optical and infrared regions. Application of CCD's to stellar imaging,
photometry and spectroscopy.
Photometry and Spectroscopy

Astronomical photometry. Simple design of an astronomical photometer. Observing
technique with a photometer Correction for atmospheric extinction. Transformation to a
standard photometric system. Astronomical spectroscopy. Spectral classification. Radial
velocity measurements.
Stellar Spectroscopy
Spectra of Stars
HR diagram, HD and MK spectral classification of stellar spectra. Radiation laws and basic
ideas on spectral line formation. Explanation of stellar spectra in terms of Boltzmann and
Saha equations. Spectroscopic parallax.
Qualitative description of Causes of Line Broadening
Natural damping. Collisional damping. Statistical broadening of hydrogen lines. Stark effect
in helium lines. Effect of rotation, pulsation and macro turbulence on line profiles.
Curve of Growth
Theory of the curve of growth. Thermal and micro-turbulent broadening. Application of the
curve of growth to the study of solar and stellar atmospheres. Limitations of the curve of
growth method.
Radio Astronomy
Basics of Radio Astronomy. Electro-magnetic spectrum. Radio window. Radio radiations
from the sun and the planets. Basic parameters of an antenna. Various types of antennas.
Receiver systems and their calibration. Types of telescopes. Design and construction of a
simple radio telescope. Schmidt telescopes. Solar telescopes.Design and construction of a
simple radio interferometer. Very Long Base (VLB) telescopes. Design of Giant Meter Radio
Telescope (GMRT) at Pune and its applications in astronomical studies. The design of Indian
MST radar at Tirupati and its applications for ionospheric and astronomical studies.
Solar Radio Astronomy
Sun and Interplanetary Medium
Structure of solar atmosphere. Solar convection and differential rotation. Large scale and
small scale magnetic fields. Solar granulation and super granulation. Sunspots. Solar flares.
EUV, X-ray and gamma-ray studies of sun. Solar X-ray and radio bursts.
Solar wind. Radiation belts and interplanetary magnetic field. Interplanetary dust.
Galactic and Extra galactic Radio Astronomy

Background radiation and disk component. Discrete sources of thermal and non thermal
radiation. H II regions and supernova remnants. 21-cm Hydrogen and OH line radiations.
Spiral structure of the galaxy. Pulsars. Radio galaxies. QSOs and Active galactic nuclei.
Subject: Astronomy/Astrophysics
Section –A (10 x 6=60 Marks) (Short Answer Type)
1). Discuss briefly Newton’s law of Garvity.

2). Explain briefly the properties of Gamma functions.
3). What are constellations and how are stars in them classified.
4). Define atmospheric refraction and how does it effects the times of the sunrise and
sunset
5). Define visual binaries and give the name of at least one of them
6). What are intrinsic variables and how are they different from eclipsing binaries
7). Explain briefly the application of CCD’s to stellar imaging.
8). Discuss the theory of curve of growth.
9). Explain the background radiation and disc component.
10). Write a short note on Schmidt telescope
Section –B (4 x 10 = 40 marks) (Essay Answer Type)
1) Write an essay on relativistic Doppler ship and aberration of light.

2) What are the various coordinate systems. Derive the relation between the ecliptic and
equatorial coordinates of a star.
3) Discuss in detail the expanding universe. Write an essay on Big Band and steady state
models of the creation of the universe.
4) Discuss the thermal and non-thermal sources of radiation. Write and essay on Radio
galaxies.
Department of Biochemistry
Osmania University
Syllabus for Ph.D Eligibilty Test
Unit 1: Statistics and Quantitative Problems in Biochemistry
Measures Of Central Tendency – Mean, Median And Mode Of Grouped Data, Variance,
Standard Deviation, Standard Error, Graphical Representation Of Data, Correlation And
Regression Probability In Biology, Normal, Binomial, Poisson Distribution
Student’s T-Test, Chi-Square Test.
Aqueous Solutions (Molarity, Molality And Normality), Acid And Bases, Buffers,
Calculation Of Equilibrium Constants, Oxidation and Reduction Reactions, Radioactivity
(Specific Activity Half Life And Isotope Dilution And Dual Labeling) And Beer Lamberts
Laws. Enzyme Units And Specific Activity Of Enzymes, Km And Vmax, Enzyme Inhibitors.
Unit 2 : Biochemical Techniques And Bioinformatics
Principles, Instrumentation and Applications Of VIS, UV Fluorescence Spectroscopy.

Separation Methods: Chromatography And Electrophoresis; Principles And Applications Of
Different Types Of Chromatography (Partition, Adsorption, Ion Ex Change, Affinity Etc.,).
Instrumentation And Applications Of HPLC, GC, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy And MS
(MALDI-TOF). Principle And Applications Of Electrophoresis. Agarose and SDSPAGE.
Disc Gel Electrophoresis, Isoelectricfocusing, 2D Electrophoresis, Capillary Electrophoresis
And PFGE. DNA Sequencing And Transfer Techniques.
Use Of Databases; Data Mining, DNA Sequence Databases, Protein Sequence And Structure
Databases, Comparing DNA Sequences, Alignment, Multiple Sequence Alignments,
Clustalw.
Genomics; HUGO & HGP; Strategies For Sequencing Genomes, Shotgun Sequencing,
Physical Maps, Ests And Hierarchical Sequencing Micro-Arrays For Sequencing And
Resequencing, Snps And Human Disease.
Proteomics: Comparing Protein Sequences, Alignment, Predicting Secondary Structure – Ab
Initio, Homology Folding, Threading. MS
Unit 3 : Cell Biology And Biomolecules
Cell Division And Cell Cycle, Fundamental Aspects Of Cell Culture, Apoptosis, Stem Cells
And Their Medical Applications, Discovery Of Oncogenes, Proto-Oncogenes, Discovery Of
Tumor Suppressor Genes.
Cell Communication And Type Of Signaling Molecules (Hydrophobic And Hydrophilic),
Types Of Receptors And Their Structures, Second Messengers – Ca, Phosphoinositides, And
Camp.
Metabolism; Carbohydrate, Lipid And Nuclei Acid Metabolism. Associated Disorders.
Immunonology ; Overview And Elements Of Immune System, Antibodies - Structure Of Ig,
Function Of Various Domains, Antigen Antibody Interactions – Avidity, Affinity, Idiotypes,
Generation Of Antibody Diversity, Cytokines, Interferons and Autoimmunity.
Unit 4: Molecular Biology
Replication Transcription And Translation In Prokaryotes And Eukaryotes: Models Of

Replication – Random, Conservative, Semiconservative, DNA Polymerases In E. Coli &
Mammals, Replication Of Circular Chromosomes -Φx174, E. Coli Replication Of Linear
Chromosomes, Telomeres, Telomerases. DNA Damage, Repair and Recombination.
Transcription And Translation, Protein Synthesis, Sorting, Targeting And Degradation.
Regulation Of Gene Expression; Operon Concept, +Ve & -Ve Control -Lac Operon,
Chromatin Structure In Active And Inactive Regions – DNA Methylation, Transcriptional
Control – Cell Specific Expression - Promoters, Enhancers, DNA Binding Proteins,
Regulation By Si RNA.
Recombinant DNA Technology: Plasmids And Vectors, DNA Modifying Enzymes,
Restriction Endonucleases, Genomic And Cdna Libraries, Reporter Genes And Fusion
Proteins.

Subject: Biochemistry
Duration: 3 hrs: Max. Marks 100
NOTE: Section A includes short answered type questions. Total 10 questions, 2 questions each from unit 1 and
2; 3 questions each from unit 3 and 4. Section B includes essay type questions, one question from each unit.
Questions from unit 1 (both short and essay type) should be problem oriented.
Section A
Answer all questions 10 X 6 = 60 marks
1. If the concentration of a solution is 0.25 micro moles per ml gives an OD of 0.56 units, calculate its
molar absorption coefficient. Comment on how concentration effects molar absorption coefficient.
2. The half life of 14-C is 5730 years, the atomic weight is 14.0. Calculate the weight of 2 mCi. Calculate
the specific activity of 14-C in Ci/gram
3. Affinity chromatography
4. DNA sequencing
5. Discovery of oncogenes
6. cAMP
7. Tumor suppressors
8. Telomerase
9. Reporter genes
10. DNA foot printing
Section B
Answer all questions 4 x 10 = 40 marks

11. Problem (statistics)
12. If you know the sequence of a protein how bioinformatics help you to predict the structure and function
of the protein.
13. Describe different steps involved in glycolysis, comment on its efficiency.
14. Describe the construction of genomic Libraries, comment on any two applications of it
.
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
OSMANIA UNIVERSITY
1. MICROBIOLOGY
1) General account, ultrastructure, nutrition, reproduction in bacteria and economic importance, 2.Viruses:
Characteristics and ultra structure of virions, isolation and purification of virion b) Chemical properties of plant
viruses (TMV, bacteriophages) c) Transmission of viruses d) Economic importance of the viruses,
3.Mycoplasma: a) General account
2. FUNGI
1. General characters of fungi: Recent trends in the classification of fungi; Evolution and Phylogeny of the
fungi, 2. Substrates of fungi, Nutrition, Reproduction in fungi, 3.Fungal cytology and genetics; Physiological
specialization of races, 4.. Comparative study of the following sub-divisions a)Myxomycotina,
b)Mastigomycotina c)Zygomycotina d)Ascomycotina e)Basidiomycotina f)Deuteromycotina, 5. Fungi in
Industry: 6.Fungi in Agriculture and Forestry: 7.Fungi as human and animal parasites (medical mycology), 8.
.a) Fungi as food
3. ALGAE
1. General characters and comparative study of important systems of classification of Algae (Fritsch, Round
and Parker).2.Criteria used in the primary classification of Algae: 3.Algae of diverse habitats: 4.Reproduction
of Algae: 5.General characters, morphology, life history and classification of the following groups of algae: a)
Cyanophyceae b) Chlorophyceae c) Charophyceae d..Xanthophyceae e) Phaeophyceae f.) Rhodophyceae:
g) Bacillariophyceae 8. Algal blooms and toxic algae, 9.Algal Biofertilizers, 10.Algae as food and feed,
11.Fossil algae (A brief account only),
4. BRYOPHYTA
1. A general account of the structure, reproduction, life history, classification, distribution and economic
importance of a) Marchantiales b) Jungarmaniales c) Anthocerotales d) Sphagnales e) Funariales
f) Polytrichales, 2.Structure and evolution of gametophytes and sporophytes. 3. Fossil bryophytes– a general
account
5. PTERIDOPHYTA
1. A general account of vegetation, morphology, reproduction and evolutionary trends in a. Psilotales, b.
Lycopodiales, c. Selaginellales, d. Isoetales, e. Equisetales, f. Filicales 2. Telome concept and its application,
3. Stelar Evolution in pteridophytes, 4. Heterospory and origin of seed habit, 5.Principles of Paleobotany and
importance of fossil plants in the classification of vascular plants, 6. Origin and evolution of primitive and
advanced vascular plants with suitable examples, a) Rhyniales, b) Zosterophylles, c) Asterozylales, d)
Psilophytales, e) Sphaenophyllales, 7.A general account of Lepidodendrales, Calamitales and Sphenophyllales,
8. Origin and Evolution of Lycopsida with reference to Lycopodiales,, Selanginellales, Isoetales and
Lepidodendrales, 9. .Origin and Evolution of Sphenopsida with reference to Sphenophyllales, Calamitales and
Equisetales.
6. GYMNOSPERMS
1. Distribution of Gymnosperms - Past and present., 2. Classification of Gymnosperms – Proposed by Sporne
and Pant. 3. Economic importance of Gymnosperms, 4. Wood anatomy of Conifers, 18. A general account of
Gymnosperms with reference to their vegetative morphology and anatomy of the following taxa, a). Cycadales
b). Ginkgoales, c). Coniferales, d) Taxales, e) Gnetales, 5. Structure of male and female cones in the following:
a. Cycadales, b. Gingkoales, c. Coniferales, d. Taxales, e. Gnetales, 6. Development and trends of evolution of
male gametophyte in Gymnosperms 7. Structure of Ovule and development of female gametophyte
8. Embryogeny in Gymnosperms, 9. General Account of: a).Pteridospermales, b).Cordaitales, c). Pentoxylales
7. TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS
1. Systems of classification: Phenetic and Phylogenete systems. Critical account of the systems of
classifications of a) Hutchinson b) Cronquist and c) Takhtajan., 2.Taxonomic evidence and techniques used
there in 3.Nomenclature - concept of ICBN 4.Biosystematics: 5. A comparative study of the following pairs
of families and their treatment in recent systems: a. Magnoliaceae & Winteraceae, b. Malvaceae &
Sterculiaceae, c.Rutaceae & Meliaceae, d. Apocynaceae & Asclepiadaceae, e.Verbenaceae & Lamiaceae, f.
Amaranthaceae & Chenopodiaceae, g.Cyperaceae & Poaceae. 6 .Origin of angiosperms, with reference to recent
findings on fossil pollen, leaf remains and flower fossils.
8. MEDICINAL BOTANY
1. Medicinal Botany:a. Role of plants in medicine, its origin and development, b.Morphology, active principles
and medicinal value of the following: a. Andrographis paniculata, b. Asparagus racemosus, c. Clitoria ternacia,
d.Phyllanthus emblica, e.Gymnema sylvestre, .
9. STRUCTURAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY

1. Introduction, importance and relationships of Plant Anatomy, 2. . Shoot Development: Cytological zonation –
Anneaun initial and attente, Meristem : 3. .Root Development: 4. . Leaf: Structure with reference to C3 and C4
plants, 5. Epidermology: 6. Phloem structure and differentiation of Phoem elements, ultrastructure of sieve
elements, companion cells. 7. Transfer cells: a) Secondary growth with reference to stem: c) Morphology and
arrangement of Vessels, Axial Parenchyma Fibres and Ray parenchyma and their value in wood identification.
8. Salient features of the following woods. a) Tectona grandis, b)Terminalia tomentosa, c) Shorea robusta, 9.
Palynology: a) Introduction and scope of palynological science, b) Pollen slide preparation, Acetolysis, c)
Morphology of pollen,10. Aeropalynology, Monitoring of aerospora with air samplers; pollen and spore allergy
and clinical treatment.11.Melittopalynology and Bee botany, Importance of melittopalynology. 12. Application
of palynology in oil exploration
10. EMBRYOLOGY
1. Introduction to embryology, 2. Fertilization: Pollen stigma interaction, Pollen germination, Pollen tube
growth and Pollen tube discharge, mechanism of nuclear fusion. 3. Breeding systems: 4. Apomixis
5. Parthenocarpy: 6. A brief account of experimental embryology - in relation to taxonomy.
11. BIOCHEMISTRY
1. Thermodynamics Principles: 1st and 2nd laws enthalpy, entropy, free energy, 2. Enzymes properties,
classification and nomenclature, enzyme kinetics, 3. Carbohydrates: structure and function
a) monosaccharides b) oligosaccharides c) Polysaccharides 4. Lipids: Classification, biosynthesis of fatty
acids, oxidation of fats, glyoxylate cycle, gluconeogenesis., 5. Amino acids and proteins: Amino acids a)
General properties, Classification and Biosynthesis of amino acids. Proteins classification 6. Structure and
function of membranes, 7. Respiration: Glycolysis, fermentation, tricarboxylic acid cycle, electron transport
and oxidative phosphorylation, hexose monophosphate shunt, Cyanide – resistant respiration.
12. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

1. Water relations: 1) Water potential ii) SPAC concept iii) stomatal regulation of transpiration 2. Mineral
nutrition: i) Role of micronutrients in plant nutrition ii) Mechanism of ion uptake. 3. .Photosynthesis: i)
Photosynthetic apparatus of photo systems I and II iv) Photophosphorylation v) path of carbon C3 and C4
photosynthesis, b) CAM pathway vi) Photorespiration, vii) Protein biosynthesis 4. .Nitrogen metabolism: i)
Physiology and biochemistry of nitrogen fixation ii) nitrate reductase 5. .Assimilation of sulphate, 6.
.Calmodulin i) Structure and Function, 7. Growth and development: i) Role of auxins, Gibberellins,
Cytokinins, Ethylene and Abscisic acid, 8. .Physiology of flowering I) Photoperiodism ii) Phytochrome –
structure and function, 9. .Physiology and biochemistry of seed dormancy and germination: i) Causes and
breaking dormancy ii) Biochemical changes accompanying seed germination.
13. GENETICS, CELL BIOLOGY,

