2.7.

2 Exercises:
1. Fill in the missing information:
Element Symbo
l
Z A # of
neutrons
# of
electrons
Sulfur S 16 34 18 16
Iron Fe 26 56 30 26
Sulfur S 16 33 17 16
Mercury Hg 80 200 120 80
Uranium U 92 238 146 92
2. Determine the # of protons, neutrons & electrons for each of the following:
a) K: 19 p+, 19 e-, 20 n.
b) K
+
: 19 p+, 18 e-, 20 n.
c) P
3-
: 15 p+, 18 e-, 16 n.
2.9.1 Exercises:
1. The wavelength of the green light from a traffic signal is centered at 522 nm.
What is the frequency of this radiation?
= ( = c = speed of light = 2.9979 x 10
8
m/s)
= c/ = 2.9979 x 10
8
m/s = 5.74 x 10
14
s
-1
(or 5.74 x 10
14
Hz)
5.22 x 10
-7
m
2. True or False?
a) Blue light has a shorter wavelength than red light. True
b) X-rays have lower frequencies than radio waves. False
c) Microwaves have higher frequencies than gamma rays False
d) Visible radiation composes the major portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. False
2.9.2 Exercises:
1. Sodium atoms have a characteristic yellow color when excited in a flame. The color comes from
the emission of light of 589.0 nm.
a) What is the frequency of this radiation?
b) What is the change in energy associated with this photon? Per mol of photons?
a) = ( = c = speed of light = 2.9979 x 10
8
m/s)
= c/ = 2.9979 x 10
8
m/s = 5.090 x 10
14
s
-1
(or 5.090 x 10
14
Hz)
5.890 x 10
-7
m
b) E = hv = h c E = hv = 6.626 x 10
-34
Js x 5.090 x 10
14
s
-1
= 3.373 x 10
-19
J (for 1 photon)

3.373 x 10
-19
J/photon x 6.022 x 10
23
photon/mol = 2.031 x 10
5
J/mol
2. What is the wavelength of an electron (m = 9.11 x 10
-31
kg) travelling at 5.31 x 10
6
m/s? (1 J = 1 kg
m
2
/s
2
)?
m = h/c m = h/u
= h/mu = 6.626 x 10
-34
Js / 5.31 x 10
6
m/s x 9.11 x 10
-31
kg = 1.37 x 10
-10
Js
2
/mKg
= 1.37 x 10
-10
(kgm
2
/s
2
) x (s
2
/mKg)
= 1.37 x 10
-10
m
10.2.1 Exercises:
1. Calculate the energy corresponding to the n = 3 electronic state in the Bohr hydrogen atom.
E
n
= -R
H
1 = -2.178 x 10
-18
J / 3
2
= -2.42 x 10
-19
J = 2.42 x 10
-19
J (you take the absolute value)
n
2
2. For the excitation from the n = 1 to the n = 3 electronic state in the hydrogen atom.
a) Calculate the energy change.
b) What is the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation associated with this energy change?
a) E = E
final
E
initial
E = -R
H
( 1 - 1 ) = -2.178 x 10
-18
J (1 - 1) = 1.94 x 10
-18
J (positive = endothermic)
n
2
f
n
2
i
3
2
1
2
b) E = hc = hc = 6.626 x 10
-34
Js x 2.9979 x 10
8
m/s = 1.02 x 10
-7
m
E 1.94 x 10
-18
J
3. Give examples of one electron species:
H He
+
Li
2+
Be
3+
B
4+
etc.
# of e- 1 1 1 1 1 etc.
# of p+ 1 2 3 4 5 etc.
4. What would be the energy & wavelength (in nm) of the light in the Lyman series when n
i
= 5?
E = -R
H
( 1 - 1 ) = -2.178 x 10
-18
J (1 - 1) = -2.091 x 10
-18
J (negative = exothermic)
n
2
f
n
2
i
1
2
5
2
E = h c = hc = 6.626 x 10
-34
Js x 2.9979 x 10
8
m/s = 9.500 x 10
-8
m = 95.00 x 10
-9
m
E 2.091 x 10
-18
J = 95.00 nm
10.2.1 Exercises:
5. Calculate the shortest and longest wavelength (in nm) in the emission spectrum of the hydrogen
atom for n
f
= 2 (Balmer series).
Longest: E = -R
H
( 1 - 1 ) = -2.178 x 10
-18
J (1 - 1) = -3.025 x 10
-19
J (negative = exothermic)
n
2
f
n
2
i
2
2
3
2
E = h c l = hc = 6.626 x 10
-34
Js x 2.9979 x 10
8
m/s = 6.567 x 10
-7
m = 656.7 x 10
-9
m
E 3.025 x 10
-19
J = 656.7 nm
Shortest: E = -R
H
( 1 - 1 ) = -2.178 x 10
-18
J (1 - 1) = -5.445 x 10
-19
J (negative = exothermic)
n
2
f
n
2
i
2
2 2
E = h c l = hc = 6.626 x 10
-34
Js x 2.9979 x 10
8
m/s = 3.648 x 10
-7
m = 364.8 x 10
-9
m
E 5.445 x 10
-19
J = 364.8 nm
6. Calculate the ionization of the hydrogen atom initially in the ground state.
E = -R
H
( 1 - 1 ) = -2.178 x 10
-18
J (1 - 1) = +2.178 x 10
-18
J (positive = endothermic)
n
2
f
n
2
i

