The following describes filter types, what they do and how they

perform. Along with definitions and detailed graphs, we are

hopeful this information is both useful and informative.
Filter Types
Monolithic Crystal Filters
2 Quartz resonator internally coupled utilizing piezoelectric
effect.
Discrete Crystal Filter
Single quartz resonator with external
components utilizing the piezoelectric effect.
Notch filters
Crystal or Discrete component filter that passes
all frequencies except those in a stop band centered on a center
frequency.
High Pass Filters
Discrete component filter that passes high
frequency but alternates frequencies lower then the cut off
frequency.
Low Pass Filters
Discrete component filter that passes low
frequency signals but alternates signals with frequencies higher
then the cut off frequency.
Filter Designs
Chebyshev
The transfer function of the filter is deried from a
chebyche equal ripple function in the passband only. These
filters offer performance between that of !lliptic function filters
and "utterworth filters. #or the ma$ority of applications% this is the
preferred filter type since they offer improed selectiity% and the
networ&s obtained by this approximation are the most easily
realized.
Butterworth
The transfer function of the filter offers maximally flat
amplitude. Selectiity is better then 'aussian or "essel filters%
but at the expense of delay and phase linearity. #or most
bandpass designs% the (S)* at center frequency is extremely
good. "utterworth filters are usually the least sensitie to
changes in element alues.
Bessel/Linear Phase
The transfer function of the filter is deried
from a "essel polynomial. +t produces filter with a flat delay
around center frequency. The more poles used% the wider the flat
region extends. The roll,off rate is poor. This type of filter is close
to a 'aussian filter. +t has poor (S)* and loses its maximally
flat delay properties at wider bandwidths.
lliptic
The passband ripple is similar to the Chebyshe but with greatly
improed stopband selectiity due to the addition of finite
attenuation pea&s. The networ& complexity is increased oer the
"utterworth or Chebyshe% but still yields practical realizations
oer nearly the entire operating region.
!aussian
The transfer function of the filter is deried from a 'aussian
function. The step and impulse response of a 'aussian filter has
zero oershoot. *ise times and delay are lowest of the traditional
transfer functions. These characteristics are obtained at the
expensie of poor selectiity% high element sensitiity% and a ery
wide spread of element alues. 'aussian filter is ery similar to
the "essel except that the delay has a slight -hump. at center
frequency and the rate of roll,off is slower. "ecause of the delay
response% the ringing characteristics are better then the "essel.
*ealization restrictions also apply to these filters.

'aussian to / 0or 122 d"3 This approximation has a passband
response that follows the 'aussian shape and% at either the / or
12 d" point% the response changes and follows the "utterworth
characteristic. The phase% or delay% response is somewhat
improed oer a strict "utterworth and the attenuation is better
than the pure 'aussian and so it is a true compromise type
of approximation% as with all of the filters where there is an
attempt to control the phase response% the realization becomes
more difficult and so its operating region is slightly restricted.
Typical Filter agleware "i#ulation
Discrete Crystal #ilter
Typical Filter agleware "i#ulation
"andpass 4C #ilter
Definitions
Center Fre$uency / No#inal Fre$uency
Center frequency is a gien frequency in the specification% to
which other frequencies may be referred% while nominal
frequency is the nominal alue of center frequency and
is used as the reference frequency for specifying relatie leels
of attenuation. +n bandpass and bandstop filters #on denotes the
nominal center frequency5 #o denotes the actual or measured
center frequency of an indiidual filter and is usually defined
as6
#o70f1 x fu2182
)here f1 and fu are measured lower and upper passband limits%
usually the 9 d" attenuation frequencies. Sometimes it is more
conenient to specify frequency relatie to the actual or
measured filter center frequency. The alue of #o will% of course%
ary from unit to unit within the same unit as function of
temperature and time. Therefore% there must be a tolerance
associated with #o% ma&ing allowance for temperature% aging%
and manufacturing tolerances.
Passban%& "topban% ' Ban%wi%th
Passban% is the frequency range in which a filter is intended to
pass signals. +t is expressed as a range of frequencies
attenuated less than the specified alue% typically specified at 9
db
"topban% is a band of frequencies in which the relatie
attenuation of a filter is equal or greater then specified alues. +t
is expressed as a range of frequencies attenuated by more than
some specified minimum% such as /: d".