1. Mendelian inheritance. Gene interaction (12:3:1; 9:3:4; 9:7) ratios.
2. Linkage and chromosome mapping in eukaryotes
3. Extra nuclear inheritance: Cytoplasmic male sterility
4. Hardy-Weinberg Law. Gene frequency and genotype frequency
5. Mutations: Single base substitutions: Frame-shift mutations; Insertions and Deletions;
Inversions and Translocations; Transposon-induced mutations; Site-directed mutagenesis.
6. Types of DNA damage and repair mechanisms
7. General account of inherited human diseases and Gene therapy
8. Cancer: Proto-oncogenes, oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.
9. Recombinant DNA technology; Restriction mapping, gene cloning, polymerase chain reaction and DNA
finger printing.
10. Basic concepts of Microarrays, Gene Sequencing, Genomics, Proteomics, Bioinformatics and Sequence
database.
11. Micro-propagation. Status of transgenic crops
12. Importance of Karyotype. Flow cytometry and types of in situ Hybridization.
13. DNA Replication, Mechanism of Transcription, Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes
(Lac operon) Protein synthesis.
14. Mechanism of cell-cycle. Control of cell-cycle: Role of cyclins and Cyclin dependent
kinases, retinoblastoma and E2F proteins. Apoptosis programmed cell death.
14. ECOLOGY & PHYTOGEOGRAPHY
1. Population Ecology: Characteristic features, Environmental resistance in relation to absolute maximum

and realized minimum, carrying capacity. Size and distribution of population.
2.. Community Ecology: Characteristic features, qualitative and quantitative, analytical and synthetic
characters. Raunkiaer and Braun- Blanquet concepts of phyto-sociology. Diversity, dominance and
similarity indices of plant communities.
3.. Biomass and productivity. Concepts of biomass. Biomass utilization. Methods of measurement of
biomass and productivity. Factors affecting productivity.
4.. Phytogeography: soil and vegetation pattern of world, India. and A.P. Classification of climates –
Koppens and Thornthwaite’s systems of classification. Endemism – types.
5.. Climate change. Atmosphere – composition and structure. Green house gases, global warming and
consequences of climate change. and protocols, Ozone depletion. .
6.. Anthropogenic impact of soil, chemical fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides, soil micro-organisms and
vegetation. Control measures – ground water quality and pollution.
7.. Green revolution and its impact.

Subject: Botany
Time: 3 hrs Max. Marks: 100
NOTE : ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS
SECTION – A (Short answer type) 6 x 10 = 60 marks
1. Flagella in Algae
2. Algal Biofertilizers
3. Nutrition in Bacteria
4. Gametophytes in Bryophytes
5. Heterospary
6. Pollen-stigma Interaction
7. -oxidation
8. RUBISCO
9. Green House gases
10. Ground water pollution
SECTION – B (Essay type answers) 4 x 10 = 40 marks
11. Describe in detail the characteristic features of Ascomycotina.

12. Compare and contrast the classification of gymnosperms proposed by sporne and Pant.
13. Give a detailed account on physiology and biochemistry of biological nitrogen fixation.
14. Describe recombinant DNA technology and its applications for human welfare.
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
OSMANIA UNIVERSITY
UNIT-I
Bonding in metal complexes:
Crystal Field Theory: Salient features of CFT. d-orbital splitting patterns in regular Octahedral, tetragonally
distorted octahedral, Jahn-Tellar theorem-, tetrahedral, square planar, trigonal planar, and linear geometries.
Factors influencing the magnitude of crystal field splitting in octahedral complexes – nature of metal ions,
nature of ligands, geometry. Concept of weak field and strong fields. - Calculation of crystal field stabilization
energies (CFSE’s) in six and four coordinate complexes.
Types of magnetic behaviour – magnetic susceptibility – calculation of magnetic moment from magnetic
susceptibility spin only formula ,- Quenching of orbital angular momentum – Determination of magnetic
moment from Guoy’s method . Applications of magnetic moment data for the determination of oxidation states,
bond type and stereochemistry.
Free ion terms and Energy levels: Configurations,Terms,States and Microstates – Formula for the calculation of
Microstates pn and dn configurations – L-S ( Russel-Saunders) coupling scheme – j-j coupling scheme –
Determination of terms for various pn and dn configurations of metal ins. Hole formalism – Energy ordering of
terms ( Hund’s rules) Inter – electron repulsion Parameters ( Racah parameters) – Spin-Orbital coupling
parameters. Effect of weak cubic crystal fields on S,P,D and F terms- Orgel Diagrams.
Reaction mechanisms of transition metal complexes:

Ligand substitution reactions:
Energy profile of a reaction – Transition state or Activated Complex. Types of substitution reactions
(SE,SN,SN1,SN2).
Ligand substitution reactions in octahedral complexes:
Aquation or Acid hydrolysis reactions, Factors effecting Acid Hydrolysis , Base Hydrolysis, Conjugate Base
Mechanism, Evidences in favour of SN1CB Mechanism.
Substitution reactions with out Breaking Metal-Ligand bond.
Ligand Substitution reactions in Square-Planar complexes: Mechanism of Substitution in Square-Planar
complexes- Trans-effect, Grienberg’s Polarization theory and  - bonding theory – Applications of Trans-effect
in synthesis of Pt (II) complexes.
Electron Transfer Reactions (or Oxidation-Reduction Reactions) in Coordination compounds: Mechanism of
One-electron Transfer Reactions: Atom (or group) Transfer or Inner Sphere Mechanism, Direct electron
Transfer or Outer Sphere Mechanism.
Coordination Equilibria:
Solvation of metal ions- Binary complexes: Formation of binary Metal Complexes and their stability – types of
Stability Constants – relation between them- trends in Step-wise Stability Constants ( Factors causing decrease
and increase in Step-wise Stability) – Factors influencing the stability constants : (i) Ligand effects: Basicity ,
Substituent , Steric ,Chelate(size and number of chelate rings) , Macrocyclic and Cryptate effects- (ii) Metal ion
effects: Ionic potential ,Effective Nuclear charge and Atomic Number ( Irving-William’s Order, geometry of
Metal ion and Ligand) – Chelate effect and its Thermodynamic origin – Jahn-Tellar effect on Stability constants
of Metal complexes – Pearson’s Theory of Hard and Soft Acids and Bases ( HSAB) , Applications of HSAB,
Electronegetivity Vs Hardness and Softness. Symbiosis – Methods used for the determination of Stability
constants (Basic Principles only): pH metric, Spectrophotometric and Polarographic methods.
Ternary Metal Complexes – definition – Formation of ternary metal complexes – Step-
wise and simultaneous equilibria with simple examples.
Ligational Aspects of Diatomic molecules:

Metal Carbonyls:- Carbon monoxide as a ligand – Molecular orbitals of CO - Donor and Acceptor molecular
orbitals of CO; Bonding modes of CO- Terminal and Bridging;
Evidence for multiple bonding from Bond lengths and Stretching frequencies;
Classification in to Low Nuclearity and High Nuclearity carbonyl clusters; 18 Valence
electron rule and its application to Low Nuclearity carbonyl clusters; Structures of Ni(CO)4 , Cr(CO)6 ,
Mn2(CO)10 , Fe2(CO)9 and Co2(CO)8 ; Structures of Low nuclearity
M3(CO)12 ( M=Fe,Ru,Os) and M4(CO)12 (M=Co,Rh,Ir).
Metal Nitrosyls: - NO as a ligand – Molecular orbitals of NO – Donor and Acceptor components; Bonding
modes of NO – Terminal (Linear, Bent) and Bridging;
Structural aspects of [IrCl(PPh3)2(CO)(NO)]+ and [RuCl(PPh3)2(NO)2]+.
Stereo chemical control of valence in [Co(diars)2(NO)]2+ and [Co(diars)2(NO)(SCN)]+.
Metal Dinitrogen complexes: - N2 as aligand – Molecular orbitals of N2; Bonding modes – Terminal and
Bridging; Stretching frequencies; Structures of Ru (II) and Mo (0) dinitrogen complexes; Chemical fixation of
dinitrogen.
Symmetry of Molecules:
Concept of Symmetry in Chemistry – Symmetry Operations – Symmetry Elements : Rotational Axis of
Symmetry and Types of Rotational Axes, Plane of Symmetry and types of Planes, Improper Rotational Axis of
Symmetry , Inversion Center and Identity Element – More about Symmetry Elements – Molecular Point
Groups: Definition and Notation of Point Groups, Classification Molecules in to C1, Cs , Ci , Cn ,Cnv , Cnh ,
Cv , Dn , Dnh , Dnd ,Dh , Sn (n=even), T ,Th , Td , O , Oh , I, Ih , Kh Groups. Descent in Symmetry with
Substitution – Exercises in Molecular Point Groups – Symmetry and Dipole moment – Symmetry criteria for
Optical activity..
Metal Clusters:
Carbonyl clusters: Factors favouring Metal-Metal bonding – Classification of Clusters –
Low Nuclearity Clusters : M3 and M4 clusters , structural patterns in M3(CO)12 (M=Fe,Ru,Os) and M4(CO)12 (
M=Co,Rh,Ir) Clusters- Relative stability of Bridging and Non- bridging structures . Metal carbonyl scrambling
– High Nuclearity clusters M5,M6,M7,M8 and M10 Clusters-, Polyhedral skeletal electron pair theory and Total
Electron Count theory – Wades rules – Capping rule – Structural patterns in
[Os6(CO)18]2- , [Rh6(CO)16], {Os7(CO)21] , {Rh7(CO)16]3-, [Os8(CO)22]2- , [Os10C(CO)24]2- and [Ni6(CO)12]2-.
Stereo chemical non- rigidity (Fluxionality) in Cp3Rh3(CO)3, Rh4(CO)12 clusters. Interconversion of Cis-Trans
isomers of Cp2Fe2(CO)4.
Metal Halide clusters: Major structural types in Dinuclear Metal-Metal systems – Edge sharing
Bioctahedra,Face sharing Bioctahedra,Tetragonal prismatic and Trigonal antiprismatic structures -. Structure
and bonding in [Re2Cl8]2- and Octahedral halides of [Mo6(Cl)8]4+ and [Nb6(Cl)12]2+. Trinuclear halides of Re(III).
Hoffman’s Isolobal analogy and its Structural implications.
Bio coordination chemistry:

Metal ions in Biological systems: Brief survey of metal ions in biological systems. Effect of metal ion
concentration and its physiological effects. Basic principles in the biological selection of elements.
Oxygen transport and storage: Hemoglobin and Myoglobin: Geometric, electronic and magnetic aspects of
Dioxygen binding, Oxygen adsorption isotherms and cooperativity in Hemoglobin and its physiological
significance. Role of globin chain. Hemerythrin and Hemocyanin: Structure of deoxy forms, oxygen binding,
Geometric, electronic and magnetic aspects. Comparison of Hemerythrin and Hemocyanin with hemoglobin.
Photosynthesis: Structural aspects of Chlorophyll. Photo system I and Photo system II.
Vitamin B6 model systems: Forms of vitamin B6 with structures. Reaction mechanisms of (1) Transamination
(2) Decarboxylation and (3) Dealdolation in presence of metal ions.
UNIT-II
Stereochemistry
Symmetry: Symmetry elements in methane, staggered ethane, ethylene, benzene, chair cyclohexane, allene,
tartarc acids. Point groups: Achiral and chiral point groups and their symmetry elements. Desymmetrization.
Axial, planar and helical chirality: Configurational nomenclature:Axially chiral allenes,spiranes,alkylidene
cycloalkanes,chiral biaryls, atropoisomerism.Planar chiral ansa compounds and trans- cyclooctene.Helically
chiral compounds
Relative and absolute configuration: Determination of absolute configuration Anamolous X- ray scattering
method and chemical correlation methods.
Properties of enantiomers and diastereoisomers;Discrimination of enantiomers based on diastereomeric
interactions, chiroptical methods, chiral NMR solvents, chiral stationary phases and enzymes.
Racemisation, racemates and resolution techniques: Resolutions by direct crystallization,diastereoisomer salt
formation,chiral chromatography and asymmetric transformation
Determination of configuration in E,Z -isomers: Spectral chemical methods of configuration determination of
E,Z isomers. Determination of configuration in aldoximes and ketoximes.
Conformational analysis (acyclic systems): Introduction to conformational isomerism and the concept of
dynamic stereochemistry.Study of conformations in ethane and 1,2-disubstituted ethane derivatives like butane,
dihalobutanes, halohydrin, ethylene glycol, butane-2, 3-diol amino alcohols and 1,1,2,2-tetrahalobutanes. Klyne-
Prelog terminology for conformers and torsion angles Conformations of unsaturated acyclic compounds
(Propylene, 1-Butene, Acetaldehyde, Propionaldehyde and Butanone).Conformational diastereoisomers and
conformational enantiomers -. Factors affecting the conformational stability and conformational equilibrium –
Attractive and repulsive interactions. Use of Physical and Spectral methods in conformational analysis.
Conformational affects on the stability and reactivity of acyclic diastereoisomers – steric and stereo electronic
factors-examples.Conformation and reactivity: The Winstein-Holness equation and the Curtin – Hammett
principle.
Reaction mechanism
Electrophilic addition to carbon carbon double bond: Stereoselective addition to carbon carbon double bond
; anti addition- Bromination and epoxidation followed by ring opening. Syn addition of OsO4 and KMnO4.
Elimination reactions Elimination reactions E2, E1, E1CB mechanisms. Orientation and stereoselectivity in
E2 eliminations. Pyrolytic syn elimination and α-elimination, elimination Vs substitution.
Determination of reaction mechanism: Determination of reaction mechanism: Energy profiles of addition and
elimination reactions, transition states, product isolation and structure of intermediates, use of isotopes, chemical
trapping, crossover experiments. Use of IR and NMR in the investigation of reaction mechanism.
Nucleophilic Aromatic substitution:Aromatic Nucleophilic substitution: SN1(Ar), SN2 (Ar), and benzyne
mechanisms; evidence for the structure of benzyne. Von Richter rearrangement. Definition and types of
ambident nucleophiles.
Neighboring group participation : Criteria for determining the participation of neighboring group. Enhanced
reaction rates, retention of configuration, isotopic labeling and cyclic intermediates. Neighboring group
participation involving Halogens, Oxygen, Sulphur, Nitrogen, Aryl, Cycloalkyl groups, σ and π- bonds.
Introduction to nonclassical carbonium ions.
Electrophilic substitution at saturated carbon and single electron transfer reactions.
Mechanism of aliphatic electrophilic sustitution. SE1, SE2, and SEi. SET mechanism.
Reactive Intermediates: Generation, detection, structure, stability and reactions of carbocations, carbanions,
carbenes, nitrenes and free radicals.
Molecular rearrangements: Definition and classification. Molecular rearrangements involving 1) electron
deficient carbon: Wagner- Meerwein, Pinacol-Pinacolone, Allylic and Wolf rearrangement. 2) electron deficient
Nitrogen: Hofmann, Lossen, Curtius, Schmidt and Beckmann rearrangements 3) electron deficient Oxygen:
Baeyer-Villiger oxidation. 4) Base catalysed rearrangements: Benzilic acid , Favourski , Transannular ,
Sommlett-Hauser and Smiles rearrangement
Biomolecules, Heterocyclic compounds & Natural Products:
Carbohydrates: Determination of the relative and absolute configuration in D (+) glucose and D (-)
fructose.Proof for the chair conformation of D (+) glucose. Occurence, importance and synthesis of
monosaccharides containing functional groups such as amino,halo and sulphur.Structure elucidation and
synthesis of sucrose.Conformational structures of D(+) ribose,2- deoxy D-ribose, sucrose, lactose maltose and
cellobiose.Structural features of starch, cellulose and chitin.
Proteins: Acid and enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins.Determination of the amino acid sequence in polypeptides
by end group analysis.Chemical synthesis of di and tripeptides. Merrifield’s solid phase synthesis.
Heterocyclic compounds: Importance of heterocyclic compounds as drugs. Nomenclature of heterocyclic

