Notations and formulas

1
5Notations and formulas
A Area of section
AG Painting Surface per unit mass
AL Painting Surface per unit length
Am Surface area of the steel section exposed to fire
Anet net area of section
Ap area of the inner surface of the fire protection material
Avz shear area
a inclination of main axes of inertia
b Width of section
d Depth of straight portion of web
emin,emax allowable edge distances
G Mass per unit length
h Depth of section
hi Inner depth between flanges
I Second moment of area
i radius of guration
It torsion constant
Iw warping constant
Iyz centrifugal moment
Pmin,Pmax allowable edge distances
maximum bolt diameter
r,r1 radius of root fillet
r2 toe radius
a unit mass of steel
ss length of stiff bearing
t thickness
tf flange thickness
tw web thickness
u distance of extreme fibre to minor v- axis
v distance of extreme fibre to major v axis
V Volume of the steel member
Wel elastic section modulus
Wpl plastic section modulus
Ym distance of shear member
Ys distance of center of gravity along y-axis
1
6Conversion Table
Conversion Table
Length / Area / Volume
1mm 0.03937in 1 in (inch) 25.4mm
1cm 0.393701in 1 in (inch) 2.54cm
1m 3.281 ft 1 ft (foot) 0.3048m
1cm
2
0.1550in
2
1 in
2
6.452cm
2
1cm
3
10.76ft
2
1 ft
2
0.0929m
2
1cm
3
0.06102in
3
1 in
3
16.390cm
3
1m
3
35.31ft
3
1 ft
3
0.02832m
3
1cm
4
0.02403in
4
1 in
4
41.62cm
4
Force / Stress
1 N 0.2248 lbf 1lbf(pound-force) 4.448N
1 N/m 0.06852 lbf/ft 1lbf /ft 14.59 N /m
1 N / mm
2
1 Mpa 145 lbf/in
2
1 lbf /in
2
(psi) 0.006895 N /mm
2
1 N / mm
2
1 Mpa 0.145ksi 1 ksi 6.895 N /mm
2
1 N / cm
2
1.45 lbf / in
2
1 lbf / in
2
0.6895 N /cm
2
Moment
1 N m 8.851 lbf in 1 lbf in 0.113 N m
1 N m 0.7376 lbf - ft 1 lbf ft 1.356 N m
Mass
1 kg 2.205 lb 1 lb (pound-mass) 0.4536kg
1 tonne (metric) 1.102 short ton (2000 lb.) 1 short ton 0.9072 tonne(metric)
1 tonne (metric) 0.9842 long ton (2240 lb.) 1 long ton 1.016 tonne(metric)
1 kg/m 0.672 lb/ft 1 lb/ft 1.4882
Temperature
oC (Celsius) (oF-32)/1.8 oF (Fahrenheit) (1.8oC)+32
Energy
1 J(Joule) 0.737562 ft-lbf 1 ft-lbf 1.355818J
1
7Material coefficients of structural steel
Mechanical properties of structural steel grades
Material coefficients of structural steel
aa coefficient of linear thermal expansion
aa = 12.10-6 1/
o
C
Ea modulus of elasticity
Ea = 210000 N/mm
2
= 210000 Mpa = 210KN/mm
2
= 21000 KN/cm
2
= 210000 MN/m
2

Ga Shear modulus
Ga = Ea
2(1+va)
Ga = 81000 N/mm
2
= 81000 Mpa =8100 kN/cm
2
= 81000 MN/m
2
Va Poissons ratio
Va = 0.3
Pa Unit Mass
pa = 7850 kg/m
3
Mechanical properties of structural steel grades
Standard Grades Minimum yield Tensile strength Minimum elongation% Notch impact test
Nominal thickness(mm) Nominal Thickness(mm) Nominal thickness(mm) Temperature Min. absorbed energy
EN 10025: 1993 S 275 JR 275 265 255 245 235 225 410-560 400-540 22 21 20 18 +20 27
S 355 J2G3/G4 355 345 335 325 315 395 490-630 470-630 22 21 20 18 -20 27
Rm N/mm
2
strength ReH N/mm
2
1
8European section ranges
British section ranges in accordance with BS 4-1: 199t3
European section ranges
Parallel flange Taper flange Wide flange Wide flange Wide flange Parallel flange Taper flange Equal Unequal
I sections I sections beams channels bearing piles channels channels leg angles leg angles
80
100 100 100 100 100x100
110x110
120 120 120 120 120x120 120x80
130 130x130 130x65
140 140 140 140 140x140
150x90
150 150x150 150x100
160 160 160 175 160 160x160 160x80
180 180 180 180 180x180
200 200 200 200 200 200 200x200 200x100
220 220 220 220 220 220
240 240 240 240
250 250x250
270 260 260 260 260 260
280 280 280
300 300 300 305 300 300
330 320 320 320 320 320
340 340 350
360 360 360 360 360
380 380
400 400 400 400 400 400
450 450 450
500 500 500
550 550 550
600 600
650
750 700
800
900 920
1000 1000
1100
British section ranges in accordance with BS 4-1: 199t3
Universal beams Universal columns Wide flange bearning piles
a b c d e f
152 x 89 152 x 152
178 x 102
203 x 102 203 x 133 203 x 203 203 x 203
254 x 102 254 x 146 254 x 254 254 x 254
305 x 102 305 x 165 305 x 405 305 x 305
356 x 127 356 x 171 356 x 368 356 x 406 356 x 368
406 x 140 406 x 178
457 x 152 457 x 191
533 x 210
610 x 229 610 x 305
686 x 254
762 x 267
838 x 292
914 x 305 914 x 419