#or a bandpass or band stop filter% the width 0frequency
difference2 between lower and upper points haing a specified
attenuation% such as the 9 d" bandwidth or the ;: d" bandwidth.
#or a lowpass filter% bandwidth is simply the frequency at which
the attenuation has the specified alue.
(ipple / Passban% (ipple
'enerally referring to the waeli&e ariations in the amplitude
response of a filter with frequency. +deal Chebyche and elliptic
function filters% for example% hae equal,ripple characteristics%
which means that the differences in pea&s and alleys of the
amplitude response in the pass band are equal. "utterworth%
'aussian% and "essel functions% on the other hand hae no
ripple% *ipple is usually measured in d". The pass band ripple is
defined as the difference between the maximum and minimum
attenuations within a pass band.
"hape Factor
Shape factor is the ration of the stopband bandwidth to the
passband bandwidth% typically the ratio of /: d" bandwidth to
the 9 d" bandwidth. +t is a critical parameter that determines the
number of poles and complexity required to meet the
specification.
)nsertion Loss
The frequency response of filters is always considered as
relatie to the attenuation occurring at a particular reference. The
actual attenuation at this reference is commonly called insertion
loss. +t is referenced at the minimum attenuation point within the
pass band. +nsertion loss can be defined as the logarithmic ratio
of the power deliered to the load impedance before insertion of
the filter to the power deliered to the load impedance after
insertion of the filter. +n other words% it is the decrease in power
deliered to the load when a filter is inserted between the source
and the load. The insertion loss is gien by6
+4d" 7 1:log0<418<422
)here <41 is the power to the load with filter bypasses and <42
is the out put power with filter inserted into the circuit. The
equation aboe can also be expressed in terms of a oltage ratio
as6
+4d" 7 2:log0(418(422
This allows insertion loss to be measured directly in terms of
output oltage.
)nsertion Loss Linearity
The insertion loss of a filter may change with drie leel. =t high
power leels. Quartz resonators become non,linear causing the
filter loss to increase% and this phenomenon is primarily
determined by properties of the quartz % not by processing of the
filters.
>oweer% at low drie leels resonator processing becomes
critical in maintaining constant insertion loss. )ith the application
of proper design% stringent processing and rigid controls% filters
hae been being produced with no more than ?:.::@ d" change
in insertion loss for a A: d" Change in drie leel.
"purious (esponses
=ll resonators% whether they are 4C tuned circuits% caity
resonators or crystal resonators hae unwanted resonance
modes. Quartz crystals hae anharmonic resonance normally
occurring $ust aboe the desired resonance as well as near,
harmonic oertone responses.
Consequently% almost all crystal filters will exhibit unwanted
responses in their amplitude and phase characteristics. The
deiations are often% but not always% of narrow bandwidth.
Bormally they occur in the filter stopband and appear as narrow%
unwanted regions of reduced attenuation. Spurious response
usually appears at a higher frequency than the center frequency.
Cccasionally in wider bandwidth filters a spurious response may
occur in the filter passband% causing undesirable ripple.
The =T,cut crystal resonator% which is most commonly used for
filters% has a family of unwanted anharmonic responses at
frequencies slightly aboe the desired resonance and harmonic
0oertone2 responses at approximately odd integer multiples of
the fundamental resonance. The location of the oertones and
the ma$or anharmonics can be calculated in adance.% The
oertone responses can be suppressed by additional 4C filtering
which% gien adequate pac&age dimensions% can be
accommodated inside the filter pac&age if required.
The near,by enharmonic responses cannot normally be
suppressed by 4C filtering. >ere suppression of spurious
responses is accomplished by a combination of resonator
design% resonator processing and filter circuit design. =s the
crystal resonator electrode area is increased% more unwanted
anharmonic responses will be excited 0assuming a constant
operation frequency2 and the motional inductance will
decrease. +n order to reduce insertion loss and8or retain a narrow
band design% it may be necessary to increase the electrode
dimensions at wider bandwidths% Therefore% wider bandwidth
filters can be expected to hae more and stronger spurious
responses. >oweer% one can always ta&e adantage of narrow
band design by operating the crystal filter at a higher frequency
with the reduced percentage bandwidth% such that the spurious
response will be improed for a gien bandwidth requirements.
