List of Tables

Sl. No. Table No. Page No.

2.1 Species richness, density, diversity, and evenness of seeds recorded
in LSB and SSB in the abandoned plantations of CHM and NTK at
different distances from the forests.
38

2.2 Comparisons of differences in cumulative species richness between
various distance intervals at 95% confidence level using rich (R
package). The values indicate differences in species. * p < 0 05, **
p < 0 001, ns not significant.
41

2.3 Mean species richness and seed density ( x se) across different
dispersal modes encountered in the litter (m
-2
) in forests and
plantations. (Pa
#
: from soil seed bank in cm
-3
).
42

2.4 Mean species richness and seed density (x se) across different
life-forms encountered in the litter (m -2) of forests and plantations.
(herbs
#
: from soil seed bank in cm
-3
).
45

2.5 Mean species richness and seed density (x se) across different
seed size encountered in the litter (m
-2
) of forests and plantations.
(Micro
#
: from soil seed bank in cm
-3
).
48

2.6 Species richness, abundance, diversity, and evenness of birds in
forests and plantations at CHM and NTK.
50

2.7 Species richness (m
-2
) and seed density (m
-2
) within managed and
abandoned tea plantation and adjacent forests.
59

3.1 Standard procedures and instruments used for soil analysis. 69

3.2 Mean species richness, stem density, diversity and evenness of
vegetation in the plantations and forests at CHM and NTK.
74

3.3 Mean species richness, stem density, diversity and evenness of
woody plants and seedlings in plantations at various distances from
the forest.



76
Sl. No. Table No. Page No.

3.4 Comparisons of differences in cumulative species richness between
various distance intervals at 95% confidence level using rich (R
package). The values indicate differences in species, * p <0 05, **
p < 0 001, ns not significance, FI forest interior, FE forest
edge, T25 = 25 m inside the plantation from the forest, T60 = 60 m
inside plantation from the forest and T95 = 95 m inside plantation
from the forest.
76

3.5 Physical parameters measured in the plantations and forests during
six seasonal samples. (t-Test: two-sampled, assuming unequal
variances); p* <0.05; ** p <0.0001.
84

3.6 Chemical parameters of soil at CHM and NTK and its surrounding
forests (t-Test: Two-sampled assuming unequal variances; ( * p <
0.05, ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001).
85

3.7 The best three multiple linear regression models for species
richness and stem-density of woody plants at CHM and NTK,
based on AICc and model weightages. The models indicated in
bold letters are the best models. K = Potassium, P= Phosphorous, N
= Nitrogen.
87

3.8 The best three multiple linear regression models for species
richness and stem-density of woody seedlings at CHM and NTK,
based on AICc and model weightages. The models indicated in
bold letters are the best models. K = Potassium, P= Phosphorous.
87

3.9 Comparison of species richness and density across litter seed bank,
woody seedlings and woody plants in tea plantations and forests.
95

4.1 Summary of stakeholders responses to survey questions. 115

4.2 Logistic regression analysis with dependent variable willingness to
move out ( Yes 1 and No 0) and other independent variables.
Bold variables are significant predictors.
122

4.3 Native species selection based on the successional groups and
microsite suitability for ecological restoration. (Note Ranks are
based on higher density within the 17-year old abandoned tea
plantations; Successional groups fast growing, medium-growing,
slow-growing; heliophilic nature (i.e., Light tolerance level) open-
shade, medium-shade, dark-shade). Bold species are the top 3 in
each plantation.
128