Ch 6 MOMENTUM

Relationship between
Momentum & Force

Momentum is the tendency of an
object to keep moving with the
same speed in the same direction
and is a vector quantity (both
magnitude and direction).


p = momentum (kg m s
-1
)
m = mass (kg)
v = velocity (m s
-1
)

If an object undergoes a
momentum change a net force
has to be acting on the object.

p = change in momentum (kg m
s
-1
)
P
f
= Final momentum (kg m s
-1
)
P
i
= Initial momentum (kg m s
-1
)

p = change in momentum (kg m
s
-1
)
I = Impulse (Ns)
t = contact time (s)

If the force is not constant, the
impulse affecting an object can
be found by calculating the area
under a force-time graph.

Conversation of Momentum
The law of conservation of
momentum states that in any
collision between two or more
objects in an isolated system the
total momentum of the system
will remain constant.

P
i
= Initial momentum (kg m s
-1
)
P
f
= Final momentum (kg m s
-1
)

m
1
m
2
= mass of objects (kg)

u
1
u
2
= initial velocity of objects
(m s
-1
)

v
1
v
2
= final velocity of objects (m
s
-1
)
Work
Work done on an object is when
the energy of the object changes.
To do work on an object there
needs to be force acting and the
object must move
(displacement).

1 Joule is equal to work done
when 1 Newton acts over 1
metre.



w = work done (J)
F = force (N)
x = displacement (m)
= angle between the applied
force and direction of motion (
o
)

Friction acts to slow down the
object . No
work is done if the force is acting
at 90
o
to direction of motion.
Mechanical Energy
Mechanical energy is defined as
the energy that a body possesses
due to its position or motion.

K
E
= Kinetic energy (J)
m = mass (kg)
v = speed (m s
-1
)

P
E
= Kinetic energy (J)
m = mass (kg)
g = gravity (9.8 m s
-2
)
= change in height (m)
Elastic Potential energy is stored
when a spring is stretched or a
elastic material is deformed.
Hookes Law states that the force
applied by a spring is directly
proportional, but opposite in
direction to the springs
extension.

F = Force (N)
k = spring constant (m s
-1
)
x = extension or compression
length (m)
All springs that obey Hookes law
are linear in a force-extension
graph, and the gradient is the
stiffness constant. The elastic
potential energy can be found by
the area below a force-extension
graph.

= Force (N)
k = spring constant (m s
-1
)
x = extension or compression
length (m)
Energy Transformation &
Power
Isolated system no external
forces or energy losses.
Total mechanical energy is
constant / conserved in an
isolated system.

M
ET
= Total mechanical energy (J)
K
E
= Kinetic energy (J)
P
E
= Potential energy (J)

v = velocity (m s
-1
)
K
E
= Kinetic energy (J)
m = mass (kg)
Power is the rate at which energy
is used.

P = power (W)
W = work (J)
= change in time (s)
If work done to overcome friction
with no increase in speed is...

P = power (W)
F
av
= average force (N)
v
av
= average speed (m s
-1
)

Conversions
km/h 3.6 m/s