!roup Delay Distortion
'roup delay% also called enelope delay% is the time ta&en for a
narrow,band signal to pass from the input to the output of a
deice. 'roup delay distortion is the difference between the
maximum and the minimum group delay within a specified pass
band region or at two specific frequencies. #or most bandpass
filters% the delay response will hae a pea& close to each
passband edge% where the filter attenuation begins to increase
rapidly. #iler delay and attenuation characteristics are
interdependent. The more rapidly the filter attenuates% the larger
the delay pea&s. +n general% large delay pea&s are associated
with filters haing many poles or filters that hae close,in
stopband poles 0such as elliptic function filters2. Cn the other
hand% the DC#s hae a ery small group delay distortion%
typically less then 1: Es.
)nter*#o%ulation +)M,
)nter*#o%ulation occurs when a filter acts in a nonlinear
manner causing incident signals to mix. The new frequencies
that result from this mixing are called inter,modulation products%
and they are normally third,order products% which means that a
one d" increase in the incident signal leels produces a 9 d"
increase in +D. The +D can be classified in the following two
types6
-ut*of*ben% inter*#o%ulation occurs when two incident signals
0typically ,2: to ,9: d"m2 in the filter stopband produce an +D
product in the filter passband. This phenomenon is most
prealent in receier applications when signals are present
simultaneously in the first and second ad$acent
channels. This +D performance of crystal filters at low signal
leels is primarily determined by surface defects associated with
resonator manufacturing process and is not sub$ect to analytical
prediction.
)n*ban% inter*#o%ulation occurs when two closely spaced
signals within the filter passband produce
+D products that are also within the filter passband. +t is most
prealent in transmit applications
where signal leels are high 0typically ,1: d"m and F1: d"m2.
This +D performance at high signal
leels is a function of both the resonator manufacturing process
and the nonlinear elastic properties
of quartz. The latter is dominant at higher signal leels% and can
be analyzed.
)P.
Third Crder +nput +ntercept <oint6 The point at which the power in
the third,order product and the fundamental tone intersect% when
the amplifier is assumed to be linear. ++<9 is a ery useful
parameter to predict low,leel intermodulation effects.
Phase shift/Mini#u# Phase Transfer Function
The change in phase of a signal as it passes through a filter. =
delay in time of the signal is referred to as phase lag and in
normal networ&s% phase lag increases with frequency% producing
a positie enelope delay.
The great ma$ority of crystal filters are minimum phase shift
filters. Dathematically% this means that there is a functional
relationship between the attenuation characteristic and the
phase characteristic of the filter. The transfer function of such a
two,port networ& is said to hae the minimum phase shift
property% which means that its total phase shift from zero to
infinite frequency is the minimum physically possible for the
number of poles that it possesses.
Ter#inating )#pe%ance
This is the required impedance to be seen on input and load side
of the filter to maintain a good characteristics response.
Terminating impedance is typically
specified as a series resistance with a parallel capacitance that
should also include the stray capacitance of the circuit board.
Power Han%ling
<ower handling is usually specified as the maximum input power.
+n design% it is closely related to the factors determining in,band
inter,modulation performance. 'ien the bandwidth% insertion
loss and spurious response requirements% the
power handling capability of a filter can be estimated.
/ibration*in%uce% "i%eban%s
(ibration,included sidebands may appear on a crystal filter
output signal when the filter is sub$ected to mechanical ibration.
(ibration produces acceleration forced on the crystal resonators%
causing their resonance frequencies to change slightly 3
typically a few parts per billion for one ' acceleration. #or
Sinusoidal ibration% the resonance frequency is modulated at
the frequency of ibration% and the pea& deiation is determined
by the acceleration sensitiity of the crystal resonator and the
amplitude of ibration.
(iewed on a spectrum analyzer% the filter output will hae
sidebands offset from the carrier by the frequency of ibration.
#or most filters% the ibration,induced sidebands are quite small
and of no concern. >oweer% narrowband spectrum cleanup
filters may require special attention. (ibration,induced sidebands
are minimized by minimizing resonator acceleration sensitiity
and by control of mechanical resonance within the filter structure.
"ettling Ti#e an% (ise Ti#e
Settling time is the time it ta&es for the output signal to settle
within a specified oershoot percentage after the input has been
sub$ected to a step response% pulse% impulse% or ramp rise time is
often defined as the time required for the output of a filter to
moe from 1:G to H:G of its steady state alue on the initial
rise. )hile the exact alue of rise time can readily be calculated
or determined form filter handboo&s% the following rule
of thumb relating rise time to bandwidth proides an useful
estimates.
