01 Owj100001 Wcdma RNP Fundamental

www.huawei.
com
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
WCDMA RNP
Fundamental
Page2
Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Get familiar with principles of radio wave propagation, and
theoretically prepare for the subsequent link budget.
Introduce the knowledge about antennas and the meanings of
typical indices.
Page3
Contents
1. Radio Wave Introduction
2. Antenna
3. RF Basics
4. Symbol Explanation
Page4
Contents
1.1 Basic Principles of Radio Wave
1.2 Propagation Features of Radio Wave
1.3 Propagation Model of Radio Wave
1.4 Correction of Propagation Model
Page5
Radio Wave Spectrum
Radio Wave Spectrum
300-3000GH
The frequencies in each specific band present unique propagation features.
z
EHF Extremely High
Frequency
30-300GHz
SHF Super High Frequency 3-30GHz
UHF Ultra High Frequency 300-3000MHz
VHF Very High Frequency 30-300MHz
HF High Frequency 3-30MHz
MF Medium Frequency 300-3000KHz
LF Low Frequency 30-300KHz
VLF Very-low Frequency 3-30KHz
VF Voice Frequency 300-3000Hz
ELF Extremely Low
Frequency
30-300Hz
3-30Hz
Designation Classification Frequency
Page6
Propagation of Electromagnetic Wave
electric wave transmission direction
Electric Field
Electric Field
Magnetic Field
Magnetic Field
Electric Field
Dipole
When the radio wave propagates in the air, the electric field direction
changes regularly. If the electric field direction of radio wave is vertical to the
ground, the radio wave is vertical polarization wave
If the electric field direction of radio wave is parallel with the ground, the radio
wave is horizontal polarization wave
Page7
Perpendicular incidence wave
and ground refraction wave
(most common propagation modes)
Troposphere reflection wave
(the propagation is very random)
Mountain diffraction wave
(shadow area signal source)
Ionosphere refraction wave
(beyond-the-horizon communication path)
Propagation Path
Page8
Building reflection wave Building reflection wave
Diffraction wave Diffraction wave
Direct wave Direct wave
Ground reflection wave Ground reflection wave
Propagation Path
Page9
Contents
Page10
Radio Propagation Environment
Radio wave propagation is affected by topographic structure
and man-made environment. The radio propagation
environment directly decides the selection of propagation
models. Main factors that affect environment are:
Natural landform (mountain, hill, plains, water area)
Quantity, layout and material features of man-made buildings
Natural and man-made electromagnetic noise conditions
Weather conditions
Vegetation features of the region
Page11
Quasi-smooth landform
The landform with a slightly rugged surface and
the surface height difference is less than 20m
Irregular landform
The landforms apart from quasi-smooth landform
are divided to: hill landform, isolated hills, slant
landform, and land & water combined landform
R
T
T
R
Landform Categories
Page12
distance (m)
Receiving power (dBm)
10 20 30
-20
-40
-60
slow fading
fast fading
Signal Fading
Page13
Signal Diversity
Measures against fast fading --- Diversity
Time diversity
Space diversity
Frequency diversity
Page14
Signal Diversity
Measures against fast fading --- Diversity
Time diversity
Space diversity
Frequency diversity
Page15
Solution
RAKE technology
RAKE technology
Radio Wave Delay Extension
Deriving from reflection, it refers to the co-frequency interference
caused by the time difference in the space transmission of main
signals and other multi-path signals received by the receiver
The transmitting signals come from the objects far away from the
receiving antenna
Page16
T
R
Diffraction Loss
The electromagnetic wave diffuses around at the diffraction point
The diffraction wave covers all directions except the obstacle
The diffusion loss is most severe
Page17
Penetration Loss
XdBm WdBm
Penetration loss =X-W=B dB
Penetration loss =X-W=B dB
Penetration loss caused by obstructions:
Page18
Contents
Page19
) , ( f d f PathLoss =
d
f
Propagation model is used for predicting the medium value of path loss. The
formula can be simplified under if the heights of UE and base station are
