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is a user
friendly graphical simulation software. Built in programs for
short circuit calculation, allow user to analyze large system
with ease. Develop model of the system under study just like a
one line diagram and insert data required to simulate and
observe the results.
In this paper, we have selected an 11 kV feeder and
collected real data for analysis. The network is used to supply
electricity to industrial consumers in SITE area of Karachi. It
starts from 11kV busbar at SITE substation and supplies
mostly industrial loads. There are 27 nodes/buses excluding the
substation busbar. Seven 11/0.4kV distribution transformers
are energized from the feeder. Total capacity of these seven
transformers is 4750kVA. In addition to these transformers five
industrial loads are directly supplied through 11kV. Total
connected load on the feeder is 6MVA. 11 kV cables are used
to interconnect different buses. Buses on main stream of
feeders are named N1 to N6. Bus B1 refers to substation in
branch network. T1 to T7 represent high voltage terminals of
distribution system and nodes L1 to L7 represent low voltage
terminals. Five loads supplied directly by 11kV are represented
by L01 to L05.
Network is modeled on PSS SINCAL and short circuit
levels are observed for different buses. Later 3MVA
synchronous machine DG has been interconnected to the
feeder at node N11. The network with DG has been simulated
for short circuit analysis and is shown in Fig. 3. Short circuit
MVA for each node has been depicted in the simulation
diagram. The feeder specifications for its line length, loading
condition and transformer positions and capacities have been
shown in the simulation platform. Results obtained for the two
cases and their comparison are arranged in Table 4.
Short circuit level is maximum at 11kV substation busbar
and decreases on main stream from N1 to N6. This decreases
on 11 kV nodes on the main stream illustrates the behavior of a
radial distribution feeder. Reason for this trend is eq.2 as
impedance of lines from source add up and increased Z
th
reduces short circuit level. Similar pattern is observed for the
network before and after DG interconnection. Fig. 4 shows
graphical comparison of short circuit MVA
buses (from N1 to N6) graphically. Trend is
the graph.
Short circuit level at all nodes have
Maximum change of 4.05% in short circuit le
node N4 which is point of DG interconne
increase decreases from N4 to N6 on the dow
Same is the case with upstream from N4 to su
Percentage increase in short circuit level
(N4, N12, N16, N18 and N21) is small when
of 11kV nodes. It is due to impedance o
which limits the flow of short circuit current.
Fig. 3. Simulation diagram for network w
A of main feeder
s also visible from
e been increased.
evel is observed at
ection. Percentage
wnstream of feeder.
ubstation.
ls for 0.4kV nodes
n compared to rest
f the transformer,
with DG
TABLE 4: Short circ
Node MVA
SC
Without
DG
With
Substation
1100.00 1116
N1 471.00 485.
T1 466.82 480.
L1 15.73 15.7
N2 431.06 444.
T2 427.52 441.
L2 15.70 15.7
B1 397.10 409.
T3 394.08 405.
L3 5.34 5.3
LO1 388.32 399.
N3 356.65 370.
T4 354.19 367.
L4 10.54 10.5
LO2 349.50 362.
LO3 349.50 362.
N4 328.38 341.
T5 326.28 339.
L5 15.56 15.5
N5 225.22 231.
T6 224.22 230.
L6 15.29 15.3
LO4 222.30 228.
LO5 222.30 228.
N6 213.95 219.
T7 213.04 218.
L7 19.91 19.9
Fig. 4. Graphical comparison of
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 2
M
V
A
Short Circuit M
Before DG
cuit MVA comparison
Change
In
MVA
SC
%age
Change DG
6.00 16.00 1.45%
.13 14.13 3.00%
.72 13.90 2.98%
75 0.01 0.07%
.97 13.91 3.23%
.22 13.70 3.20%
71 0.01 0.08%
.06 11.96 3.01%
.87 11.79 2.99%
35 0.00 0.03%
.80 11.47 2.95%
.13 13.48 3.78%
.50 13.31 3.76%
54 0.01 0.07%
.48 12.98 3.71%
.48 12.98 3.71%
.68 13.31 4.05%
.43 13.15 4.03%
57 0.02 0.10%
.75 6.52 2.90%
.69 6.47 2.88%
31 0.02 0.10%
.66 6.36 2.86%
.66 6.36 2.86%
.86 5.91 2.76%
.90 5.86 2.75%
94 0.03 0.14%
f short circuit level of main feeder
4 6 8
MVA Comparison
G After DG
V. CONCLUSION
Despite of various advantages offered by DG, there is a
great protection concern associated with it. Simulation results
confirm that short circuit levels increases with the
interconnection of DGs in the existing systems. This
necessities enhancement of circuit breaker capacity for safe and
reliable operation of the system. This variation in short circuit
level depends upon location, type and size of the DG. Existing
network impedance parameters will also affect the increase in
short circuit level. Therefore, short circuit analysis of each case
is different and short circuit levels must be analyzed through
simulation before any DG is interconnected to utility network.
If DGs are interconnected without analysis, results may be
dangerous and may lead to long shutdowns and expensive
maintenance or replacement of system components.
In addition to the short circuit level, relay settings may also
be changed based on the new analysis. If not done, results may
be either nuisance tripping or relay blinding. Detailed analysis
for over current relay setting on a radial distribution feeder
with DG interconnection is left for future work.
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