Tr 3 :.9@8fc
)here Tr is the rise time in seconds and fc is the 9 d" cut off
frequency in hertz
Discrete Crystal Filter
"andpass *# filter utilizing high Q Quartz resonators and 4C
Components. <roides highly selectie frequency re$ection as
well as ery flat passband response.
Typical >alf 4attice
<arasitic capacitances of each crystal cancel each other out to
allow the circuit to operate. =dopting different crystal
#requencies allows for ery wide bandwidths.
Discrete Filter Types
Barrowband
)nter#e%iate
0i%eban%
Typical Characteristics
Standard #requencies
1 D>z%
1:.I D>z
1.; D>z
21.A D>z
2./2 D>z
A@.: D>z
@.: D>z
I:.: D>z #undamental89rd Certone
I:.: D>z to 2@:.: D>z #undamental +nerted Desa Technology
"hape Factor
/: to 9 d"
A pole 7 A61 *atio
/ pole 7 2.@61 *atio
; pole 7 2.:61 *atio
1: pole 7 1./61 *atio
12 pole 7 1.9@61 *atio
!xample6 /: d" ".) 7 /: J>z Dax
9 d" ".) 7 9: J>z Din
/: d"89 d" 7 261 *atio 7 ; pole filter
Ban%wi%th
*atio 7 ".) 8 Center #requency
Narrowban%
*atio 7 Barrowband Design ".) 7 .92G or less of Center
#requency
)nter#e%iate
*atio 7 +ntermediate Design ".) 7 .9G to 1G of Center
#requency
0i%eban%
*atio 7 )ideband Design ".) 7 1G to 1:G of Center
#requency
Typical Filter (esponse
A <ole >alf 4attice +ntermediate *esponse
Filter Data "heet
The following data sheets proide a comprehensie loo& at many
of our most popular filters. <lease &eep in mind that in parallel to
this offering% we manufacture custom filters as wellK
Monolithic Crystal Filter
Traditional Crystal filters use seeral discrete crystal and
external components. Donolithic Crystal filter uses a single
crystal element and two sets of electrodes are placed in the
mechanical resonances in the crystal to gie highly selectie
filter.
Monolithic $uivalent Circuit
The Cperation of the filter can be explained in terms of
its equialent circuit. 49 represents the internal coupling between
the two resonant circuits whereas Co and Cp are the parasitic
capacitances in the circuit% Co is the capacitance between the
top and bottom plates at either end of the quartz element. Cp is
the parasitic lea&age capacitance across the resonant element.
Typical Fre$uency (ange
"tan%ar% )f Fre$uencies
@ D>z to A@ D>z
A@ D>z to H: D>z 9rd Certone
DS< *oofing #ilters
/: D>z to 2@: D>z fundamental
+nerted Desa Technology
"hape Factors
/: to 9 d"
A pole 7 A61 *atio
/ pole 7 2.@61 *atio
; pole 7 2.:61 *atio
1: pole 7 1./61 *atio
12 pole 7 1.9@61 *atio
!xample6 /: d" ".) 7 /: J>z Dax
9 d" ".) 7 9: J>z Din
/: d"89 d" 7 261 *atio 7 ; pole filter
Ban%wi%th Fun%a#ental
@ D>z 1 J>z 3 1: J>z
1:.I D>z 1 J>z ,9: J>z
21.A D>z 1 J>z ,@: J>z
9:.: D>z 1 J>z ,@: J>z
A@.: D>z 1 J>z ,@: J>z
I:.: D>z 1: J>z ,12: J>z
+nerted Desa H:.: D>z 1: J>z ,12: J>z
+nerted Desa 11:.: D>z 1: J>z ,1@: J>z
+nerted Desa 1@:.: D>z 1: J>z ,1@: J>z
+nerted Desa 2::.: D>z 1: J>z ,1@: J>z
+nerted Desa 2@:.: D>z 1: J>z ,1@: J>z
9rd Certone
I: D>z 1 J>z ,2@ J>z
H: D>z 1 J>z ,2@ J>z
1:: D>z 1 J>z ,2@ J>z
1A: D>z 1 J>z ,2@ J>z
Typical Monolithic "che#atic
Typical Filter (esponse
Typical Filter (esponse
Standard 9rd oertone 2 pole
Typical Filter (esponse
"tan%ar% 123 )nverte% Mesa 4 pole
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