given
where: is the distance between UE and base station, and is the
frequency
Propagation environment affect the model, and the main factors are :
Natural terrain, such as mountain, hill, plain, water land, etc;
Man-made building (height, distribution and material);
Vegetation;
Weather;
External noise
Propagation model
Page20
Lo=91.48+20lgd, for f=900MHz
Lo=97.98+20lgd, for f=1900MHz
Free Air Space Model
Free space propagation model is applicable to the wireless
environment with isotropic propagation media (e.g., vacuum),
and is a theoretic model
This environment does not exist in real life
Page21
Ploss = L
0
+10lgd -20lgh
b
- 20lgh
m
Path loss gradient , usually is 4
h
b
BTS antenna height
h
m
mobile station height
L
0
parameters related to frequency
R
T
Flat Landform Propagation Model
Page22
Application Scope Application Scope
Characteristic Characteristic
Frequency range f:150~1500MHz
BTS antenna height Hb:30~200m
Mobile station height Hm:1~10m
Distance d:1~20km
Macro cell model
The BTS antenna is taller than the surrounding buildings
Predication is not applicable in 1km
Not applicable to the circumstance where the frequency is above
1500MHz
Okumura-Hata Model
Page23
Frequency range f:1505~2000MHz
BTS antenna height Hb:30~200m
Mobile station height Hm:1~10m
Distance d:1~20km
Macro cell model
The BTS antenna is taller than the surrounding buildings
Predication is not applicable in 1km
Not applicable to the circumstance where the frequency is
above 2000MHz or below 1500MHz
COST 231-Hata Model
Page24
Frequency range : 800~2000MHz
BTS antenna height Hbase : 4~50m
Mobile station height Hmobile : 1~3m
Distance d : 0.02~5km
Urban environment, macro cell or micro cell
Not applicable to suburban or rural environment
COST 231 Walfish-Ikegami Model
Page25
K1: Propagation path loss constant value
K2: log(d) correction factor
D: Distatnce between receiver and transmitter (m)
K3: log(HTxeff) correction factor
H
Txeff:
Transmitter antenna height (m)
K4: Diffraction loss correction factor
K5: log(HTxeff)log(D) correction factor
K6: Correction factor
: Receiver antenna height (m)
K
clutter
: clutter correction factor
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) clutter f K H K H D K
loss n Diffractio K H K D K K PathLoss
clutter Rxeff Txeff
Txeff
+ + +
+ + + =
6 5
4 3 2 1
log log
log log
Rxeff
H
Experimental formula Experimental formula
Explanation Explanation
Standard Propagation
Page26
Contents
Page27
Basic Principles and Procedures
Error compliant with
requirements?
Target propagation environment
CW data collection
Measured propagation path loss
Selected propagated environment
parameter setting
Forecast propagation path loss
Comparison
End
Page28
5
m
Site Selection
Criteria for selecting a site
The antenna height is greater than 20m
The antenna is at least 5m taller than the nearest obstacle
Page29
Transmitting subsystems
Transmitting antenna, feeder, high-frequency signal source, antenna
bracket
Omni-
Antenna
Transmitter
Antenna
bracket
Feeder
Test Platform
Page30
Receiving subsystem
Test receiver, GPS receiver, test software, portable
Positioning
System
Data Acquisition System
GPS-Antenna
Antenna
Receiver
Test Platform
Page31
Rules of selecting a test path
Landform: the test path must consider all main landforms in the region.
Height: If the landform is very rugged, the test path must consider the
landforms of different heights in the region.
Distance: The test path must consider the positions differently away from
the site in the region.
Direction: The test points on the lengthways path must be identical with
that on the widthways path.
Length: The total length of the distance in one CW test should be greater
than 60km.
Number of test points: The more the test points are, the better (>10000
points, >4 hours as a minimum)
Test Path
Page32
Rules of selecting a test path
Test Path
Page33
Drive Test
The sampling law is meets the Richard Law :40 wavelengths, 50
sampling points
Upper limit of drive speed: Vmax=0.8/Tsample
The test results obtained in exceptional circumstances must be
removed from the sampling data
Sampling point with too high fading (more than 30dB) ;
In a tunnel
Under a viaduct
If using a directional antenna for CW test, the test path is selected
from the main lobe coverage area
Page34
Test Data Processing
The test data needs to be processed
before being able to be identified by
the planning software. The
processing procedure is:
Data filtering
Data dispersion
Geographic averaging
Format conversion
Page35
Questions
Which band of radio wave is used for the mobile
communication system?
What are the two modes of signal fading in the radio
propagation environment? What are their characteristics and
reasons of generation?
Page36
Summary
This chapter deals with radio wave. The learning points include:
Propagation path of radio wave
Loss and dispersion characteristics of radio wave, and main
compensation solutions
Typical radio wave models, main parameters involved
Methods of correcting radio propagation models
Page37
Contents
2. Antenna
3. RF Basics
Page38
Positions and Functions of Antenna
Lightning protection
device
main feeder
(7/8 )
Feeder
clip
Cabling
rack
Grounding device
3-connector seal component
insulation sealing tape, PVC
insulation tape
Antenna adjustment bracket
GSM/CDMA
plate-shape
antenna
radio mast (50~114mm)
Outdoor
feeder
Indoor super
flexible feeder
Feeder cabling
window
main device
of BTS
BTS antenna & feeder system diagram BTS antenna & feeder system diagram
Page39
omni antenna
Antenna
Connector
Dipole
Feed network
Antenna
Connector
Feed network
Dipole
Directional antenna
Feed network
Working Principles of Mobile Antenna
Page40
Categorize by emission direction
Directional antenna omni antenna
Categories of Antenna
Page41
Plate-shape antenna
Cap-shape antenna
Whip-shape
Paraboloid antenna
Categorize by appearance Categorize by appearance
Page42
Omni antenna
Uni-polarization
Directional antenna
Dual polarization
Directional antenna
Categorize by polarization mode Categorize by polarization mode
Page43
Smart antenna Smart antenna
Smart directional antenna Smart omni-antenna Smart directional antenna
Page44
Electric down tilt Antenna Electric down tilt Antenna
Electrical down tilt Antenna
Page45
Electric Indices of Antenna
Page46
Top view
side view
directional antenna direction diagram
omni antenna direction diagram
Symmetric half Symmetric half- -wave dipole wave dipole
Antenna Direction Diagram
Page47
dBidBd
2.15dB
Antenna Gain
Page48
Antenna Pattern
Antenna pattern
Page49
Antenna Pattern
Side lobe
Zero point
filling
Main lobe
Max value
Zero point
filling
Back
lobe
Vertical pattern
horizontal half-
power angles
Front to
back
ratio
Horizontal pattern
Page50
Electric down Electric down
tilt tilt
Mechanical down tilt Mechanical down tilt
Mechanical Down Tilt and Electric Down Tilt
Page51
Questions
How are antennas categorized by emission direction, and by
appearance?
What are electric indices of antenna?
What are mechanical indices of antenna?
Into which types does the distributed antenna system break
down?
Page52
Summary
Working principles of antenna
Categories of antenna
Electric indices of antenna
Mechanical indices of antenna
New technologies of antenna
Page53
Contents
2. Antenna
3. RF Basics
Page54
Absolute power(dBm)
The absolute power of RF signals is notated by dBm and dBW. Their
conversion relationships with mWand W are: e.g., the signal power is x
W, its size notated by dBm is:
For example, 1W=30dBm=0dBW.
Relative power(dB)
It is the logarithmic notation of the ratio of any two powers
For exampleIf , so P1 is 3dB greater than P2
Introduction to Power Unit
=
mw
mw PW
dBm p
1
1000 *
lg 10 ) (
=
mW P
mw P
dB p
2
1
lg 10 ) (
w P 2
1
=
w P 1
2
=
Page55
Noise
Noise means the unpredictable interference signal that occur during the
signal processing (the point frequency interference is not counted as
noise)
Noise figure
Noise figure is used for measuring the processing capability of the RF
component for small signals, and is usually defined as: output SNR
divided by unit input SNR
NF
Si
Ni
So
No
Noise-Related Concepts
Page56
Noise figure formula of cascaded network
G1NF1 G2NF2 GnNFn
1 2 1 1
2
1
...
1
...
1

+ +
+ =
n
n
total
G G G
NF
G
NF
NF NF
Page57
Receiving Sensitivity
Receiving sensitivity
Expressed with power:
S
min
=10log(KTB)+ Ft +(S/N), unit: dBm
K is a Boltzmann constant, unit: J/K (joule /K) , K=1.38066*10
-19
J/K
T represents absolute temperature, unit: K
B represents signal bandwidth, unit: Hz
Ft represents noise figure, unit: dB
(S/N) represents required signal-to-noise ratio, unit: dB
If B=1Hz, 10log(KTB)=-174dBm/Hz
Page58
Tower Mounted Amplifier
Enlarge uplink signal, but its a loss
for downlink
Duplexer
Sharing antenna for receiving and
transmitting
Sharing antenna for multi-system
RF Components
Page59
Splitter
Coupler
RF Components
Page60
Tx/Rx
Trunk
Trunk
S
p
l
i
t
t
e
r
Trunk
C
o
u
p
l
e
r
S
p
l
i
t
t
e
r
Splitter
S
p
l
i
t
t
e
r
S
p
l
i
t
t
e
r
Splitter
C
o
u
p
l
e
r
C
o
u
p
l
e
r
Splitter
Splitter
Distribution System
Page61
Summary
Definition about dBm, dB
Receiving Sensitivity
RF Components
Page62
Contents
2. Antenna
3. RF Basics
Page63
Symbol Explanation
Ec
Average energy per Chip
Not considered individually, but used for Ec/Io
Pilot Ec is measured by the UE (for HO) or the Pilot scanner, in the
form of Received Signal Code Power (RSCP)
For CPICH Ec:
Depends on power and path loss.
Constant for a given power and path loss. Ec is not dependent on load
For DPCH Ec:
Depends on power and path loss
Page64
Symbol Explanation
Eb
Average energy per information bit for the PCCPCH, SCCPCH, and
DPCH, at the UE antenna connector.
Typically not considered individually, but used for Eb/Nt
Depends on channel power (can be variable), path loss, and
spreading gain (Gp)
Constant for a given bit rate, channel power, and path loss
Can be estimated form Ec and processing gain
Speech 12.2kbps example
Ec = -80 dBm
12.2kbps data rate => Processing gain = 24.98 dB
Eb~ -80 + 24.98 = -55.02 dBm
Page65
Symbol Explanation
Io
The total received power spectral density, including signal and
interference, as measured at the UE antenna connector.
Similar to UTRA carrier Receive Strength Signal Indicator (RSSI), at
least for practical consideration (SC scanner)
RSSI in W or dBm
Io in W/Hz or dBm/Hz
Measured by the UE (for HO) or Pilot scanner in the form of RSSI
Depends on All channel power, All cells, and path loss
Depends on same-cell and other cell loading
Depends on external interferences
Page66
Symbol Explanation
No common RF definition
Thermal noise density
Typically not considered individually, but used for Eb/No
Can be calculated
No = KT
K is the Bolzman constant, 1.38*10^-23
T is the temperature, 290 K
No = 174 dBm/Hz under typical conditions
Typically the bandwidth noise and the receiver noise figure are also
considered
No = KTBNF, where NF is noise figure
To avoid confusion, NF should be used when referring to thermal
noise
Page67
Symbol Explanation
No for WCDMA system
Total one-sided noise power spectral density due to all noise
sources
Typically not considered individually, but used for Eb/No
Defined this way, No and Io are substituted for one another:
On the uplink the substitution is valid
On the downlink, differentiating between Noise and Interference is more
challenging
Page68
Symbol Explanation
RTWP
Received Total Wide Bandwidth power
To describe uplink interference level
When uplink load increase 50%, RTWP value will increase 3dB
RSSI
Received Signal Strength Indicator
To describe downlink interference level at UE side
Page69
Symbol Explanation
RSCP
Revived Signal Code Power (Ec)
Ec/Io = RSCP/RSSI, to describe downlink CPICH quality
ISCP
Interference Signal Code Power; can be estimated by:
ISCP = RSSI RSCP
Page70
Summary
Ec, Eb, Io and No
RTWP, RSSI, RSCP and ISCP
Thank you
www.huawei.com

01 Owj100001 Wcdma RNP Fundamental

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

01 Owj100001 Wcdma RNP Fundamental

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

www.huawei.

You might also like