ALAT BERFIKIR

Membantu meningkatkan kemahiran berfikir spt:

menyampaikan idea dgn lebih tersusun, jelas dan
mudah difahami
supaya berfikir dgn lebih berkesan
elak keputusan terburu-buru
Alat berfikir yang boleh digunakan:
pengurusan grafik (GO),
peta minda,
soalan dan penyoalan
CoRT 1.
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BERSAMA TONY BUZAN &
EDWARD de BONO
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PETA MINDA
Dicetuskan oleh Tony Buzan
Definisi : lakaran grafik dgn tajuk / isi utama diletakkan di
bahagian tengah dan idea yg lain dikembangkan di
sekelilingnya
Tujuan peta minda :
organisasi idea dalam bentuk gambar dan kata kunci
bantu mengingat dgn mudah ( mata & otak kerja
serentak)
mencatat nota dgn ringkas dan mudah
guna otak kanan (menggambarkan) dan otak kiri
(analisis)
kembang kreativiti, organisasi persembahan idea.
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Ciri peta minda
kreatif dan tidak formal - lukis, lorek, gambar, kata
kunci, garisan, kotak
tajuk diletakkan di tengah - idea lain di luar
guna warna, anak panah, rajah dan kod utk kait
antara idea
buat gambaran yg menarik
Kegunaan peta minda Kegunaan peta minda
mencatat nota
mencatat isi penting dari teks @ bahan yg dibaca
perancangan dlm membuat laporan
membuat sinopsis
membuat persembahan hasil perbincangan dan
sumbang saran
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Kelemahan peta minda
Sukar difahami (ringkas, guna singkatan, bahasa atau
perkataan tertentu)
kata kunci tak sesuai mengakibatkan sukar untuk diingati
tiada huraian yang jelas (tulis hanya dlm bentuk singkatan)
terlalu panjang dan kompleks (berserabut @ berselerak)
Kebaikan peta minda
mudah diingati kpd pembuat peta minda
dapat dibaca dgn mudah
mudah memahami sesuatu konsep
membentuk gambaran mental
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Cara membina Peta Minda
1. Tuliskan tajuk ditengah kertas
2. Lukis garisan atau apa jua bentuk utk melingkungi tajuk
3. Letakkan imej berwarna utk menggambarkan tajuk
4. Buat garisan, ranting atau cabang berdasarkan tajuk
utama
5. Buat garisan halus dari garisan yg besar
6. Guna satu perkataan atau kata kunci 6. Guna satu perkataan atau kata kunci
7. Guna simbol tertentu atau gambarajah utk beri makna
lebih jelas
8. Warnakan garisan dan simbol dgn warna terang
cth : gambar buluh utk menerangkan kegunaan buluh.
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SOALAN DAN PENYOALAN
Definisi - alat rangsangan utk mendapatkan
maklumat, meninjau kefahaman, mencungkil minat,
menilai kebolehan dan pencapaian seseorang
Tujuan soalan dan penyoalan:
i. kembang proses berfikir i. kembang proses berfikir
ii. kumpul dan analisis maklumat
iii. galak cetusan dan penggunaan idea
iv. kenal pasti objektif pengajaran tercapai
v. nilai kemajuan pembelajaran
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Jenis jenis soalan:
i. Soalan bertumpu
jawapan terhad dan langsung dalam teks
ii. Soalan mencapah
jawapan terbuka dan tak terhad dalam teks
Ciri soalan bertumpu Ciri soalan bertumpu
Mempunyai satu jawapan
Terhad kpd teks
Tersurat dalam soalan
Berbentuk mengingat kembali
Objektif
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Ciri soalan mencapah
Mempunyai pelbagai jawapan
Terbuka
Tersirat dalam soalan
Berbentuk taakulan
Subjektif
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Teknik Penyoalan Socrates berdasarkan tujuan:
a) Untuk mendapatkan penjelasan
Apakah yang anda maksudkan dgn ISO9000?
b) Untuk menyiasat andaian
Apakah andaian anda tentang kes pelajar didenda kerana
demonstrasi?
c) Untuk menyiasat sebab dan bukti
Bagaimana kita dapat memastikan dakwaan ini benar?
d) Untuk mendapatkan pandangan / penjelasan
Mengapakah anda memilih kursus kemahiran berfikir?
e) Untuk menyiasat implikasi dan kesan
Apakah kesan pihak universiti mengharamkan demonstrasi pelajar?
f) Soalan mengenai soalan (metakognitif)
Mengapa soalan tentang kes ini penting bagi anda?
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PENGURUSAN GRAFIK (GO)
Pengurusan Grafik atau Grafik Organiser (GO)
adalah suatu bentuk ilustrasi atau lakaran.
Ia digunakan untuk membantu dan
menguruskan cara berfikir secara tersusun dan
menyedari proses pemikiran berlaku
Digambarkan secara lebih mudah dan jelas
Pemilihannya bergantung kepada tujuan, situasi
dan perhubungan dengan aspek lain
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Contoh GO:
GO banding beza
GO mengkategori
GO membuat keputusan
GO menyelesaikan masalah
GO menjana idea GO menjana idea
GO fishbone cause-and-effect
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GO FISHBONE (SEBAB-AKIBAT)
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GO BANDING BEZA
Taman Negara
Gunung Mulu
Taman Templer
Persamaan
Hutan tropika
Ada bukit dan batu kapur
Perbezaan
52,864 hektar
Sarawak
1,214 hektar
Selangor
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Persamaan ___________ dan ___________
Perbezaan
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Corak persamaan dan perbezaan yang penting
Kesimpulan
GO MENGKATEGORI
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GO MENYELESAIKAN MASALAH
MASALAH
Kemungkinan pilihan penyelesaian
Pilihan penyelesaian
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Kesan Sokong @ tidak Nilai
Penyelesaian baru
CoRT1
Diasaskan oleh Edward de Bono (1970-an)
Singkatan Cognitive Research Trust
Menggalakkan individu berfikir secara lateral
thinking (meluaskan pandangan) dan vertical
thinking (melihat secara mendalam)
6 CoRT (6 jenis projek)
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Creativity and lateral thinking
Lateral thinking is concerned with the
generation of new perceptions and ideas.
LT involves changing perceptions and
flexibility.
LT changes the way we look at things. LT changes the way we look at things.
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5 ciri Pemikiran Lateral
1. melibatkan proses evolusi, intuisi (apa yg
difikirkan) dan idea yg dihasilkan mesti idea baru
& asli (jangan tiru)
2. tidak semestinya ada hubungan yang mesti
wujud
3. idea dari sumbangsaran (brainstorming) 3. idea dari sumbangsaran (brainstorming)
4. terdapat perubahan anjakan paradigma
5. penyelesaian masalah yg tidak konvensional
(tidak mengikut cara biasa )
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CoRT 1 Breadth (meluas cara berfikir)
Each of the tools encourages you to broaden your thinking.
CoRT 2 Organisation (mengorganisasi cara berfikir)
Treat thinking as a set of organised steps rather than random.
CoRT 3 Interaction
deals with two-people situations - this is the area of argument, debate,
conflict, and opinion.
CoRT 4 Creativity (hasilkan sesuatu yang baru) CoRT 4 Creativity (hasilkan sesuatu yang baru)
thinking should lead to action, the creation of ideas, the need to do
something rather than argue and debate critically or analytically.
CoRT 5 Information and Feeling (kesan afektif)
Information and feeling underlie all thinking.
CoRT 6 Action (tindakan)
To take action, to generate new ideas, to do something with
our new skills.
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PMI Plus, Minus, Interest - Kebaikan, Keburukan dan Menarik
PMI use eliminates the immediate acceptance or rejection of an idea.
CAF Consider all Factor Ambil kira Semua Faktor
CAF that are involved in a situation help us think more effectively, otherwise,
we tend to think only about the first factors that come to mind.
C&S Consequence & Sequal - Kesan Jangka Masa
All action has a consequence either an immediate, short, medium or long term
consequence.
AGO Aims, Goals & Objectives - Tujuan, Matlamat dan Objektif
CoRT1
One of the most common flaws in traditional thinking is the use of an opinion that
has already been formed (based usually on first impression).
AGO Aims, Goals & Objectives - Tujuan, Matlamat dan Objektif
We should be clear about our own aims and understand the aims of others.
FIP First Importance Priorities - Keutamaan Mengikut kepentingan
When thinking, priorities are needed to choose from any alternatives.
APC Alternatives, Possibilities & Choices - Alternatif, Kemungkinan & Pilihan
Generating new alternatives because most people are confined to the obvious
ones.
OPV Other Peoples Views - Mengikut Pandangan Orang Lain
A useful thinking skill is to move away from one's own viewpoint and consider
the points of view of others.
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PMI (Plus, Minus, Interesting)
The PMI is a crystallization of the open-minded
attitude.
Instead of just deciding whether or not you like an
idea, find the good points (P=Plus), the bad points
(M=Minus) and the interesting points (I=lnteresting)
about an idea. about an idea.