2
1
2
2.11.2 Exercises:
1. Determine the # of different orientations in space for the s, p, d & f orbitals.
s subshell: l = 0, # of orientations: 0 to n-1, m
l
= 0 (1 orientation)
p subshell: l = 1, # of orientiations: 0 to n-1, m
l
= -1, 0, +1 (3 orient.)
d subshell: l = 2, # of orientations: 0 to n-1, m
l
= -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 (5 orient.)
f subshell: l = 3, # of orientations: 0 to n-1 m
l
= -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3 (7 orient.)
2. Which of the following sets of quantum numbers are allowed in the hydrogen atom? For each
incorrect set, state why it is incorrect.
a) n = 1, = 0, m

= 1 not allowed: m
l
can only be 0
b) n = 2, = 2, m

= 1 not allowed: l cannot be 2

c) n = 5, = 3, m

= 2 allowed
d) n = 6, = -2, m

= 2 not allowed: l cannot be negative

e) n = 6, = 2, m

= -2 allowed
2.11.1 Exercise:
1. For principal quantum level n = 4, determine the # of allowed subshells & give the name of each.
For n = 4 (shell), l = n 1 = 3, a total of 4 subshells are allowed: s, p, d, f
2.11.3 Exercises:
1. Which of the following sets of quantum #s are not allowed? For each incorrect set, state why it is
incorrect.
a) n = 3, = 3, m

= 0, m
s
= - not allowed l cannot be n
b) n = 4, = 3, m

= 2, m
s
= - allowed
c) n = 4, = 1, m

= 1, m
s
= + allowed
d) n = 2, = 1, m

= -1, m
s
= -1 not allowed m
s
cannot be -1
e) n = 5, = -4, m

= 2, m
s
= + not allowed l cannot be -4
f ) n = 3, = 1, m

= 2, m
s
= - not allowed m
l
cannot be 2 when l = 1
g) n = 3, = 2, m

= -1, m
s
= 1 not allowed m
s
cannot be = 1
2. If each orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons (of opposite spin) how many electrons can
each of the following subshells hold?
a) 2s m
l
= 0 = 0 1 x 2 e- = 2 e-
b) 5p m
l
= 1 = -1, 0, +1 3 x 2 e- = 6 e-
c) 4f m
l
= 3 = -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3 7 x 2 e- = 14 e-
d) 3d m
l
= 2 = -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 5 x 2 e- = 10 e-
e) 4d m
l
= 2 = -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 5 x 2 e- = 10 e-
1. Write the electron configuration and box diagram for the following atoms:
a) H 1s
1
b) He 1s
2
c) Li 1s
2
2s
1
d) Be 1s
2
2s
2
e) B 1s
2
2s
2
2p
1
2.13.1 Exercise:

1s
1

2p
1

1s
2

1s
2

2s
1

1s
2

2s
2

1s
2

2s
2
(green boxes contain core electrons, all others are valence electrons)
1. Write the electron configuration and box diagram for the following atoms:
a) C 1s
2
2s
2
2p
2
b) N 1s
2
2s
2
sp
3
c) O 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
d) F 1s
2
2s
2
2p
5
e) Ne 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
2.13.2 Exercise:

2p
2

1s
2

2s
2

2p
3

1s
2

2s
2

2p
4

1s
2

2s
2

2p
5

1s
2

2s
2

2p
6

1s
2

2s
2

(green boxes contain core electrons, all others are valence electrons)
1. Write the shorthand notation for the following atoms:
a) Na [Ne] 3s
1
b) Al [Ne] 3s
2
3p
1
c) Si [Ne] 3s
2
3p
2
d) S [Ne] 3s
2
3p
4
e) Ar [Ne] 3s
2
3p
6
2. Write the electron configuration and orbital box diagram for the following atoms:
a) Sc 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
4s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
1
or [Ar] 4s
2
3d
1
b) Ti 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
4s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
2
or [Ar] 4s
2
3d
12
c) V 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
4s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
3
or [Ar] 4s
2
3d
3
2.13.3 Exercises:

2p
6

1s
2

2s
2

3s
2

3p
6

4s
2

3d
1

2p
6

1s
2

2s
2

3s
2

3p
6

4s
2

3d
2

2p
6

1s
2

2s
2

3s
2

3p
6

4s
2

3d
3

3. Write the electron configuration for the following atoms:
a) Mn 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
5
or [Ar] 4s
2
3d
5
b) Fe 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
6
or [Ar] 4s
2
3d
6
c) Co 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
7
or [Ar] 4s
2
3d
7
d) Ni 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
8
or [Ar] 4s
2
3d
8
e) Zn 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
10
or [Ar] 4s
2
3d
10
f ) Pb 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
3
4p
6
5s
2
4d
10
5p
6
6s
2
5d
10
6p
2
or [Xe] 6s
2
3d
10
6p
2
g) Bi 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
3
4p
6
5s
2
4d
10
5p
6
6s
2
5d
10
6p
3
or [Xe] 6s
2
3d
10
6p
3
2.13.3 Exercises:
Write the electron configuration for the following ions:
a) Na
+
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
or [Ne]
b) O
2-
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
or [He]
c) Ti
2+
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
2
or or [Ar] 3d
2
2.13.4 Exercise:
1. Write the electron configuration of the following atoms and determine if they are diamagnetic or
paramagnetic
a) O: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
b)Mg: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
c) N: 1s
2
2s
2
sp
3
d) Ar: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
e) Zn: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
10
f ) Ti: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
2
2.15.1 Exercise:

2p
4

1s
2

2s
2

2p
6

1s
2

2s
2

3s
2

3p
6

4s
2
3d
2

2p
6

1s
2

2s
2

3s
2

3p
6

4s
2
3d
10

2p
6

1s
2

2s
2

3s
2

3p
6

2p
6

1s
2

2s
2

3s
1

2p
3

1s
2

2s
2




diamagnetic
paramagnetic
paramagnetic
paramagnetic
diamagnetic
paramagnetic
1. The electron configuration of a neutral atom in its ground state is [Xe]6s
2
4f
14
5d
6
a) What is the name and the symbol of the element? Osmium (Os)
b) How many unpaired electrons does the above element have? 4 unpaired e-
c) Is the above element para or diamagnetic? paramagnetic
d) Is the above a metal or a non-metal? metal
2. For As (Z=33): [Ar] 4s
2
3d
10
4p
3
a) Write a complete set of quantum numbers for each of the valence electrons.
n m

m
s
4 0 0 +1/2
4 0 0 -1/2
4 1 -1 +1/2
4 1 0 +1/2
4 1 +1 +1/2
b) Complete a similar table for the valence electrons of Fe (Z=26) [Ar] 4s
2
3d
6
End of unit exercises:
n m

M
s
4 0 0 +1/2
4 0 0 -1/2
3 2 -2 +1/2
3 2 -1 +1/2
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
0
+1
+2
-2
+1/2
+1/2
+1/2
-1/2
n m

m
s
3 0 0 +1/2
3 0 0 -1/2
3 1 -1 +1/2
3 1 0 +1/2
3
3
3
1
1
1
+1
-1
0
+1/2
-1/2
-1/2
c) Complete a similar table for the valence electrons of Cl (Z=17): [Ne] 3s
2
3p
5
End of unit exercises:
n m