systems based on ring size,number and nature of hetero atoms.Synthesis and reactivity of indole, benzofuran,
benzothiophene, quinoline, isoquinoline, coumarin, chromone, carbazole and acridine.
Terpenoids and Alkaloids: Importance of natural products as drugs. Isolation of natural products by steam
distillation, solvent extraction and chemical methods. General methods in the structure determination of
terpenes. Isoprene rule. Structure determination and synthesis of α-terpeniol and camphor. Biogenesis of
monoterpenes. Structure determination and synthesis of β- carotene. General methods of structure determination
of alkaloids. Structure determination and synthesis of papaverine and quinine.
UNIT-III
Thermodynamics
Brief review of concepts of I and II laws of thermodynamics. Concept of entropy-entropy as a state function.
Entropy changes in various processes. Entropy changes in an ideal gas. Entropy changes on mixing of ideal
gases. Entropy as a function of V and T. Entropy as a function of P and T. Entropy change in isolated systems-
Clausius inequality. Entropy change as criterion for spontaneity and equilibrium.
Third law of thermodynamics. Evaluation of absolute entropies from heat capacity data for solids, liquids and
gases. Standard entropies and entropy changes of chemical reactions. Helmholtz and Gibbs energies(A and G) A
and G as criteria for equilibrium and spontaneity. Physical significance of A and G. Driving forces for chemical
reactions-relative signs of ∆H and ∆S.
Thermodynamic relations. Gibbs equations. Maxwell relations. Temperature dependence of G. Gibbs-
Helmholtz equation. Pressure dependence of G.
Chemical potential,.Gibbs equations for non-equilibrium systems. Material equilibrium. Phase equilibium.
Clapeyron equation and Clausius-Clapeyron equation .
Conditions for equilibrium in a closed system. Chemical potential of ideal gases. Ideal-gas reaction equlibrium-
derivation of equilibrium constant. Temperature dependence of equilibrium constant-the van’t Hoff equation.
Solutions. Partial molar poperties-significance. Relation between solution volume and partial molar
volumes.Determination of partialmolar volumes-slope and intercept methods. Variation of chemical potential
with T and P. Gibbs-Duhem equation-derivation and significance
Ideal solutions. Thermodynamic properties of ideal solutions. Mixing quantities. Vapour pressure-Raoult’s law.
Thermodynamic properties of ideally dilute solutions. Vapour pressure- Henry’s law.
Non-ideal systems. Concept of fugacity, fugacity coefficeient. Determination of fugacity. Non ideal solutions.
Activities and activity coefficients. Standard-state conventions for nonideal solutions. Excess functions and their
determination. Determination of activity coefficients from vapour pressure measurements. Activity coefficients
of nonvolatile solutes.using Gibbs-Duhem equation.
Multicomponent phase equilibrium: Vapour pressure lowering, freezing point depression and boiling point
elevation.
Quantum Chemistry
Black body radiation-Planck’s concept of quantization-Planck’s equation, average energy of an oscillator

(derivation not required). Wave particle duality and uncertain principle-significance of these for microscopic
entities. Emergence of quantum mechanics. Wave mechanics and Schroedinger wave equation.
Operators-operator algebra. Commutation of operators, linear operators.Complex functions. Hermitian
operators. Operators  and 2. Eigenfunctions and eigenvalues. Degeneracy. Linear combination of
eigenfunctions of an operator. Well behaved functions. Normalized and orthogonal functions.
Postulates of quantum mechanics. Physical interpretation of wave function. Observables and operators.
Measurability of operators. Average values of observables. The time dependent Schrodinger equation.
Separation of variables and the time-independent Schrodinger equation..
Theorems of quantum mechanics. Real nature of the eigen values of a Hermitian operator-significance.
Orthogonal nature of the eigen values of a Hermitian operator-significance of orthogonality. Expansion of a
function in terms of eigenvalues. Eigen functions of commuting operators-significance. Simultaneous
measurement of properties and the uncertainty principle.
Particle in a box- one dimensional and three dimensional. Plots of  and 2-discussion. Degeneracy of energy
levels. Comparison of classical and quantum mechanical particles. Calculations using wave functions of the
particle in a box-orthoganality, measurability of energy, position and momentum, average values and
probabilities. Application to the spectra of conjugated molecules.
Cartesian, Polar and spherical polar coordinates and their interrelations
Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom- separation into three equations. Hydrogen like wave
functions. Radial and angular functions. Quantum numbers n, l and m and their importance. The radial
distribution functions. Hydrogen like orbitals and their representation. Polar plots, contour pots and boundary
diagrams.
Many electron systems. Approximate methods. The variation method-variation theorem and its proof. Trial
variation function and variation integral. Examples of variational calculations. Paricle in a box. Construction of
trial function by the method of linear combinations. Variation parameters. Secular equations and secular
determinant..
Bonding in molecules. Molecular orbital theory-basic ideas. Construction of MOs by LCAO , H2+ ion. The
variationan integral for H2+ ion. Detailed calculation of Wave functions and energies for the bonding and
antibonding MOs. Physical picture of bonding and antibonding wave functions. Energy diagram. The MO wave
function and the energy of H2 molecule MO by LCAO method and Valence bond method (detailed calculations
not required). Comparison of MO and VB models.
Electrochemistry
Elecrochemical cells. Derivation of Nernst equation- problems. Chemical cells and concentration cells with and
without transference. Liquid junction potential and its determination. Potentiometric titrations, determination of
pH and solubility product from emf measurements.
Electrode polarization, decomposition potential, over voltage and its applications. Concentration over potential
Principles of polarography-DME, Ilkovic equation(derivation not required), polarogram-description and
equation for a polaogram. Diffusion current, half wave potential and its significance, Fick’s I law of diffusion.
Nernst hypothesis- thickness of diffusion layer. Applications.
Principle and applications of amperometric titrations and determination of SO42-, metal ions
viz.,Mg2+ ,Cu2+ and Zn2+ . Principles of cyclic voltametry. Cyclic voltametric study of insecticide parathion.
Chemical Kinetics
Theories of reaction rates-Collision theory, steric factor. Tranition state theory. Reaction coordinate, activated
complex and the transition state. Thermodynamic formulation of transition state theory. Activtion parameters
and their significance. The Eyring equation. Unimolecular reactions and Lindamann’s theory.
Complex reactions- Opposing reactions, parallel reactions and consecutive reactions(all first order type). Chain
reactions-general characteristics, steady state treatment. Example-H2 -Br2 reaction. Derivation of rate law.
Effect of structure on reactivity- Linear free energy relationships. Hammett and Taft equations-substituent( 
and *) and reaction constant (  and * )with examples. Deviations from Hammett correlations reasons-
Change of mechanism, resonsnce interaction. Taft four parameter equation. Correlations for nucleophillic
reactions.The Swain – Scott equation and the Edward equation.
The reactivity-selectivity principle and the isoselectivty rule. The intrinsic barrier and Hammond’s postulate.
Photochemistry
Electronic transitions in molecules. The Franck Condon principle. Electronically excited molecules- singlet and
triplet states. Radiative life times of excited states-theoretical treatment. Measured lifetimes. Quantum yield and
its determination. Actinomety-ferrioxalate and uranyl oxalate actinometers-problems.
Derivation of fluorescence and phosphorescence quantum yields. E-type delayed fluorescence- evaluation of
triplet energy splitting(∆EST). Photophysical processes-photophysical kinetics of unimolecular reactions.
Calculation of rate constants of various photophysical processes-problems, State diagrams
Photochemical primary processes. Types of photochemical reactions- electron transfer, photodissociation,
addition, abstraction, oxidation and isomerization reactions with examples. Effect of light intensity on the rates
of photochemical reactions. Photosensitization. Quenching-Stern Volmer equation. Experimental set up of a
photochemical reaction. Introduction to fast reactions- Principle of flash photolysis.
Solid state chemistry

Solid state reactions.-classification . kinetics of solid state reactions. Crystal defects. Perfect and imperfect
crystals. Classification of imperfections. Point defects. Schotky defects, Frenkel defects. Line defects and plane
defects.
Electronic properties of metals, insulators and semi conductors.electronic structure of solids, Band theory,
band structure of metals, insulators and semiconductors. Electrons and holes the temperature dependence of
conductivity of extrinsic semi conductors. Photo conductivity and photovoltaic effect-p,n junctions.
Superconductivity. Occurrence of superconductivity. Destruction of superconductivity by magnetic fields-
Meisner effect. Types of superconductors. Theories of super conductivity- BCS theory.
High temperature superconductors. Structure of defect pyrovskites. High Tc superconductivity in cuprates.
Phase diagram of Y-Ba-Cu-O system. Crystal structure of YBa2Cu3 O7-x. Preparation and characterization of 1-
2-3 materials. Origin of high Tc superconductivity.
UNIT-IV
Rotational and Vibrational spectroscopy
Microwave Spectroscopy: Classification of molecules based on moment of inertia. Diatomic molecule as rigid
rotator and its rotational energy levels. Selection rules (derivation not required). Calculation of bondlengths
from rotational spectra of diatomic molecules. Isotope effect on rotational spectra. Calculation of atomic mass
from rotational spectra. Brief description of microwave spectrometer.
Vibrational Spectroscopy. Vibrational energy levels of diatomic molecules, selection rules (derivation not
required ). Calculation force constant from vibrational frequency. Anharmonic nature of vibrations.
Fundamental bands, overtones and hot bands, Fermi Resonance. Vibration-rotation spectra diatomic molecules.
Vibrations of poly atomic molecules. Normal modes of vibration, concept of group frequencies. Characteristics
of vibrational frequencies of functional groups; Stereochemical effects on the absorption pattern in carbonyl
group, cis-trans isomerism and hydrogen bonding. Problems based on group frequencies. Applications of IR
spectroscopy to the study of metal-ligand bonding modes involving monodentate amd bidentate ligands. IR
spectra of coordinated NO3-, SO42- and CO32- ions.
Raman Spectroscopy- Quantum theory of Raman effect, Vibrational Raman spectra, Stokes and anti- Stokes
lines. Complementary nature of IR and Raman spectra.
Electronic spectroscopy
Electronic spectra: Elementary energy levels of molecules-selection rules for electronic spectra; types of
electronic transitions in molecules. Chromophores: Congugated dienes, trienes and polyenes, unsaturated
carbonyl compounds, benzene and its derivatives, Woodward-Fieser rules. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
and diketones. Solvent and structural influences on absorption maxima, stereochemical factors. Cis-trans
isomers, and cross conjugation. Application of electronic spectra of metal complexes-“3d1 and 3d9 hexa aquo
metal complexes. Quantitative applications of electronic spectroscopy, Beer’s law application to mixture
analysis and dissociation constant of a weak acid, Charge transfer spectra.
NMR spectroscopy
1
H NMR spectroscopy: Magnetic properties of nuclei, Principles of NMR. Instrumentation, CW and FT NMR,
equivalent and non equivalent protons, enantiotopic and diastereotopic protons, Chemical shifts, factors
affecting the chemical shifts, electronegativity and anisotropy, shielding and deshielding effects,Signal
integration, Spin-spin coupling: vicinal,geminal,long range and virtual coupling,Coupling constants and factors
affecting coupling constants.
Applications of 1H NMR spectroscopy: structure determination, reaction mechanisms (cyclic bromonium
ion,electrophilic and nucleophilic substitutions, carbocations and carbanions),E,Z isomers,conformation of
cyclohexane and decalins, keto-enol tautomerism, hydrogen bonding, proton exchange process, C-N rotation,
study of aromaticity and fluxional molecules (eg.,bullvalene,[η-C5H5M],η-(C5H5)2 Tiη-(C5H5)2 [-
C8H8Ru(CO)3].NMR of paramagnetic compounds:[H Ni(OPEt3)4],[HRh(CN)5]3-, acetylacetone
1
complexes.Problems based on H NMR spectral data,.magnetic resonance imaging(MRI).
1
H,19F,31P and solid state NMR spectroscopy: First order and non first order spectra e.g.,AX,AX2,AX3,
A2X3,AMX and AB,ABC
Discrimination of enantiomers by use of chiral NMR solvents (CSAs), chiral lanthanide shift reagents and
Mosher’s acid.
Simplification of complex spectra: increased field strength, deuterium exchange,Lanthanide shift reagents and
double resonance techniques. Nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE)..
19
F NMR spectroscopy: 19F chemical shifts, coupling of 19F with 19F,1H,13C and 31P.Applications of 19F NMR.
31
P NMR spectroscopy: 31P chemical shifts, coupling of 31P with 31P ,19F,1H and 13C.Applications of 31P NMR
Introduction to solid state NMR:
Magic angle spinning(MAS).Applications of solid state NMR
Mass spectrometry
Origin of mass spectrum, Principles of EI mass spectrometer. Types of fragments: odd electron and even
electron containing neutral and charged species. Nitrogen rule, Isotopic peaks, determination of molecular
formula, metastable ion peaks. High resolution mass spectrometry. Principles of ion production techniques such
as EI, CI, FI and FD methods and mass analysers such as time of flight, ion trap and quadrupole analyzer. Fast
Atom Bombardment (FAB), Secondary Ion Mass (SIM) spectrometry and Californium plasma desorption
techniques. Principle of Electron Spray Ionization(ESI) mass spectrometry, Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption
Ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry, GC-MS and LC-MS.
Common mass fragmentation pattern of organic compounds.Cleavage of one, two and more bonds.
Dehydration, dehydrohalogenation, decarboxylation (eliminations).Fragmentation of alkanes, alkenes,(allylic
cleavage),cycloalkanes,cycloalkenes (retro Diels-Alder fragmentation) cycloalkanols, cycloalkanones and
cycloalkyl amines, alkyl substituted aromatic compounds (benzylic cleavage), phenols,aldehydes,
ketones,carboxylic acids, esters, amides,amines, alcohols,McLafferty rearrangement,ortho effect.Interpretation
of the fragmentation pattern of simple organic compounds.Fragmentation pattern of metal carbonyls and mass
spectral fragmentation of ReBr, ReBr2 and ReBr(CO)5
Subject : Chemistry
Time 3 hrs. Max Marks 100
Answert All Questions
Section – A (10x6=60 marks)
1. (a) Distinguish T and Td point groups.

(b) Give two examples each of molecules belonging to asymmetric and
dissymmetric type.
2. (a) Explain the splitting of metal d-orbitals in a square planar ligand field.
(b) Claculate the spin only magnetic moment of
(i) [Cu(H2O6]2+ and (ii) [Ni(H2O)6]2+
3. (a) Using screw horse formulae write the product formed when bromine is added to trans – 2 - butene.
(b) Discuss the utility of IR and NMR Spectra in reaction mechanism.
4 (a) Discuss the mechanism of Fischer Indole Synthesis using acetone as one of the reactants.
(b) Describe the application of Hoffmann’s exhaustive methylation in structure determination of
alkaloids.
5. a) Derive the Gibb’s equations for a closed system

b) Write an account of Stern-Volmer kinetics.
6. a) Write a note on point defects.

b) Give the success & limitation of Debye Huckel Theory.
7 (a) What is meant by “integration” and how it is measured ? what is its

importance in PMR Spectroscopy ?
(b) Explain the utility of mass spectra in determining the presence of i) Chlorine
and ii) bromine in an organic compound.
8. (a) Discuss the effect of resonance on electronic spectra with suitable examples
(b) Explain the use of IR spectroscopy in detecting H-bonding.
9 (a) Explain the bonding modes of carbon monoxide in carbonyls with evidences.
(b) cis – 4 – t – Butyl cyclohexyl chloride undergoes rapid dehydohalogenation than trans isomers.
Explain the condition favoring this elimination.
10. (a) Explain the conditions for Orthogonality & Normalization.

(b) What is spin-spin coupling. Explain with examples.
Section- B (4x10=40 marks)
11. (a) What is S1 & S2? Illustrate with examples.

(b) Explain the role of molecular nitrogen as a ligand.
12. (a) Explain axial and planar chirality with suitable examples.
(b) Discuss the salient features of Beckmann rearrangement.
13. (a) Write an account of postulates of Quantum theory.

(b) Write about Hammette LFER equation.
14 (a) What is Mc Lafferty rearrangement? Illustrate with two examples.

(b) What are anisotropic effects? Illustrate with examples.
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCINECE
OSMAINA UNIVERISY
Atmospheric composition and structure. Green house gases and its effect. Global warning and consequences.
Ozone layer and depletion. Photochemicsl reactions. Soil composition and formation, Soil erosion and
conservation. Hydrological cycle, Thermal stratification in lakes. Biogeochemical cycles. Eutrophication and
Restoration of lakes.
Effects of air pollutants – on plants, humans material damage. Various types of plumes, wind rose dispersion of
air pollutants. Dispersion models. The Gaussian plume model…
Ambient air sampling methods for collection and analysis of SPM and RSPM, SO2, NOx. Air pollution control
methods. Control of gaseous emissions. Automobile
Pollution and control.
Principles and application of Flame Photometer and Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometer, classification and principle of chromatography of TLC, GC, HPLC, Electrophoresis –
Theory and applications. Microscopy – phase-contrast microscope and scanning electron microscope principals
and application.
Cluturing of Micro-organisms – Culture media, Isolation of pure culture. The influence of Environmental factor
on growth of micro-organisms. Control of micro-organisms by physical and chemical agents.
Precipitation process, forms and types. Major climatic regions of the world.
Classification of climates – koppen’s.
Development and Evolution of Ecosystems
Patterns, types of succession. Concept of climax. Climax theory.
Positive and negative interactions of populations, community characters, Community interactions including prey
predator relationship. Biomass utilization. Methods of measurement of biomass and productivity.
Effects of heavy metals on plants and animals. Biological treatment methods of waste water (Secondary
Treatment) – Waste stabilization ponds, aerated lagoons, activated sludges, trickling filter. Sludge disposal.
Advanced waste water treatment.
Characteristics and methodology for the treatment of industrial waste water. Removal of suspended solids,
dissolved solids, Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Reuse and recycle of waste water. Flow diagrams for the treatment
methods of sugar, distillery and tannery industries.
Rain water harvesting and watershed management.
Environmental impact of mining of ground water. Solid waste disposal and management. Radioactive waste
management. Large dams and environmental problems.
Hazardous chemicals – storage, safe keeping. Industrial fires and explosions and their effect on environment.
Safety and accreditations. OHSAS 180001.
Biodiversity – Threats of biodiversity, Endemic and endangered species, Hot spots of biodiversity conservation
of biodiversity.
Drinking water quality standards – BIS 0500 CPHEEO and WHO guidelines.
Conventional water treatment methods. Specific water treatment methods. Biomedical waste management.
Principles of Remote Sensing. Advantages and limitations of visual and digital interpretation for environmental
studies. Application of remote sensing to – Urban landscape mapping, vegetation, landscape ecology. Remote
sensing for flood mapping, flood damage assessment and drought assessment. Application of GIS for
Environmental Studies GPS applications for environment studies interface of GPS data with GIS.
Phyto-remediation, Rhizo-deposition and their role in Rhizo-degradation.

Immobilization of cells and enzymes. Methods of immobilization and application.
Bio-concentration and Bio-magnification of toxicants. TLC techniques for determination of toxicants in water
and vegetables samples. Chemical classification and mode of action of pesticides. Factors effecting metabolism
of xenobiotics. Natural Resources. Depletion and conservation.
EIA – Environmental Assessment guidelines. Various categories of EIA. EIA Notification of 1994.
Identification of impacts Predication and evaluation of impacts Environmental management plans EMP). Role
of Remote Sensing and GIS in EIA studies. Environmental Audit. Designing and implementation of Audit
Programmes.
Environmental Audit report on MOEF format. – From v. Environmental laws. Water and Air Acts
Environmental Protection Act 1986.
Subject: Environmental Science
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 100
Note: Answer all the questions from Section – A and Section – B
SECTION – A 10 X 6 = 60 Marks
1. Global warming
2. safety and accreditations
3. Gaussian plume model
4. Application of A.A.S.
5. Culture media
6. Biomass utilization
7. Trickling filters
8. Watershed management
9. Hot spot of Biodiversity
10. Application of G.I.S.
SECTION – B 4 X 10 = 40 Marks
11. Give the classification and principal of HPLC

12. Explain the application of Remote Sensing to vegetation and landscape mapping
13. Discuss the Environmental Audit designing and implementation of Audit Programme
14. Describe the various methods of Nitrogen and Phosphorous removal
Department of Genetics
Osmania University
Unit 1: TRANSMISSION GENETICS: Laws of segregation and independent
assortment. Extensions to Mendelian principles – Codominance, Incomplete dominance.
Epistatic interactions – Pleiotropy, Genomic Imprinting. Penetrance and Expressivity.
Phenocopy, Sex-linked, Sex-limited and Sex-influenced characters. Autosomal and Sex-
linked inheritance by Pedigree analysis in man. Inheritance of quantitative traits-
Additive gene effect, Kernel colour in wheat.
Unit 2: CYTOGENETICS: Cell division- Mitosis and Meiosis. Structure and organization of chromosomes,
karyotyping. Chromosomal abnormalities- Structural and Numerical and their genetic implications.
Unit 3: GENE MAPPING: Linkage and crossing over. Phases of linkage.

Recombination frequency in Gene mapping. Two point and three point test crosses.
Tetrad analysis in Neurospora.
Unit 4: EXTRA-CHROMOSOMAL INHERITANCE: Inheritance of

mitochondrial and chloroplast genes. Maternal inheritance Eg. Leaf Variegation in
Mirabilis jalapa, Petite mutants in yeast, Uniparental inheritance of chloroplast genes in
Chlamydomonas.
Unit 5: GENETIC MATERIAL: DNA as genetic material, Griffith’s experiment, Avery McLeod and
McCarty’s experiments, Watson and Crick model of DNA double helix, Polymorphic forms of DNA, Replicon,
enzymes involved in DNA replication, origin of replication, replication fork.
RNA as genetic material-Tobacco Mosaic Virus.
Structure and replication of Retroviral genome.
Recombination - Homologous and Non-homologous recombination.
Unit 6: DNA DAMAGE AND REPAIR: Molecular basis of mutations -

Transitions, Transversions, frame-shift mutations.
DNA repair mechanisms- Direct repair, Excision repair, Post - replication and
Mis-match repair.
Unit 7: GENE EXPRESSION AND REGULATION: Transcription process in

prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Gene regulation at transcription level.
Translation process in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Gene regulation at translational level.
Unit 8: r-DNA TECHNOLOGY: Restriction enzymes, cloning vectors, construction of genomic and cDNA
libraries, screening- Applications of r-DNA technology in medical, agricultural and industrial biotechnology.
MODEL PAPER : Ph.D. Eligibility Test
Subject: GENETICS
Time: 3 hrs Max Marks: 100
Note: Answer all the questions from Section-A and Section-B.
SECTION- A 10x6=60 marks
1. Differentiate between dominance, codominance and incomplete dominanace giving examples.

2. “Chromosomal behaviour during meiosis explains Mendel’s laws of segregation”. Comment.
3. Write briefly about tetrad analysis for gene mapping in Neurospora.
4. Explain uniparental inheritance of chloroplast genes in Chlamydomonas.
5. Write a brief note on replication of Retro viral genome.
6. Explain molecular basis of mutations involving transitions and transversions.
7. Write briefly about the synthesis of m-RNA on a DNA template.
8. What are cloning vectors. Write briefly about the use of pBR322 as a cloning vector.
9. Write briefly a note on Karyotyping and its applications.
10. Write about gene mapping using a two-point test cross.
SECTION- B 4x10=40 marks
11. What are quantitative traits? Explain Additive gene effect taking the example of Kernel colour in
wheat.
12. Describe in detail the construction and screening of genomic and cDNA libraries.
13. Write in detail about homologous and non-homologous recombination.
14. Describe the various DNA repair mechanisms.
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY, OSMANIA UNIVERSITY
SYLLABUS FOR Ph.D. ELIGIBILITY TEST
1. Interior of the Earth-Isostasy, Continental Drift. Mountain Building, Volcanism and

volcanic land forms - Types of land forms and Cycles: (i) Fluvial, (ii) Glacial,
(iii) Karst, (iv) Arid.
2. Air masses and fronts - Classification of air masses. - Perturbations in the

Atmosphere - Cyclones and anti-Cyclones - Classification of Climates - Basic
principles of koeppen & Thornthwaite.
3. Submarine relief with special reference to the Indian Ocean. - Water Masses, Tides
and Ocean currents.
4. World Distribution of population - Birth and Death Rates, Migration, Growth &
Density - Major cultural regions of the world. - Concept of social wellbeing and HDI.
5. The concept of central places and growth centers - (Christaller ) - Models of

distribution - Zipf’s rank-size rule - Primate city concept - Functional
classification of settlements.
6. Dualism in Geography - Recent trends in Geography - The quantitative revolution.

- Systems analysis in Geography.
7. Industrial Location Theories. - Concept of economic region and regional delineation.

Resource Base - Major natural resources. - Resource regions and sub-regions.
8. Agricultural regions in India. - Agricultural Typology. - Irrigation potential of

Andhra Pradesh. - Globalization & Regional variations in development.
9. Geographical Information system. - Definition, evolution, components and

Approaches to the study of GIS – Digital representation of geographic data – Data
base management systems, spatial and non spatial data – Raster and vector data
models – Data input and errors in GIS - Spatial analysis – GIS as decision support
system – Application of GIS in resource management and Urban & regional planning.
10. Remote sensing. - Electro Magnetic Spectrum - Remote sensing platforms and
sensors - Visual Image Interpretation - Digital Image processing . - Resolution
- IRS & LANDSAT - Principles of aerial photo interpretation & their types.
11. Cartography - Maps - Map scale - Projections - Symbolization - Generalization -

Cartographic techniques of representing geographic data - Thematic cartography -
Digital cartography.
12. Environment - Environmental components - Ecosystems - Environmental

pollution - Global warming and Ozone layer depletion - Environmental Impact
Assessment - Environmental problems and policies. - Environmental conventions.
MODEL PAPER
Ph.D. ELIGIBILITY TEST
Subject: Geography
Time: 3 hrs. Max.Marks:100
Note: Answer all the questions.
SECTION-A (Short Answer Type) (10 X 6 = 60 Marks)
1. Continental Drift theory

2. Tropical cyclones
3. Population migration
4. Primate city concept
5. Dualism in Geography
6. Concept of Economic region
7. Social wellbeing
8. Components of GIS
9. Electromagnetic radiation
10. Map projection
SECTION-B (Essay Type) (4 X 10 = 40 Marks)
1. Give an account of the Erosional and depositional land forms produced by river action.
2. Write an essay on the concepts of central places and growth centers.
3. Bring out the regional variations in the development if India.
4. Examine the GIS as spatial decision support system.

DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY, OSMANIA UNIVERSITY
UNIT – I
Mineralogy, Crystallography and Petrology – External symmetry, Internal symmetry, 32
symmetry classes.
Silicate structures, Isomorphism, Polymorphism. Structure, composition, optical and physical
properties of Olivine, Pyroxene, Amphibole, Garnet, Silica, Feldspar and Felspathoids
groups.
Magmatic and metamorphic processes. Petrography and petrogenesis of Granitoids, alkaline
rocks, anorthosites, layered complexes and basalts. Zones, grades and facies of
metamorphism. Metamorphism of pelitic rocks, basic rocks, calcareous rocks and
Ultramaphic rocks. Goldschmidt’s classification of elements.
UNIT – II
Structural Geology, Geotectonics and Geomorphology – Behaviour of elastic, plastic
and viscous materials. Folds – Classification and causes of folding. Diapers and salt domes.
Shear zones and recognition of faults and shear zones in the field. Mechanics of shearing
and faulting. Geometry of thrust sheets thrust sheets, block faults and rifted regions. Wrench
faults and associated structures. Foliation and lineation, classification, origin and
significance.
Interior of the Earth. Isostacy, Concept of plate tectonics. Convection currents of Wilson
cycle. Continental drift, computer fittings, geological and palaeontological, sea floor
spreading, Hess concept evidences and evidences of sea floor spreading. Nature of
convergent, divergent and conservant plate margins. Plate tectonics. Concept of plate and
plate movements. Plate model of Morgan. Triple junction, Aulocogen, plume theory.
Definition, dynamics of geomorphology. Diastrophism, landforms from various
geomorphological processes. Rock weathering, mass wasting, Fluvial geomorphic cycle,
fluvial geomorphology, valley development, peneplanation, folded and faulted structures
topography, desert and Aeolian landforms, Karst topography.
UNIT – III
Palaeontology – Origin and evolution of life, uses of microfossils, study of microfossils of
Foraminifera, Radiolaria, bacteria, and Diatoms. Gondwana flora and their significance.
Classification and evolution of pisces. General characters of Amphibian and mammals.
Evolution of horse and elephant.
Stratigraphy - Precambrian stratigraphy-- a) Archean stratigraphy - tectonic frame-work,

geological history & evolution of Dharwar, and their equivalents (b) Proterozoic stratigraphy -
tectonic framework, geological history, and evolution of Cuddapah, and their equivalents
Stratigraphy of the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic formations of India with special reference to
type localities. Palaeozoic and Mesozoic formations of India with special reference to their
history of sedimentation, fossil content and palaeogeography. Gondwana System.
Cenozoic formations of India Rise of the Himalayas and evolution of Siwalik basin and
Deccan volcanics. Boundary problems in Indian stratigraphy
Sedimentology – Analysis of sedimentary environments, facies models and environment
reconstruction. Non marine environments: Fluivial, Glacial, Eolin and Lacustrine Transitional:
Deltaic, Beach and Tidal Flats. Marine: Shelf (Clastic and Non clastic) and deep sea
sediments, turbidites. Evolution of sedimentary basins – Sedimentary basins, geosynclinal
concept. Plate movements and basin formation.
UNIT – IV
Hydrogeology - Origin, type, and age of groundwater. Hydrological cycle. Rock properties
affecting groundwater.
Porosity, permeability, specific yield, specific retention, hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity,
storage coefficient, precipitation, evapotraspiration, runoff and infiltration. Vertical distribution
of groundwater. Water level fluctuation, causative factors. Artificial recharge of Groundwater.
Water well technology- Well types, drilling methods, construction, design, development and
maintenance of wells.
Surface and subsurface geophysical and geological methods of Groundwater exploration.
Application of Remote Sensing for exploration of groundwater and GIS
Ground Water quality- reporting of chemical analysis. Groundwater Pollution. Groundwater
quality map of India. Quality criteria for groundwater use. Salt water intrusion in coastal
aquifers.
Concepts of basin management. Groundwater modeling techniques.
Economic Geology - Concepts of ore genesis. Mineralization through geological time. Plate
tectonics and ore deposits. Concept of ore bearing fluids, wall-rock alteration; structural, physico-
chemical controls of ore localization. Fluid inclusions in ores. Stratiform and Stratabound deposits
Principles of application of Geothermobarometry. Stable isotopes in ore genesis. Ore
deposition-Physical and chemical controls. Ore bearing fluids and their migration.
Petrological ore associations with Indian examples-Orthomagmatic ores of mafic-ultramafic
rocks.
Ores of sedimentatary affiliation Placer deposits. Ores of metamorphic affiliations. Ores
related to weathering and weathered surfaces – laterite, bauxite.
Study of geology, nature of occurrence and the genesis of the following with case studies in
India: 1. Iron formations and deposits. 2. Chromite deposits. 3. Manganese deposits. 4.
Copper deposits. 5. Lead and Zinc deposits. 6. Bauxite deposits. 7. Magnesite deposits. 8.
Barite deposits. 9. Mica deposits. 10. Gold deposits. 12. Diamond deposits. 13. Asbestos
deposits. 14. Dimension and decorative stones.
Engineering Geology – Engineering properties of Rocks and soils. Rocks as a construction

material – Building stone, concrete aggregate, Road aggregate, Ballast and rip-rap.
Engineering Geological investigations in the selection of Dam site. Foundation Geology of
some major dam sites of India. Problems associated with dams and reservoirs. Engineering
geological investigations in choosing the alignment of tunnels. Geology of some well known
tunnels. Importance of geology in the foundations of buildings and bridges. Geological
Hazards – Elements at risk, typical effects and mitigation measures of Earth quakes,
landslides, floods and cyclones.
MODEL PAPER : Ph.D. ELIGIBILITY TEST
Subject: GEOLOGY
Time: 3 hrs Marks: 100
Answer all questions
Section-A: Short answer questions (10 x 6 = 60 marks)
1. Symmetry elements.
2. Facies of metamorphism
3. Wrench faults
4. Plate boundaries
5. Karst topography
6. Explain the uses of microfossils
7. Boundary problems in Indian stratigraphy
8. Delta environment
9. Wall rock alteration and ore deposition
10. Hydrological cycle
Section-B: Essay type questions (4 x 10 = 40 marks)
11. Write an essay on petrography and petrogenesis of Alkaline rocks