The interesting points are those which neither good
nor bad but are worth noticing.
The natural reaction to an idea is to like or dislike it.
Using the PMI as a deliberate operation gives students
a means of by-passing the natural emotional reaction
to an idea. "Do a PMI on that idea."
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Elements in PMI
Plus: WOW! - What I like about an idea
- Good things
- Things you like
- What works
Minus: BOO!! - What I don't like about an idea.
- Things you dont like - Things you dont like
- What doesnt work
- Difficulties with the issue
Interesting: WOW! It would be interesting to see
if / how
- Possible consequences or outcomes
- Fresh thoughts
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Activity:
Using PMI, think and find the idea about What if
computer could talk?
Plus: What's good about this idea?
1.
2.
Minus: What 's not good about this idea?
1.
2.
Interesting: It would be interesting to see if
1.
2.
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CAF (Consider all factors)
CAF is a crystallization of the process of trying to
consider all the factors.
PMI is a reaction to an idea whereas CAF is an
exploration of a situation before coming up with an idea.
CAF is essentially related to action, decision, planning,
judgment, and coming to a conclusion.
People naturally assume that they have considered all People naturally assume that they have considered all
the factors, but usually their consideration is limited to
the obvious ones.
CAF switches attention from the importance of the
factors to looking around for all the factors.
the factors affecting oneself
the factors affecting other people
the factors affecting society in general.
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Lakukan CAF bagi faktor melibatkan:
Semua pelajar UPM wajib mempunyai broadband
Faktor yang perlu diambilkira
1. ------------------------------------------------
2. ------------------------------------------------ 2. ------------------------------------------------
3. ------------------------------------------------
4. ------------------------------------------------
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C&S (Consequence & Sequel)
Kesan ikut jangka masa
If CAF is thinking about a situation at the
moment, then C&S is thinking ahead
It is focused directly on the future
There are levels of consequences:
- immediate - immediate
- short-term (1-2 years)
- medium-term (2-5 years)
- long-term (over 5 years).
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FIP ( First Important Priorities)
Keutamaan Mengikut Kepentingan
FIP is a crystallization of the process of picking out
the most important ideas, factors, objectives,
consequences, etc.
What one person believes to be most important
another person may place far down the list of priorities. another person may place far down the list of priorities.
The intention of the FIP is to focus attention directly
onto this assessment of importance.
If you cannot do a FIP, then you are only able to
consider ideas that have an obvious importance at first
sight - and you will only be able to see only a small
part of the picture.
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Soalan Aktiviti:
Anda ditugaskan menyelamatkan 3 orang pelajar
yang sesat di dalam hutan belantara.
Gunakan FIP untuk memilih 2 daripada 5 peralatan
berikut dengan memberi alasan:
1. Lampu Suluh 1. Lampu Suluh
2. Mancis
3. Tali nylon
4. Sebilah pisau
5. Sehelai kain sarung
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AGO ( Aims, Goals Objectives)
Tujuan, Matlamat, Objektif
There are times when you do something 'in order
to' achieve some purpose of objective.
It can help your thinking if you know exactly what
you are trying to achieve. you are trying to achieve.
It can also help you to understand other people's
thinking if you can see their objectives. .
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Soalan aktiviti:
PBSMM bercadang melancarkan kempen
kebersihan. Ada pihak tertentu meragui hasrat
persatuan tersebut. Gunakan AGO untuk meneliti persatuan tersebut. Gunakan AGO untuk meneliti
kemungkinan tujuan, matlamat, atau objektif
persatuan berkenaan.
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APC (Alternatives, Possibilities & Choices)
Alternatif, kemungkinan dan pilihan
APC is a crystallization of the process of deliberately
trying to find alternatives.
It is an attempt to focus attention directly on exploring all
the alternatives or choices or possibilities - beyond the the alternatives or choices or possibilities - beyond the
obvious ones.
The APC is an antidote to emotional reaction
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OPV (Other Peoples Views)
Pandangan Orang Lain
OPV is a crystallization of the process of looking
at other peoples viewpoints.
another person may have different objectives, different
priorities because he or she is in a different position.
The OPV is an antidote to selfishness.
Many thinking situations involve other people. Many thinking situations involve other people.
Although they are in the same situation, they may look
at things very differently.
It is a very important part of thinking to be able to tell
how other people are thinking; trying to see it from
another person's point of view.
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Soalan aktiviti:
Pelajar tidak diwajibkan mengikuti kuliah
Pelajar
Pensyarah
Ibubapa
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