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before
presentation of the target stimali compared to nontarget stim-
uli (Don et al., 1998; McDonough et al., 2002; Warren et
al., 1992a, 1992b). Recently, researchers have also explored
physiologic predictors of future events by investigating
whether the human autonomic nervous system can uncon-
sciously respond to randomly selected future emotional
stimuli. Radin (1997a, 1997b) designed experiments to
evoke an emotional response using randomly selected emo-
tionally arousing or calming photographs.
Indicators of au-
tonomic activity included skin conductance level (SCL) and
photoplethysmographic measures of heart rate and blood
volume. Comparison of SCL response between emotional
and calm trials showed a significantly greater change in elec-
trodermal activity approximately 5 seconds before a future
emotional picture than before a future calm picture. These
results have since been replicated (Bierman and Radin,
1997; Bierman, 2000; Bierman and Scholte, 2002; Radin,
2003).