12. Write a detailed account of landforms resulting due to various geomorphic processes
13. Write an essay on origin and evolution of life
14. Discuss the importance of lithology, geological structures and groundwater in choosing tunnel alignment.
DEPARTMENT OF GEOPHYSICS, OSMANIA UNIVERSITY
UNIT-I
Mathematics:
TENSORS: Introduction, Definition, Contraction, Direct product, Quotient rule, Pseudo tensors, Dual
Tensors, Studies of some Geophysical examples.
ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS
Functions of a complex variable. Mappings Limits. Theorems on Limits

Continuity Derivatives. Differentiation Formulas. The Cauchy Riemann Equations
Sufficient conditions. The Cauchy – Riemann Equations in polar Form.
Analytic Functions Harmonic Functions. Some Geophysical examples.
FOURIER SERIES & FOURIER INTEGRAL TRANSFORM.
Fourier series, Introduction Euler’s Formulae, Condition for Fourier expansion, Change of interval., Odd and
Even function, Half-Range series, Boundary value problem using Fourier, Fourier integral transform series.,
Fourier’s Integral theorem, Fourier Transform, Fourier Cosine transform, Fourier Sine transform, Fourier
transforms of derivatives., Calculation of Fourier transforms of some simple functions., Some Geophysical
examples.
Solution of algebraic and transcendental equations, bisection and Newton-Raphson methods, solution of
simultaneous linear equations, matrix inversion method, interpolation, Newton and Lagrange formulae,
numerical differentiation, numerical integration, Simpson, trapezoidal and Gaussian quadrature methods, least
square curve fitting, straight line and polynomial fits.
Introduction to solutions of ordinary differential equations. Runga – Kutta methods of 2nd,3rd and 4th order,
Convergence, stability and accuracy of solution, numerical dispersion. Methods of solving initial and boundary
value problems. Introduction to finite element method and applications.
Signal Processing:
Stationary time series, concepts of signal and noise, continuous and discrete
Data. Deterministic and statistical processes, auto and cross correlations. Fourier and
Hartley transforms. Discrete transforms and FFT and FHT algorithms Z- transform.
Properties, relation between Z and Fourier transforms, Hilbert transform, analytic signal,
Amplitude, phase, instantaneous frequency and envelope of time series.
Radon, Walsh and Mellin transforms, their discrete transforms and properties.
Linear System:
Linearity, casualty and stabilityof a system, Impulse response, transfer function,
(input and output relation) Convolution theorem in time and frequency domains.
Time and frequency sampling theorem, comb, function, Nyquist frequency,

Alising and Gibb’s phenomenon.
Principles of digital filtering intime and frequency domains. Amplitude and

Phase characteristic of digital filters., Low pass, high pass, and band pass.
Velocity filters, and Weiner filter. Deconvolution and predictive
Deconvolution techniques.
UNIT-II
Geology:
Fundamentals of Mineralogy: Basic concepts of Minerology, Types of minerals, Chemical Physical and optical
properties.
Classification into plutonic, hypabyssal and volcanic rocks. Forms of igneous rocks:
Lava flows, sill, lacolith, lopolith, dyke, Phacolith, Botholith, structures: vesicular, amygdaloidal, block and
ropy lava.
Textures: Definition of texture, microstructure, allotromorphic, hypidiomorphic,

Panidiomorphic, ophitic, porphyritic, poikilitic, intersectral and intergranular, graphic, Classification of igneous
Rocks: Classifications of C.I.P.W. shand, Johannsen
Rosenbuch and Terrell’s tabular classification.
Origin of Igneous Rocks: Bowen’s reaction principle, differentiation and assimilationn
Descriptive study of following igneous rocks: Granite, granodiorite, syenite, porphiritic

granite, Pegmatite gabbro, dunite, peridotite, dolerite, rhyolite, obsidian, basalt and
laterite.
Sedimentary Petrology: Introduction, mode of formation source, Transportation and deposition, classification of
Sedimentary rocks, Structures and textures of sedimentary rocks, lithification and diagnosis.
Brief description of the following sedimentary rocks: Conglomerate, breccia, sandstone, greywacke, shale,
limestone, dolomite, Shelly limestone and diatomaceous earth.
Metamorphic Petrology: Introduction: Definition, Types and agents of metamorphism; structure and textures of
metamorphic rocks – grades and zones of metamorphism. Short notes on retrograde metamorphism.
Metasomatism, Palingenesis, petrological cycle.
Brief description of the following metamorphic rocks: Quartzite, marble, slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss,
charnockite and Khondalite.
Definition of Structural Geology: Objectives of structural geology-primary and secondary structures; bed,
bedding planes, outcrop, attitude of beds, strike, dip and apparent dip.
Folds: parts of a folds, nomenclature of folds: Anticline, syncline, symmetrical fold, asymmetrical fold,
overturned fold, recumbent fold, isoclinal fold, chevron fold, box fold, fan fold, kink bands, monocline,
homocline, closed and open folds, drag folds, plunge of folds, doubly plunging fold, dome, basins,
RECOGNITION OF FOLDS IN THE FIELD: Direct observation, inferred folds, plotting attitude of beds on a
map, aerial map pattern, drilling, mining and Geophysical methods , Determination of top of beds by primary
features. Ripple marks, cross bedding, graded bedding, sole markings, local unconformities and related features
, pillow structures and drag folds.
JOINTS: Definition, geometric and genetic classification.
FAULTS: Terminology of fault plane; nature of movement along faults: Translational and rotational
movements, relative movements, Effects of disturbed strata. Throw and heave; Classification: Geometrical
classification, Genetic classification. Classification based on absolute movements.
UNCONFORMITIES:Types of unconformities, Local unconformity, Angular unconformity, Nonunconformity

and Disconformity.
Introduction to the theory of plate Tectonics.

Introduction and Principles of Stratigraphy: Standard Geological time scale, Principles of correlation:
Physiographical sub-divisions of India.

A brief study of area, distribution Lithology and economic importance of the following geological groups of
India. Dharward, Cuddapah, Vindhyans, Kurnool, Gondwana, Deccan Traps.
Economic Geology: Introduction: Ore minerals, gangue, ore and ore deposits. Syngenetic and epigenetic
mineral deposits, concepts of magmatic, hydrothermal, sedimentary deposits, residual and Mechanical
concentration and respective types of ore mineral occurrence.
Petroleum Geology: Chemical composition and physical properties of petroleum crude, origin of petroleum,
migration of oil and gas, gas hydrates. Reservoir rocks – classification, hydrocarbon traps. Petroliferous basins
of India.
UNIT-III
General Geophysics:
Introduction to Geophysics: Geophysics and its importance among earth

Sciences.
Paleomagnetism: Natural Remanent Magnetisation, Measurement of direction and intensity of NRM.

Continental drift and polar wonder curves. Geothermics: Heat sources, Geothermal flux distribution over
continents and oceans.
Geochronology: Rock dating methods, U-Th, K-Ar, Rb-Sr, C-14, Fission-Track and magnetic dating.
Petrophysics: Different physical and Engineering properties of rocks Laboratory measurements of the physical
properties of rocks namely Density, Seismic wave velocities, magnetic susceptibility, Electrical resistivity,
thermal conductivity, porosity and permeability.
Seismology: Natural and Artificial seismology and its relation to other Earth System sciences. Classification of
Earth quakes, Causes and propagation of Different seismic wave and fundamental laws. Various methods for
determination of focal depth and epicentral location. Interior of the Earth and Earth quake prediction. Concepts
of Geodynamics.
Basic concepts of Instrumentation: A descriptive treatment of instrument as a part of system. Linear systems,
Static and Dynamic characteristics. Error and uncertainty in measurements.
Seismic Methods:
Historical Development and Background of Refraction and Reflection Methods, Difference between Refraction
and Reflection Surveys, Propagation of Seismic Waves in Linear and Nonlinear medium. Common Depth Point
technique, 2D, 3D and 4D Seismics, Vertical Seismic Profiling, Deep Seismic Sounding,
Sequence of Digital Seismic data Processing, Analysis of Multiples and Ghost Reflections, Time and Depth
Sections, Seismic Inversion, Migration Techniques, Processing and interpretation of Refraction Seismic data.
Petroleum system analysis, Acquisition and processing of multi-component seismic data
Application of Seismic methods in Hydrocarbon, Mining , Groundwater and Engineering studies.
Gravity and Magnetic Methods:
Principles of gravity prospecting, the gravitational field of the earth and its variation in space and time. Geoid,
spheroid and Ellipsoid of the earth. Shape and size of the earth. Concept of gravity potential, Poission’s &
Laplace’s.equations International Gravity Formula Factors contributing to the variation of gravity on the
surface of the earth. Concept of anomaly & Definition of micro gravity anomaly. Density of rocks and minerals
and their variations
Basic principles of Astatic Gravimeters and survey procedures on land, at sea and in satellite gravity. Scales of
survey. Reduction of land gravity data. Determination of surface rock densities using Netelton and other
empirical methods. Various corrections, Reduction of marine and airborne gravity data, concept of absolute &
relative Bouguer anomalies, preparation of Bouguer anomaly maps.
Principles of Magnetic prospecting Magnetic field of the earth & its variation in space and time. Concept of
Magnetic potential and field Poission’s relation. Magnetic elements., factors contributing to the main Magnetic
fields of the earth. Magnetic properties of rocks and minerals
Brief introduction to the working principles and operational procedures of modern magnetometers. Magnetic
survey procedures on land marine and air borne. Accuracy corrections to magnetic data.
Qualitative Analysis of gravity and magnetic data –Regional – Residual separation, various techniques. Green’s
Equivalent layer, Gravity and magnetic anomalies over common geological features. Continuation techniques,
calculation of second vertical gradients. Qualitative analysis of magnetic data. Derivatives and Continuation
techniques, calculation of second derivatives, Reduction to pole
Application of gravity and magnetic methods in
(i) Regional geological and structural problems.

(ii) Mineral Exploration and Hydro carbons Exploration, application of micro gravity techniques.
(iii) Groundwater and Engineering problems
UNIT-IV
Electrical and Electromagnetic Methods:
Basic Principles of electrical methods of prospecting. Classification of methods.

Electrical properties of rocks and minerals, Influence of (1) mineral composition (2) moisture and salinity (3)
Temperature on resistivity.
Basics of Resistivity methods of prospecting: Concepts of True and Apparent resistivities. Two electrode, Three
electrode Dipole, Schlumberger, Wenner arrays and their Geometric factors, Principle of reciprocity.
Electrical Profiling(EP): Basics of electrical resistivity profiling. Response of EP with, Two electrode , Three
electrode, Dipole- Dipole, Schlumberger & Wenner arrays over a vertical contact. The unipole, combined and
Schlumberger arrays and their use in different cases of prospecting. Field procedure and illustration of results
and interpretation.
Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES): Apparent Resistivity over a layered earth. Master curves for Schlumberger
arrays- Types of two, three and multiplayer VES curves. Principles of Equivalence and Principle of suppression.
Field procedures and examples of applications.
Resistivity imaging: Some fundamental concepts. Methods in resistivity imaging, field survey & uses.
Electrochemical Methods: Origin and nature of electro-chemical processes (spontaneous polarization) in the
earth. exploration of sulphide ore bodies.
Induced Polarization ( IP )Method: Introduction, origin , Time domain and Frequency domain measurement of
IP, chargeability, percent frequency effect and metal factors, apparent chargeability, Applications of IP
Methods.
Electromagnetic Methods: Principles of Electromagnetic Prospecting, Primary field, Secondary field, Total
field, Anomaly field, amplitude, phase, real and imaginary components.
Classification of Electromagnetic methods: Based on type of source and (1) Harmonically varying field, (2)
transient fields.
Basic principles, operations, field procedures, processing and interpretation of
1. Surface low frequency methods
a. Dipole induction profiling (Slingram and Turam methods)
b. Tilt Angle Techniques – VLF and AFMAG
c. Surface Transient Methods
d. Surface High Frequency Methods
a) Radiowave mapping
b) Radiowave absorption
c) Ground-penetrating radar
2. General Principles of Borehole EM Methods:
3. Methods using Natural Fields: Telluric Current and Magnetotelluric Methods including Remote
Reference technique.
Applications of EM methods in geological mapping, mineral and groundwater exploration.
Well Logging:
Reservoirs characteristics and objectives of well logging. Reservoir Rocks : Clastic and carbonate rocks.
Reservoir Properties: Borehole environment- invasion process and various profiles. Classification of well
logging methods
Basic principles, operations, field procedures, processing and interpretation of
1. Spontaneous Potential ( SP ) logging

2. Non focused resistivity logging
3. Focused current logs
4. Micro resistivity (Wall) logging
5. Induction logging
6. Radioactivity and Nuclear Logging Methods:
7. Acoustic (sonic) logging
Sub-surface correlation and mapping from log data. Production logging.
Application of Well logging for (a) Groundwater, (b) Ore Minerals, (c)Petroleum & Gas.
LIST OF RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1) Murray R-SPIGEL, May 1981, Advanced Calculus, Mc Graw Hill, International Book Company,
Singapore.
2) R.V. Churchill, 1963 Fourier series and boundary value problem, Mc Graw Hill Koga Kusha Ltd., Tokyo.
3) Murray R-SPIGEL, 1965, Laplace transforms, Schaum’s out line series Mc. Graw Hill, International Book
Company, New York.
4) L.A. Pipes, 1970, Applied Mathematics for Engineers & Physicists, Mc. Graw Hill, Koga Kusha Ltd.,
Tokyo.
5) B.S. Grewal, 1999, Higher Engineering Mathematics, Khanna Publishers Delhi.
6) M.K.Jain, Numerical solution of differential equations. Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.
7) Rutleys, 1991, Elementary of Mineralogy – Revised by Gribble, C.D. CBS, Publishers and Distributors.
8) Tyrrell, G.W. 1975, The Principles of Petrology B.I. Publications.
9) Billings, M.P.1974, Structural Geology, Printice Hall.
10) Krishnan, M.S. 1982 Geology of India and Burma CBS Publishers.
11) Jenson, M.L. and Bateman, A.M. 1981, Economic Mineral Deposits – John Wiley & Sons.
12) Krishnaswamy S., 1972, India’s Mineral Resources – Oxford & IBII Publishing Co.,
13) P.V. Sarma, 1976, Geophysical Methods in Geology, Elsevier.
14) Howell, 1959, Introduction to Geophysics, Mc Graw Hill Book Co. New York.
15) R.E. Sheriff, 1989, Geophysical Methods. Prentice Hall Engle Wood Cliffs. New Jerssy.
16) I.K. Kaul, S. Senugupta and A.K. Bhattacharya, 1990, General and Applied Geophysics, (An
int5roduction), Associate of, Geophysics.
17) F.D. Stacey, 1977, Physics of the Earth, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
18) Rezhevisky and Novik, 1971, Physical properties of Rocks, Mir Publications.
19) Richter, C.F. 1969, Elementary Seismology, Eurasia Publishing house, Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
20) Dobrin M.B. Savit C.H. 1988 Introduction toGeophysical Prospecting. Mc. Graw Hill Book Company,
Singapore.
21) Telford, W.M., Geldart, L.P. Sheriff, R.E. and Keys, D.A. 1981, Applied Geophysics, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge.
22) Sheriff, R.E. and Geldart, L.P. 1987 Exploration Seismology, Vol. I, CambridgeUniv. Press, Cambridge.
23) Sheriff, R.E.and Geldart, L.P. 1987 Exploration Seismology, Vol. II, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
24) Sheriff R.E. 1989, Geophysical Methods, prentice Hall, Englewood cliffs,
25) Robinson, E.A., 1988, Migration of Seismic data SEG Publication.
26) B.S.R. Rao and IVR Murthy, 1978, Gravity and Magnetic Methods of Prospecting Arnold – Henniman
Publishing Company, Delhi. 390 P.
27) D.S. Parasnis 1973, Mining Geophysics, Amsterdom, Elsevier Publishers,
28) The Netherlands, 354 P.
29) Grant F.S. and West G.F.,1964, Interpretation Theory in Applied Geophysics Mc Graw Hill Publication,
New York.
30) L.L.Nettleton, 1967,. Gravity and Magnetics in oil Propoecting McGraw Hill Publication, New York. 464
P.
31) E.I. Parkhomenko – 1967 Electrical Properties of Rocks – Plenum Press, New York.
32) Keller and Frischkeicht, 1966, Electrical methods in Geophysical Prospecting Pergaon.
33) Patra and Bhattacharya 1969, Direct Current Geoelectrical Sounding, Elsevier.
34) Marcus Bath, 1974, Spectral Analysis in Geophysics, Elsevier.
35) A Populis, 1962, The Fourier integral and its applications, MC Graw Hill Publishers.
36) J.F. Clarbout, 1976, Fundamentals of geophysical data processing. Mc. Graw Hill Publishers.
37) E.A. Robinson and S. Treitel, 1983, Digital Seismic inverse methods, D. Reidel Publishing Co.
38) Serra ,1986, fundamentals of well log interpretation-2.The acquisition of
39) Logging data.,Elsevier Science Publishers ,B.V
40) Itenberg,S.S. 1971, Study of oil and gas series from Well logs, Mir. Pub.
Moscow
41) Schlumberger, 1972 , Essential of log interpretation Practice . Schlumberger ., France
42) Bhimasankaram, V.L.S., Savenko, E.I. and Venkat Rao, N., Centre of Exploration Geophysics,
1973. Laboratory and Field Methods of Radiometry and Nuclear Geophysics.
43) Bhimasankaram, V.L.S., Venkat Rao, N. Sri Rama Murthy, K, and Savenko, E.I., 1985. Principles
and Methods of Nuclear Geophysics, AEG.
44) Ward, Ed.S.H., 1990. Geotechnical and Environmental Geophysics, Vol. I, SEG. (pp. 219-286).
45) Stanislav Mares, D., 1984, Introduction to Applied Geophysics.(Chap-III), Reidel, Publishers.
Model Paper for Ph.D. Eligibility Test in Geophysics
NOTE: Answer all Questions on Section-A & Section-B.
SECTION – A: Short Answer type Marks :( 10 x 6 = 60)
1. What are the assumptions for validity of Fourier series expansion and the determination of Fourier
Constant? Cite suitable geophysical example.
2. Define & Explain Band limited Signal and Gibbs phenomena
3. Explain the Graded Bedding in Sedimentary rocks.
4. Explain Reaction series
5. Explain how heat generation and heat flow in the earth’s crust are related with suitable example.
6. Explain Refraction.
7. Explain the difference between true resistivity and apparent resistivity.
8. Briefly discuss the principle of GPR.
9. Name five borehole logging techniques that compute porosity.
10. Define the Gravitation Potential.
SECTION – B: Essay type Marks: (4 x10 = 40)
1. Discuss in detail about the Z-transform and its properties. Where do we apply in Geophysics?
2. Describe the important tectonic features of Indian Geology.
3. Write essay on origin and migration of hydrocarbons with suitable examples.
4. Describe the basic principle and operation of Spontaneous Logs.
Note: The entire Syllabus consists of 4 Units, 2 questions from each Unit for the short answer type (4 x 2
=8), remaining 2 questions from any of the four Units are chosen. For the Essay type questions one
question from each Unit is to be selected.
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
OSMANIA UNIVERSITY
UNIT-I: Algebra
Normal subgroups-quotient Groups-Isomorphism theorems-Automorphism conjugacy & G-Sets-

Normal series-solvable groups-Nilpotent Groups-sylow theorems-Rings-Ideals –Homomorphism-sum and direct
sum of ideals-principal, maximal, prime Ideals-Nilpotent, Nil Ideals-Principal Ideal domains-Unique
factorization domains- Euclidean domains-polynomial rings over UFDs-Algebraic extensions-splitting fields-
Normal extensions-separable extensions- automorphism groups cyclic extensions polynomials solvable by
radicals
UNIT-II: Real Analysis
Finite countable & uncountable sets. Definition of Euclidean Space, Metric Space, Compact sets.
Perfect Sets and connected sets
Limits of functions, continuous functions, continuity and compactness, continuity, Connectedness and
discontinuities, discontinuities of monotonic functions
Riemann-steilyes integral, definition and existences of integral, Properties of integrals, Integration of
Vector Valued functions, Rectifiable Curves
Sequences and series of functions, discussion of main problems, Uniform convergence, Uniform
Convergence and continuity ,Uniform Convergence and Integration, uniform Convergence and differentiation ,
existence of a continuous function which is no where differentiable, Weierstrass approximation theorem.
UNIT-III: Complex analysis
Complex Numbers the spherical representation- Limits-Continuity-Analytic functions-Cauchy

Riemann equations-polynomials and Rational functions, power series-Radius of convergence-Exponential,
Trigonometric, Hyperbolic, Logarithmic functions –Arcs and closed curves-conformality-Length and Area-
Analytic functions in regions-linear transformations-line integrals –Cauchy’s theorem for a rectangle-Cauchy
theorem in a desk Index of a point with respect to a closed curve-Cauchy’s integral formula- Cauchy’s formulas
for derivatives –removable singularities-Taylors theorem, Zeroes and poles-Maximum principle-the Cauchy
theorem-Cauchy’s Residue theorem-Argument principle-evaluation of definite integrals.
UNIT-IV: Mathematical Methods
Sturm-Liouville’s boundary value problems.

Partial Differential Equations: Linear equation of first-order-Lagrange’s method of solving PDE of Pp + Qq = R
– Non-Linear PDE of order one-Charpit method- Linear PDES with constant coefficients. Partial Differential
Equations of order two with variable coefficients- Classification of second order PDE- Separation of variable
method for solving the one-dimensional Heat equation, Wave equation and Laplace equation.
Solution of Differential Equations in Power series- Frobenius Method
Legendre Polynomials: Legendre’s equation and its solution- Legendre Polynomial and its properties-
Generating function-Orthogonal properties- Recurrence relations- Laplace’s definite integrals for Pn (x)-
Rodrigue’s formula.
Bessels Functions: Bessel’s equation and its solution- Bessel function of the first kind and its properties-
Recurrence Relations- Generating function- Orthogonality properties.
Note: Ten Short Answer questions, at least two (not more than three) from each Unit and four essay type
questions one from each Unit.
Model Paper for Ph.D. Eligibility Test in Mathematics
Note: Answer all questions in Section-A and Section-B.
Section-A : Short answer type 10x6=60 marks
1. Prove that a simple group is solvable iff it is cyclic

R[ x]
2. Prove that C
 x2 1 
3. Prove that in any finite field any element can be written as the sum of two squares.
4. Suppose E1 and E 2 are subsets of a metric space X, then prove that
int( E1 )  int E 2 =int E1  E 2 
5. Prove that every compact subset of a metric space is closed.
Find the values of  1
2i
6.
7. Compute the integral  z  1dz
z 1
8. Solve the equation D 2 2


 DD1  2 D 1 z  ( y  1)e x
1 
9. Show that (1  2 xz  z 2 ) 2
  z n Pn x 
n 0
10. Express Cos(x sin  ) in terms of Bessel function.
Section-B : Essay type questions 4x10=40 Marks
 Q( ) 
11. Prove that group G  , where  5  1 and   1 is isomorphic to the cyclic group of order 4.
 Q 
12. (a). Suppose { K  } is a collection of Compact subsets of a metric Space with the Property that
Intersection of any finite sub collection of it is non empty. Prove that  K  is non empty.

(b) Prove that Every k-Cell is Compact
4
13. Compute the Integral
z
 z  a dz , where a   .
14. (a) By the method of separation of variable, solve the Laplace’s equation
 2u  2u
  0 subject to the Condition u (0, y )  0  u ( , y ) and
x 2 y 2
lim u( x, y)  0; u ( x,0)  f x 
y 
(b). Solve the Bessel’s Differential equation by using the Power series solution
Method.
DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY, OSMANIA UNIVERSITY
Hostorical developments in microbiology and contributions of important scientists
Microscopy: Principles and working of light and electron microscope
Structure and molecular functions of Eukarya, Archaea and Bacteria
Microbiological techniques – Methods of Sterilization (physical and chemical), Enrichment culturing and
development of pure cultures. Preservation and maintenance methods of microbial cultures.
Identification characteristics and classification of bacteria. Bergy’s manual and its latest status. General
characters Bacteria, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Chlamydia, algae and fungi.
Microbial nutrition and metabolism – Nutritional requirements and groups, autotrophy, heterotrophy,
respiration and fermentation. Types of microbiological media and application.
Microbial growth curve, methods of growth measurement, continuous culturing and synchonous chltures.
Bacterial endospores.
Immunology: Immune system, antigens, antibodies, antigen-antibody reactions, application of Ag-Ab
reactions, hypersensitivity, immunity and its types.
Viruses: General characters, cultivation and assay methods, structure and replication of T2, lambda phages,
adenovirus, RNA tumor virus.
Biometry: Introduction, population, sampling procedures, frequency distributions, probability, distributions,

correlation and regression for application in biological research.
Computers: Basic concepts – (Input, output, CPU, ALU), INPUT and output devices.
Microbial biochemistry – pH and buffers, concepts in bioenergetics, free energy, high energy compounds,
biological redox systems. ETS, Oxidative phosphorylations, bacterial photosynthesis structure and functions
of important lipids. Nucleic acids- purines, pyramidines, nucleotides and their metabolism. Amino acids and
proteins – structure and properties of amino acids and proteins. Amino acid biosynthesis and degradation –
an overview. Enzymes – Properties and classification, enzyme activity curves and enzyme inhibition.
Regulation of enzyme activity. Cell disruption methods, isolation and purification of biomolecules,
spectrophotometry.
Microbial Genetics: Mutations, mutagenesis, types of mutagens. Mutagenicity evaluation using microbial
system. Gene structure, function and regulation. Plasmids and transposable elements and their application in
gene cloning. Genetic recombination – transformation, transduction, conjugation. Genetic engineering –
Vectors, restriction mapping, cloning, enzymes of engineering.
Structure and function of DNA. Structure and types of RNA and their functions. Genetic code and gene
translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Industrial Microbiology: Exploitation of microorganisms for economic products. Screening, detection and
assay methods for fermentation products. Types of fermentations. Factors affecting fermentations, strain
development for industrial application. Fermentative production of alcohol, beverages, organic acids, amino
acids, vitamins, antibiotics, microbial enzymes. Microbial transformation of steroids.
Agricultural microbiology: Soil and its nature. Soil microorganisms and their importance. Microbial
decomposition of organic matter. Mineralization of organic nitrogenous matter and soil humus formation.
Nitrification, denitrification and nitrogen fixation by microorganisms. Microbial transformation of
phosphorous, sulfur, iron. Plant microbe interaction – rhizosphere, mycorrhizae. Phillosphere, microbial
biofertilizers and biopesticides. Rumen microorganisms and their importance.
Microbiology of food and water: Microorganisms of milk and milk products and their importance.
Fermented foods. Bacteriological examination of foods, food spoilage, food preservation.
Microorganisms in water and water pollution. Microbiological testing of water quality (coliform test).
Microbiological treatment of sewage.
Medical microbiology: Host parasite interaction and microbial diseases. Normal flora of human body.
Diagnostic microbiology for infectious diseases. Bacterial diseases caused by Clostridium tetani,
Streptococcus, Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium, Neisseria, Spirocheates, Vibrio cholerae.
Viral pathogens and their diseases – Diseases caused by artho and paramyxo viruses, Rabies virus,
encephalitis virus, pox, Herpis, Hepatitis, HIV. Water borne infections – Hepatitis-A, Poliovirus.
Diseases caused by pathogenic parasites – Malaria, Amoebiasis, Helminthic infections, Round worm and
Hook warm infections. Diseases caused by pathogenic fungi – Dermatomycosis and Deepmycosis and their
causative organisms and diagnosis.
Epidemiology of infectious diseases and its importance. Prevention and control of infectious diseases.
Therapeutic control of infectious diseases. Concept of selective toxicity. Synthetic and antibiotic drugs.
Mode of action of drugs acting on cell wall (Penicillin), membrane (polymyxin, polyenes), protein synthesis
(streptomycin), intermediary metabolism (sulphanilamide).
Microbiological assays for growth promoting and inhibiting agents, testing for drug sensitivity.
Model Paper for Ph.D. Eligibility Test in Microbiology
Time: 3 Hrs Max Marks: 100
Section A (Short Answer type) (10 x 6 = 60 Marks)
Ten short answer questions are to be framed from the entire syllabus.
Section B (Essay Answer type) (4 x 10 = 40 Marks)
Four long answer questions are to be framed from the entire syllabus without repeating the question(s) given in
Section A
Subject : NUTRITION
Unit – 1 Nutrition and Biochemistry
. Classification, Functions and Sources of proximate principals:

. Carbohydrates: Glycolysis, TCA cycle, HMP Shunt pathway,
Gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, glycogenesis
. Lipids, biosynthesis of fatty acids and Beta-oxidation
. Amino acids, decarboxylation, transamination and urea synthesis
. Proteins translation and protein synthesis
. Nucleic acids, DNA RNA and transcription
. Requirements of Macro and micro Nutrients for various age groups including
pregnancy and lactation
. Sports nutrition
. Functions and deficiencies of Vitamins, Minerals and Protein energy
malnutrition
Unit – 2 Clinical Nutrition
. Assessment of Nutritional status: Anthropometric measurements,

Biochemical, Clinical and Diet surveys,
. Liver and Renal Function Tests
. Nutrition in critical care, Burns and surgery
. Obesity
. Disorders of Gastro-intestinal tract: liver, kidney, pancreas, cardiovascular
Unit – 3 Food Processing and Preservation
. Processing of food grains

. Oil seeds, fruits and vegetables
. Animal and animal products
. Principles and methods of food preservation
. Food toxicants and Food borne diseases
. Contamination and spoilage of: Cereals and cereal products, milk and milk
products, white and red meat and their products, fruits and vegetables and
canned foods
Unit – 4 Research Methodology, Patient Counseling
. Methods of data collection and compilation

. Statistical evaluation: Measures of central tendency, dispersion
. Correlation and regression
. Chi square and T test
. Diet Counseling for Athletes, Community and Patients
. Nutrition-Education: Tools and Techniques
. Food Service Management
Model Paper for Ph.D. Eligibility Test in Nutrition
Note: Answer all questions from Section – A and Section – B.
Section A (10 X 6 = 60 marks)

1. Glycogenesis
2. Urea synthesis
3. Anemia’s
4. Liver function test
5. Anthropometric measurements for infants
6. Lipo-proteins in cardiovascular diseases
7. Principals of Food preservation
8. Food poisonings
9. Steps in parboiling of rice
10. Use of questionnaires as a tool for data collection
Section-B (4 X 10 = 40 marks)
4 questions from 4 units of the syllabus

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
OSMANIA UNIVERSITY
UNIT I- Mathematical Physics and Statistical Physics
Mathematical Physics
Linear differential equations; Special functions (Hermite, Bessel, and Legendre); Fourier and
Laplace transforms; Error analysis, propagation of errors,least square fitting, curve fitting-
linear and polynomial regression analysis Elements of computational techniques: roots of
functions, interpolation, extrapolation, integration by trapezoid and Simpson’s rule, solution of
first order differential equations using Runge-Kutta method; Finite difference methods.
Statistical Physics
Phase space, micro- and macrostates; ensembles, Liouville’s theorem. Microcanonical,
canonical and grand-canonical ensembles and partition functions; Free Energy and connection
with thermodynamic quantities; First- and second-order phase transitions; Classical and
quantum statistics, ideal Fermi and Bose gases; Principle of detailed balance; Blackbody
radiation and Planck's distribution law; Bose-Einstein condensation; Random walk and
Brownian motion;
Unit II- Classical Mechanics, Quantum Mechanics and Electromagnetic Theory
Classical Mechanics
Newton’s laws; Phase space dynamics, stability analysis; Central-force motion; Two-body
collisions, scattering in laboratory and centre-of-mass frames; Rigid body dynamics, moment
of inertia tensor, non-inertial frames and pseudoforces; Variational principle, Lagrangian and
Hamiltonian formalisms and equations of motion; Poisson brackets and canonical
transformations.
Quantum Mechanics
Basic principles of Quantum mechanics -Dirac’s bra and ket notation; Schroedinger equation
(time-dependent and time-independent); Eigenvalue problems such as particle-in-a-box,
harmonic oscillator, etc.; Uncertainity principle; Orbital angular momentum, Time-independent
perturbation theory and applications; Variational method; WKB approximation; Time
dependent perturbation theory and Fermi's Golden Rule; Selection rules; Elementary theory of
scattering, phase shifts, partial waves, Born approximation; Relativistic quantum mechanics:
Klein Gordon and Dirac equations.
Electromagnetic Theory
Electrostatics: Gauss’ Law and its applications; Laplace and Poisson equations,;
Magnetostatics: Biot-Savart law, Ampere's theorem, electromagnetic induction; Maxwell's
equations in free space and linear isotropic media; boundary conditions on fields at interfaces;
Scalar and vector potentials; Gauge invariance; Electromagnetic waves in free space,
dielectrics, and conductors; Reflection and refraction, polarization, Fresnel’s Law, Radiation
from moving charges, dipoles and retarded potentials.
UNIT III- Atomic & Molecular Physics and Nuclear Physics
Atomic & Molecular Physics

Quantum states of an electron in an atom; Electron spin; Stern-Gerlach experiment; Spectrum
of Hydrogen, helium and alkali atoms; Hyperfine structure and isotopic shift; width of spectral
lines; LS & JJ coupling; Zeeman, Paschen Back & Stark effect; X-ray spectroscopy; Electron
spin resonance, Nuclear magnetic resonance, chemical shift; Rotational, vibrational, electronic,
and Raman spectra of diatomic molecules; Frank – Condon principle and selection rules;
Spontaneous and stimulated emission, Einstein A & B coefficients; Lasers, optical pumping,
population inversion, rate equation; Modes of resonators and coherence length.
Nuclear Physics
Basic nuclear properties: size, shape, charge distribution, spin and parity; Interaction of
chargesd particles with matter; Range-Energy relation; Interaction of r-radiation with matter,
Photoelectric effect, Compton effect and pair production.
Binding energy, semi-empirical mass formula; Liquid drop model; Fission and fusion.
UNIT IV- Solid State Physics and Electronics
Solid State Physics

Bravais lattices; Reciprocal lattice, diffraction and the structure factor; Bonding in solids;
phonons, lattice specific heat; Free electron theory and electronic specific heat; Drude model of
electrical and thermal conductivity; Hall effect and thermoelectric power; Diamagnetism,
paramagnetism, and ferromagnetism; Electron motion in a periodic potential, band theory of
metals, insulators and semiconductors; Superconductivity, type – I and type - II
superconductors, Josephson junctions; Defects and dislocations; Ionic conductivity and
diffusion.
Electronics
Semiconductor devices including diodes, transistors, field effect transistors and their
characteristics; Regulated power supply; RC coupled amplifier ; Sinusoidal Oscillators
Optoelectronic devices - solar cells, photodetectors, and LEDs;Wave form generators
Operational amplifiers and their applications; Digital techniques and applications (registers,
counters, comparators and similar circuits); A/D and D/A converters; Microprocessor and
microcontroller basics. Amplitude and Frequency Modulation.
Model Paper for Ph.D. Eligibility Test in Physics
Note: Answer all questions in Section-A and Section-B.
Section – A: Short answer type (10 X 6 = 60 Marks)
1. From Unit – I
2. From Unit – I
3. From Unit – II
4. From Unit – II
5. From Unit – III
6. From Unit – III
7. From Unit – IV
8. From Unit – IV
9. From any of the Four Units
10. From any of the Four Units
Section – B: Essay type (4 X 10 = 40 Marks)
11. From Unit I

12. From Unit II
13. From Unit III
14. From Unit IV
DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS
OSMANIA UNIVERSITY
SYLLABUS FOR Ph. D. ELIGIBILITY TEST
1. Mathematical Analysis: Functions of bounded variation, their properties and examples. Riemann-
Stieltjes integral, integration by parts, Euler’s summation, Riemann’s condition and examples.
Functions of two variables-limits, continuity, partial derivatives, total derivatives, extreme points and
Taylor’s expansion with examples. Contour integration, Cauchy-Riemann equations, analytic functions,
Taylors and Laurent’s series, Cauchy-residue theorem, zeros poles and residues. Evaluation of real
valued integrals by means of residues.
2. Linear Algebra: Inner product of vector spaces, orthonormal basis and Gram Schmidt
orthogonalization process. Moore-Penrose and Generalized inverses, their properties and examples.
Solution of homogeneous and non-homogeneous linear equations. Characteristic roots and vectors,
Algebraic and geometric multiplicity of a characteristic root, Spectral decomposition of a real symmetric
matrix, Classification index and signature of quadratic forms, Simultaneous reduction of two quadratic
forms.
3. Distribution Theory:, Theoretical distributions Normal, logormal, exponential, Laplace Cauchy,

weibull and Pareto distributions- properties and applications., Bivariate normal, multivariate normal and
multinomial distributions with their properties and applications. Functions of random variables and their
distributions using Jacobean of transformations, . Distribution of Central Chi – squares, t and F
distributions with their properties and applications. Non-Central Chi – squares, t and F distributions and
their properties (Statements only).Distribution of X and s2 for samples from normal population.
Distribution of Order statistics and Range. Joint and marginal distribution of order statistics. Distribution
of sample quantiles.
4. Probability Theory: Random variables: distribution function and its properties. Joint distribution
of two random variables, marginal, conditional distributions. Expectation of random variable, Moments
and Moment generating function. Expectations of functions of random variables, Conditional
expectation, conditional variance-examples. Characteristics function and its properties. Inversion and
uniqueness theorems with examples (Functions which cannot be characteristic functions). Levy
continuity theorem. Inequalities: Tchebychevs, Markov, Cauchy-Schwartz, Jensons, Liapunovs, Holders,
Minkowskys inequalities. Convergence of a sequence of random variables: Convergence in law, in
probability, almost sure convergence, and convergence in t-th mean and their interrelationships. Slutkys
theorem and its application. Borel – Cantelli lemma, Borel 0-1 law. Law of large numbers: Weak law of
large numbers, Bernoulli and Khintchins WLLN, Kolmogorov s inequality, Borel SLLN, Kolmogorov
SLLN for independent r.v.’s and for iid r.v’s, examples. Central Limit theorem: Demovire-Laplace CLT,
Lindberg-Levy CLT, Liapunov’s CLT, statement of Lindberg – Feller form of CLT with examples.
Asymptotic distribution of sample quantiles.
5. Estimation Theory: Unbiasedness, sufficiency, consistency and efficiency of a point estimate with
examples. Neyman’s factorization theorem, UMVU estimation, Crammer–Rao inequality, Rao–
Blackwell theorem, Fishers information, Bhattacharya bounds, completeness and Lehman – Scheffe
theorem. Median and Modal unbiadsed estimation, Estimation of bias and standard deviation of point
estimation by Jacknife and Bootstrap methods with examples. Method of moment and maximum
likelihood estimation. Examples of MLE, consistency and asymptotic normality of the consistent
solutions of likelihood equations. Definition of CAN and BAN estimators and their properties-examples.
Concept of U statistics and examples. Interval estimation- method of pivot and shortest length
confidence interval. Confidence interval for the parameters of Normal, Exponential, Binomial and
Poisson distributions. Confidence interval (CI) for quantiles, Tolerence limits and examples.
6. Testing of Hypotheses: Concepts of tests of statistical hypothesis, types of error, level of

significances, power, critical region and test function. Concepts of MP and UMP tests. Neyman –
Pearson lemma and its applications, one parameter exponential family of distributions. Concepts of
unbiased and consistent tests. Likelihood ratio (LR) criterion with simple applications (including
homogeneity of variances). Statements of asymptotic properties of LR tests. Large sample tests of
population means, proportions and correlation coefficients. Relation between confidence intervals, and
hypothesis testing. Wald’s SPRT for testing a simple null hypothesis against simple alternative
hypothesis and its OC and ASN functions. SPRT procedure for binomial, Poisson, normal and
exponential distributions. Concepts of loss, risk and decision functions, admissible and optimal decision
functions, estimation and testing viewed as decision problems, apriori, aposteriori distributions,conjugate
families, Baye’s and minimax decision functions with applications to estimation with quadratic loss.
7. Non – Parametric Tests : Non – parametric tests for (i) one sample case: sign test, Wilcoxon
signed rank test for symmetry, runs test for randomness, Kolmogorov – Smirnov (K-S) test for goodness
of fit, chi-square test for goodness of fit and independence in contingency tables. (ii) two sample case:
Sign and Wilcoxon tests for paired comparisons. Wilcoxon - Mann Whitney test and K –S test and tests
for independence based on spearman’s rank correlation and Kendaulls Tau, Kruskal-Wallis test and
Friedman’s test.
8. Multivariate Tests: Principal Component Analysis, Factor analysis, Canonical Correlation, Cluster
analysis. Multivariate tests based on Hotelling’s T2 and Mahalanobis D2 statistics for one sample
problem, two sample problem and classificatory problems between two normal populations based on
Fisher’s discriminant function.
9. Stochastic Process: Classification of stochastic process with examples. Finite and countable state
Markov chains, Chapman-Kolmogorov equation, marginal and finite dimensional distribution-examples,
Classification of states of Markov chain with examples, Fundamental matrix, Probabilities of absorption
from transient state into recurrent classes, mean time from absorption, Ergodic chain. Stationary
distribution of a Markov chain, Existence and evaluation of stationary distribution- examples.
Continuous time Markov process, Kolmogorov difference- differential equation- Poisson process and its
properties- examples, Birth and Death process, Pure Birth and Pure death process- examples. Renewal
Process, renewal function, renewal density, elementary renewal theorem and its application, residual
lifetime. Branching process, Galton –Watson process, mean and variance of size of the nth generation,
Probability of ultimate extinction of branching process- examples.
10. Sampling Techniques : Estimation of population mean, population total and variance of the
estimator in the following sampling methods.: Cluster sampling with clusters of equal and unequal
cluster sizes. Two stage sampling with equal and unequal first stage units. Ratio and Regression
estimators in Simple Random Sampling and Stratified Random Sampling. Unequal probability
sampling- PPSWR/WOR methods- Hansen-Horwitz estimator, Horvitz –Thompson estimator and Yates
and Grundy variance estimators, Non – sampling errors- Sources and treatment.
11. Linear Models and Regression Analysis: Gauss – Markov linear model, BLUE for linear
functions of parameters Gauss – Markov theorem, Aitken’s generalized least squares. Concept of
multicollinearity. Analysis of multiple regression models-Estimation and testing of regression
parameters, tests of sub – hypothesis. Derivation of multiple and partial correlations coefficients and
testing for the same. Robust, Ridge , Bootstrap , Non Linear , Logistic , Probit Methods of Regression.
Fixed, Random and Mixed effects Models. Estimation of variance Components.
12. Design and Analysis of Experiments: Analysis of variance two – way classification model with
more than one (equal) observations per cell with interaction. Fisher’s least significance difference (LSD)
method and DMRT. Analysis of covariance one-way and two – way classifications. Analysis of 2k (k =
2, 3, 4) and 32 factorial experiments. Total and partial confounding of 22, 23, 24 and 32 factorial designs.
Concept of balanced partial confounding. Fractional factorial designs- One half and one quarter fractions
of 2k design. Split plot design and its analysis. Balanced incomplete block design (BIBD) - parametric
relations, Intra – block analysis and recovery of inter block information. Partially balanced incomplete
block design with two associate classes (PBIBD (2)) – parametric relations and intra –block analysis.
Youden Square design and Simple Lattice Design with analysis. Concept of Response Surface
Methodology(RSM), the method of Steepest Ascent. Response Surface Designs-designs for fitting first
order and Second order models. Variance of estimated response. Second order Rotatable Designs
(SORD), central composite designs (CCD)-role of CCD as alternative to 3k designs, rotatability of CCD.
13. Time Series: Stationary time series, Autocorrelation function (ACF) and Partial auto correlation
function (PACF), their estimation and properties, Conversion of non-stationary time series data into
stationary time series data, stationarity, invertibility, variance, ACF and PACF of AR, MA and ARMA
models. Identification of time series model using ACF and PACF of time series data. Point interval
estimation of parameters in AR, MA and ARMA models. Checking for adequacy of the time series
model. Minimum mean square error forecasts and their properties. Updating the forecasts.
14 Optimization Techniques : Duality in LPP, Integer Programming Problem, Sensitivity Analysis,

parametric programming, Introduction to Simulation : Generation of random numbers from Uniform,
Normal, Exponential, Cauchy and Poisson distributions, Estimating the reliability of the random
numbers. Simulation to Queuing and Inventory problems. Basic concepts of Networks constraints;
Construction of Network and critical path; PERT and CPM; Network flow problems. Time Cost
Analysis.
MODEL PAPER
Ph.D. ELIGIBILITY TEST IN STATISTICS
TIME : 3 Hrs. MAX. MARKS : 100
Note: Answer all questions from Section A and Section B.
Section-A: Short Answer type (10 x 6 = 60 marks)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
Section-B: Essay type (4 x 10 = 40 marks)
(11)a
b
(12)a
B
(13)a
B
(14)a
b
Note to the Examiner: Requested to set the question paper covering entire syllabus emphasizing on applications along with the
key.
DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
OSMANIA UNIVERSITY
Principles of Taxonomy and Functional Antomy of Invertebrates & Vertebrates:
Principles of taxonomy as applied to systematics and classification of Animal Kingdom.;

Numerical taxonomy, phyletic relationship, cladistic and chondristic relationship.; Prokaryotic and
eukaryotic organisms.; Symmetry, coelom and its origin, evolution and significance of Metamerism.;
Concept of Protostomia and Deuterostomia; Inter specific associations – commensalism, symbiosis and
parasitism.; Nutrition, reproduction and shell formation in protozoa; Cells and canal system in sponges.;
General organization and affinities of Ctenophora, Rhynchocoela, Rotifera & Endoprocta.; Patterns of life
cycles in helminthes and modes of transmission with reference to Gyrodactylus, Fasciolopsis buski,
Paragonimus, Diphyllobothrium and Loa loa.; Filter feeding in polychaetes.; Parasites and larval forms in
crustacean.; Social life in insects.; Metamorphosis in insects.; Vision in arthropoda.; Torsion, detorsion
and their significance to gastropoda.; Phylogenetic significance of echinoderm larvae.; Systematic
position and affinities of hemichordates.
Origin and salient features of Ostracoderms, Placoderms, Crossopterygians and Actinopterygi.;
Origin, adaptive radiation and parental care in Amphibia.; Neoteny and paedogenesis and their
evolutionary significance.; Origin and adaptive radiation in Reptiles.; Amniotic egg – structural
engineering and evolutionary functions.; Origin and adaptive radiation in mammals.; Origin and evolution
of molariform tooth.; Basic plan of Skull Vertebrate jaw suspension.; Joints – Diarthroses and
synarthroses.; Microanatomy of purkinje cells, human retina and organ of corti.; Agricultural insect pests
– their management.; Apiculture, sericulture and lac culture.; Culture of prawns, crabs mussels, pearls
oysters, fish and frogs.; Poultry & Duck farming.
Genetics and Biostatistics:
Mutation and chemical mutagenesis. Molecular basis of mutation; Chromosome structure

(Prokaryote and Eukaryote) identification, banding techniques, Karyotype, Chromosome breakage and
fragile sites.; Concepts of gene and genomics, gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.; Genetic
disorders – chromosomal disorders, inborn errors of metabolism, polygenic and environmental disorders
and genetic counseling.; Quantitative genetics, gene frequency, gene pool, distribution patterns, Hardy
Weinberg law of genetic equilibrium and disequilibrium, factors affecting gene frequency.; Population
genetics: genetic variation, polymorphism, inbreeding, cogeneic animals, Pedigree analysis, H2 HLA
antigens, multiple alleles, bloodgroup antigens.; Bacterial genetics transformation, transduction,
conjugation, viral lytic and lysogenic cycle.; Measures of central values, mean, median, mode, geometric
mean (grouped and ungrouped data).; Measures of dispersion, range, quartile deviation, mean deviation,
variance, standard deviation, co-efficient of variance.; Correlation and regression analysis concepts and
their application.; Probability and probability distribution.; Concept of probability, addition and
multiplication laws of probability and application to the problems of biology.; Concept of
random variable, expectation and variance of random variable, probability distribution, binomial &
Poisson distribution properties and applications to biological problems.; Normal distribution: Properties
and application to biological problems.; Concept of sampling, sampling distribution of mean, standard
error and mean.; Small sampling test, t-test for hypothetical population, mean difference in two samples
means.; Chi-square test, test for goodness of fit, test of independence and heterogeneity. Analysis of
variance – one way and two-way analysis.
Cell and Molecular Biology:
Cell permeability – Transport across the cell membrane: Transport of small molecules, Carrier
proteins. Ion pumps, Membrane bound enzymes.; Cell communications – Inter cellular communication
and gap junctions chemical signaling between the cells. Strategies of chemical signaling.; Signaling
mediated by intracellular receptors, signaling mediated cell surface receptors – second and third
messengers, C – AMP, G proteins, Ca++, Ips and prostaglandins; Cell nucleus and organization of DNA
into chromosomes, histones, formation of nucleosomes and packing of nucleosomes for higher order
structures and pattern of nucleosome packing, role of histones. DNA sequence specific proteins and gene
regulation. Higher level of organization of chromosomes - bands on mitotic chromosomes; Nucleic acids
– Chemistry of DNA and polymorphism of DNA.; DNA replication – semi conservation, enzymology of
DNA replication, replication of C-DNA, initiation, elongation and termination of replication process.
Proof reading functions of DNA polymerases.; Chemistry of RNA – classes of RNA, mechanism and
enzymology of RNA.; DNA repair mechanism – High fidelity of DNA sequence – Repair of damage
caused by UV light. Eukaryotes repair systems.; Introduction of DNA technology – safety guidelines.;
Restriction of endonucleases – generation of fragments, restriction fragment length polymorphism
(RELP), use of restriction enzymes in cloning, restriction mapping.; Applied molecular biology – DNA
sequences – Maxim and Gilbert methods, Sanger’s method Application of recombinant DNA technology
with reference to the example of insulin, somatostatin, and interferon. DNA fingerprinting and its
application.; Cloning strategies – Shotgun cloning, construction of gene libraries, genomic library and
DNA library.
Physiological Chemistry & Animal Physiology:
Osmoregulation - Osmoregulatory problems in brackish water, fresh water and marine

organisms; Water and solute regulation; Osmotic problems in terrestrial animals.; Hormonal control of
osmoregulation; Phylogeny of ADH in animal groups.; Excretion - detoxification of nitrogen products;
physiology of excretion; Urine formation - counter current mechanism and hormonal regulation.; Thermal
physiology - Temperature and survival in Poikilotherms (or ectotherms), homeotherms and heterotherms,
and their mechanisms of survival.; Overview of digestion and absorption in mammals.; Respiration -
Transport of respiratory gases; factors influencing oxygen and carbon dioxide transport.; Circulation -
Cardiac cycle and principles of hemodynamics.; Immune system - Antigen; Immunocomplement cells,
Immunoglobulins.; Cell-mediated and humoral immunity; cellular co-operation and complement.;
Water in the cell environment, concept of pH-Henderson and Hasselbach equation.; Enzyme
kinetics, derivation of Km, Km values and LB plot/ Hill Plot.; Mechanism of enzyme action and
regulation of enzyme activity.; Chemistry and structure of mono, di and polysaccharides.; Metabolism of
carbohydrates – glycolysis; TCA cycle; gluconeogenesis and Hexomonophosphate shunt.; Biological
oxidations, Role of respiratory chain in energy capture, ATP synthesis; Bioenergetics of high-energy
compounds (ATP, GTP, ADP, CP and PEP).; Classification of proteins, Proteins, protein structures –
primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary.; Structure physical and chemical properties of amino acids.;
Catabolism of amino acids – Transamination, deamination and decarboxylation.; Structure, classification
and function of lipids, fatty acids, triglycerides. Phospholipds, cerebrosides, steroids and prostaglandins.;
Oxidation and biosynthesis of fatty acids.; Porphyrins and bile pigments.
Environmental Biology
Types of ecosystem – freshwater, marine and terrestrial.; Population characteristics and

dynamics – conceptual approach.; Growth curves and pyramids: Sigmoid, J Curve and hyperbola;
Logistic equation and concepts relating to growth.; Community analysis, species diversity, ecotone
concept and edge effect. Interaction between environment and biota Habitat and ecological niche and
niche overlap. Concept of Biome.; Concepts of productivity – Eutrophication of lakes. Biological
indicator and water quality.; Human intervention and deforestation, erosion and leaching of essential
minerals and fall of water tables.; Physical environment of high altitude, acclimation and adaptation to
high altitude and aerospace environment.; Legislation and preservation of environment. Regulation and
practices relating to environment of home and work place.; An outline classification of xenobiotics.
Natural synthetic pesticides and their mode of action. Bioconcentration and biomagnification of
toxicants.; Toxicity analysis – calculation of LC 50 and LD 50 values – Dose response curves.;
Carcinogens and chemical carcinogenesis. Test for assessing carcinogenicity – Ames test, micronucleus
test and karyotyping. Toxicity vs chemotherapy.
Developmental Biology and Evolution:
Gametogenesis: spermatogenesis, oogenesis, vitellogenesis, polarity, symmetry and

Chemodifferentiation.; Role of cytoplasm and nucleus during early development, presumptive areas and
fate maps.; Gastrulation and organogenesis - morphogenetic movements: epiboly and emboly with
examples.; Concept of organizers and induction.; Morphogenetic fields; cytological, genetic and chemical
basis of differentiation Organognesis: limb, central nervous system, heart, kidney, alimentary canal and
eye.; Role of hormones in metamorphosis of insects and frog.; Teratogenesis; genetic and environmental
teratogenesis; developmental mechanisms of teratogenesis.; Oncogenesis and cell growth; differentiation -
normal and malignant; oncogenesis by mutation, gene amplification, insertion, chromosomal
rearrangement and by loss of tumor supressor genes.; Senescence - cell death.; Speciation - allopatric and
sympatric; geographical distribution and isolation.; Primate evolution and human evolution.; Genomic
evolution - outline organization of prokaryote and eukaryote genome, C-value paradox, selfish gene.;
Pseudogene and transposons.
Immunology:
Adoptive and innate immunity.; Activation of B and T Cells. Production of effecters -

antibodies and cytokinese. Control of immune response. Role of macrophages in immunity.; Antigens
nature, epitope, haptones, antigen presenting cells, adjuvents, antigenicity.; Antibodies, structure and
function. Classification of antibodies - genetic basis of antibody diversity.; Complement system.
Components of complement system pathways the classical and alternative, biological consequences of
complement activation complement significance.; Major histocompatability complex MHC structure and
function. Genetic control of Immuno responses, MHC restriction.; Hypersensitivity - Immunological
basis. Classification of hypersensitivity in immuno pathology Reaction I - IV, Type-I - anaphylactic
hypersensitivity. Type-II - Immunocomplex mediated hyper sensitivity. Cell mediated (Delayed-hyper)
sensitivity.; Autoimmune diseases., The association of autoimmunity with diseases, Genetic factors,
palthogenesis, aetiology, Diagnostic and prognositic value of antibodies, Treatment.; Transplantation -
Barriers to transplantation, Genetic predisposition for graft rejection, prevention of rejection.; Immunity to
linfection - viruses, bacteria Fungi, parasites, nature of interaction. Immunopathological considerations.;
Tumor immunology. Immunity to tumors tumor specific antigens. Immuno surveneilence.
Instrumentation, Computer Applications & Animal Biotechnology:
Centrifugation techniques: Principles and applications; Cell fractionation, Preparative and

Analytical centrifugation; Ultra centrifugation.; Chromatography techniques: Principles and applications;
TLC, Column chromatography - Adsorption, Partition, Permeation and Ion-exchange, GC, HPLC.;
Electrophoresis Technique: Principle and applications; SDS-PAGE, Immuno electrophoresis, Isoelectric
focusing and Isotachophoresis.; Spectroscopic techniques: Principles and applications of visible, UV,
Fluorescence, IR, ESR, NMR mass spectroscopy.; Radio isotopic technique: Principle and applications;
Geiger – Muller counter, Scintillation counter, tracer studies and autoradiography.; Cell & Tissue Culture
: Equipment and materials for cell culture technology, principles of sterile techniques and cell
propagation, primary and established cell line cultures; disintegration of tissues, Maintenance and
segregation of cells, Cell synchronization and Cell transformation, Cell, Tissue, Organ
and embryo culture; Tissue engineering Hybridoma technology and Monoclonal antibodies. ;
Immunological techniques:agglutination ,precipitation ,RIA,ELISA, Western Blotting.; Computer
applications in biology,computer basics-operating system, user interface( MS-office; Word, Excel,
Powerpoint.) Internet, Statistical analysis and datamining.; Transgenic animals: Methods of
transformation - DNA microinjection, Electroporation and Retroviral vector mediated. Transgenic
animals as bioreactors/improved production capabilities(Cattle, Sheep,Pig), Ethical issues related to
transgenic animals.; Gene therapy and diagnosis of genetic diseases: DNA in disease diagnosis and
medical therapy of tuberculosis, Malaria, AIDS, Sickle cell anemia, Alzheimer’s, Cancer and Diabetes;
Gene therapy methods; Bone marrow transplantation and liver transplantation. Animal models for Human
diseases (Thalasemia) Recombinant vaccines.; Animals as bioreactors.; Bio-pesticides: Bacillus
thuringiensis, Baculo virus, Entamopathogenic fungi.; Silk worm Life cycle, Synthesis of Silk proteins,
Manipulation of Silk protein synthesis.;
MODEL PAPER FOR Ph.D. ELIGIBILITY TEST
SUBJECT: ZOOLOGY
Time: 3 hrs Marks: 100
Note: Answer all questions in Section-A and Section-B
Section – A(Short answer type) Marks: 10x6=60
1. Write an account on radiation in mammals.
2. Discuss the interspecific associations in animals.
3. Discuss various types of echinoderm larvae.
4. Define “Gene”. Explain the mechanism of gene regulation in prokaryotes with one suitable example.
5. Discuss the DNA repair mechanisms in prokaryotes
6. High energy compounds.
7. Transgenic animals as bioreactors.
8. Explain the characteristics of population.
9. Explain briefly systemic lupus erythomatosus as an autoimmune disorder.
10. Differentiate tumor specific and tumor associated antigens and their significance.
Section – B (Essay type) Marks: 4x10=40
1. Explain the properties of normal distribution and its application in biology.
2. Discuss the counter current mechanism of urine formation in mammals.
3. Write an essay on Teratogenesis.
4. Give a broad classification of Xenobiotics.

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Department of Applied Geochemistry

Classification of igneous rocks - chemical classification, classification of trace elements,

Definition and types of metamorphism, factors of metamorphism. metamorphic facies..

Classification, textures and structures of sedimentary rocks, chemical weathering, weathering

Geochemical Exploration methods – conceptual models, lithogeochemical, pedogeochemical,

Definitions of ore, gangue, tenor, grade, specifications. Geochemistry of mineral deposits:

Principles of Environmental Geochemistry. Assessment of metal pollution in soils, sources

Principles of remote sensing: (Optical/ Microwave) - Applications of remote sensing

Geochemical Analytical Instruments: Flame photo meter, Inductively coupled plasma

Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 100

Section-A : Short Answer Type (10 x 6= 60 marks)

1. Explain Decay Laws

2. Define Gibb’s free energy

3. Applications of Eh and pH diagrams

4. Explain Pathfinder Elements

5. Discuss Asbestos formation

8. Explain Spatial and attribute data

9. Precision and accuracy

10. What are Ion selective electrodes

Section- B : Essay Type (4 x 10 = 40 marks)

11. Explain the chemical classification of Igneous rocks.

12. Explain the Geochemical Exploration methods.

13. Describe the Assessment of metal pollution in soils

14. Describe the different rock dissolution techniques.

Unit I: Basic Physics

Mathematical Methods of Physics

Unit II: Basic Astronomy

Unit III: Stars and Galaxies

Photometry and Spectroscopy

Galactic and Extra galactic Radio Astronomy

Section –A (10 x 6=60 Marks) (Short Answer Type)

1). Discuss briefly Newton’s law of Garvity.

Section –B (4 x 10 = 40 marks) (Essay Answer Type)

1) Write an essay on relativistic Doppler ship and aberration of light.

Unit 1: Statistics and Quantitative Problems in Biochemistry

Unit 2 : Biochemical Techniques And Bioinformatics

Principles, Instrumentation and Applications Of VIS, UV Fluorescence Spectroscopy.

Unit 3 : Cell Biology And Biomolecules

Unit 4: Molecular Biology

Replication Transcription And Translation In Prokaryotes And Eukaryotes: Models Of

Model Paper : Ph.D. Eligibility Test

Answer all questions 4 x 10 = 40 marks

13. Describe different steps involved in glycolysis, comment on its efficiency.

9. STRUCTURAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY

12. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

13. GENETICS, CELL BIOLOGY,

1. Population Ecology: Characteristic features, Environmental resistance in relation to absolute maximum

Model Paper : Ph.D. Eligibility Test

SECTION – A (Short answer type) 6 x 10 = 60 marks

SECTION – B (Essay type answers) 4 x 10 = 40 marks

11. Describe in detail the characteristic features of Ascomycotina.

Reaction mechanisms of transition metal complexes:

Ligational Aspects of Diatomic molecules:

Bio coordination chemistry:

Biomolecules, Heterocyclic compounds & Natural Products:

Heterocyclic compounds: Importance of heterocyclic compounds as drugs. Nomenclature of heterocyclic

Black body radiation-Planck’s concept of quantization-Planck’s equation, average energy of an oscillator

Solid state chemistry

Section – A (10x6=60 marks)

1. (a) Distinguish T and Td point groups.

5. a) Derive the Gibb’s equations for a closed system

6. a) Write a note on point defects.

7 (a) What is meant by “integration” and how it is measured ? what is its