m
s
4 0 0 +1/2
3 2 -2 +1/2
3 2 -1 +1/2
3 2 0 +1/2
3
3
2
2
+1
+2
+1/2
+1/2
n m

m
s
1
1
2
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
+1/2
-1/2
+1/2
-1/2
+1/2
2 0 0 -1/2
2 1 -1 +1/2
2 1 0 +1/2
2 1 +1 +1/2
e) Complete a similar table for all electrons of N (Z=7): 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
d) Complete a similar table for the valence electrons of Cr (Z=24): [Ar] 4s
1
3d
5
3. Give the full electron configuration and box diagram for each of the following species:
a) Mo (Z=42): 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
10
4p
6
5s
1
4d
5
b) Cu (Z=29): 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
1
3d
10
c) Zr (Z=40) ): 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
10
4p
6
5s
2
4d
2
d) I
-1
(Z=53) ): 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
10
4p
6
5s
2
4d
10
5p
6
End of unit exercises:

2p
6

1s
2

2s
2

3s
2

3p
6

4s
2
3d
10

2p
6

1s
2

2s
2

3s
2

3p
6

4s
1

5s
1
4d
5

3d
10

4p
6

2p
6

1s
2

2s
2

3s
2

3p
6

4s
2
3d
10

5s
2
4d
2

4p
6

2p
6

1s
2

2s
2

3s
2

3p
6

4s
2
3d
10

5s
2

4p
6

4d
10

5p
6

3. Give the full electron configuration and box diagram for each of the following species:
e) Au (Z=79): 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
10
4p
6
5s
2
4d
10
5p
6
6s
1
4f
14
5d
10
f ) Zn
2+
(Z=30): 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
g) Fe
2+
(Z=26): 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
6
h) P
-1
(Z=15): 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
4
End of unit exercises:

2p
6

1s
2

2s
2

3s
2

3p
6

4s
2
3d
10

5s
2

4p
6

4d
10

5p
6

6s
1
4f
14

5d
10

2p
6

1s
2

2s
2

3s
2

3p
6

3d
10

2p
6

1s
2

2s
2

3s
2

3p
6

3d
6

2p
6

1s
2

2s
2

3s
2

3p
4

3. Give the full electron configuration and box diagram for each of the following species:
i) Tl (Z=81): 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
10
4p
6
5s
2
4d
10
5p
6
6s
2
4f
14
5d
10
6p
1
j) Fe
3+
(Z=26): 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
5
k) Po
2-
(Z=84): 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
10
4p
6
5s
2
4d
10
5p
6
6s
2
4f
14
5d
10
6p
6
l) Cr (Z=24): 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
1
3d
5
End of unit exercises:

2p
6

1s
2

2s
2

3s
2

3p
6

4s
2
3d
10

5s
2

4p
6

4d
10

5p
6

6s
2
4f
14

5d
10

6p
1

2p
6

1s
2

2s
2

3s
2

3p
6

3d
5

2p
6

1s
2

2s
2

3s
2

3p
6

3d
5

2p
6

1s
2

2s
2

3s
2

3p
6

4s
2
3d
10

5s
2

4p
6

4d
10

5p
6

6s
2
4f
14

5d
10

6p
6

4s
1

4. Determine if the species in 3) are paramagnetic or diamagnetic.

a) paramagnetic
b) paramagnetic
c) paramagnetic
d) diamagnetic
e) paramagnetic
f) diamagnetic
g) paramagnetic
h) paramagnetic
i) paramagnetic
j) paramagnetic
k) diamagnetic
l) paramagnetic
End of unit exercises:
4. Write the name and the symbol of one element which is a/an:
a) Halogen in the 5
th
period iodine
b) First row transition metal scandium to copper
c) Alkaline earth metal in the 2
nd
period beryllium
d) Noble gas in the 3
rd
period argon
e) Member of the 4a family carbon to lead
f) Representative element of the 6
th
family oxygen to polonium
g) Alkali metal in the 6
th
period cesium
h) Lanthanid cerium to lutecium
i) Actinide thorium to lawrencium
j) Halogen with 74 neutrons iodine
End of unit exercises:
5. Give the name & symbol of the element which corresponds to each of the following information:
a) The heaviest halogen without d electrons chlorine
b) The first element with five half-occupied 3d orbitals chromium
c) The first element to have a d electron scandium
d) The first element to have a p electron boron
e) The first element to have an f electron cerium
End of unit exercises: