UNIT I

SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS AND EIGEN VALUE PROBLEMS

1) What is the order o !o"#er$e"!e o N%R &ethod i the &'(ti)(i!it* o the
root is o"e+
So("
Order o !o"#er$e"!e o NR &ethod is ,
,) Ne-to" Ra)hso" &ethod is a(so ."o-" as the &ethod o
////////////0
A"s
Iteratio" 1Ne-to"s iteratio" &ethod)
2)Deri#e Ne-to"s a($orith& or 3"di"$ the )
th
root o a "'&4er N+
So("
I 5 6 N
17)

the" 5
)
%N 68 is the e9'atio" to 4e so(#ed
Let 15) 6 5
)
:N ;
<
15) 6) 5
)%1
B* NR &ethod =i 5r is the r
th
iterate
>r?1 6 5r % %
6 5r %
6
@)Whe" sho'(d -e "ot 'se NR 1OR) Whe" does the Ne-to" Ra)hso" &ethod
ai(+
So("
I 51 is the e5a!t root a"d 58 is its a))ro5i&ate #a('e o the e9'atio" 15) 68
W=.0t 51 6 58 % %
I
A
158) is s&a(( = the error % -i(( 4e (ar$e a"d the !o&)'tatio" o the root 4*
this= &ethod -i(( 4e as(o- )ro!ess or &a* e#e" 4e i&)ossi4(e
Be"!e the &ethod sho'(d "ot 4e 'sed i" !ases -here the $ra)h o the '"!tio"
-he" it !rosses
The 5%a5is is "ear(* horiCo"ta(
D)state the order 1or rate) o !o"#er$e"!e a"d !o"#er$e"!e !o"ditio" or Ne-to"
Ra)hso" &ethod+
So("
The order o !o"#er$e"!e is ,
Eo"ditio" or !o"#er$e"!e is F 15) AA15) F G F A15)F
,
H) What is the !o"ditio" or a))(*i"$ the 35ed )oi"t iteratio" &ethod 1s'!!essi#e
a))ro5i&atio" &ethod )to 3"d the rea( root o the e9'atio" +
1Or)
I $15) is !o"ti"'es i" Ia=4J the" '"der -hat !o"ditio" the iterati#e &ethod 5 6
$15) has a '"i9'e so(" i" Ia=4J+
So("
Let 5 6r 4e a root o 56$15)
Let I 4e a" i"ter#a( i"ter#a( !o"tai"i"$ the )oi"t 5 6r
IF $A15) F G1 or a(( 5 i" I = the se9'e"!e o a))ro5i&atio" 5 15, 52/////5"
-i(( !o"#er$e to the root r =)ro#ided that the i"itia( a))ro5i&atio" 58 is !hose" i"
I
K) What is the s'L!ie"t !o"ditio" or !o"#er$e"!e o the 35ed )oi"t iteratio"
&ethod 1s'!!essi#e a))ro5i&atio" &ethod )+
So("
The s'L!ie"t !o"ditio" or !o"#er$e"!e isF $15) F G 1
M) State the )ri"!i)(e 'sed i" Ga'ss : Norda" &ethod +
So("
EoeL!ie"t &atri5 is tra"sor&ed i"to dia$o"a( &atri5
O)For so(#i"$ a (i"ear s*ste& = Ga'ss e(i&i"atio" &ethod a"d Ga'ss :Norda"
&ethod+
Ga'ss e(i&i"atio" &ethod Ga'ss Norda" &ethod
1) EoeL!ie"t &atri5 is
tra"sor&ed i"to '))er
tria"$'(ar &atri5
,) Dire!t &ethod
2) We o4tai" the so('tio"s 4* 4a!.
s'4stit'tio" &ethod
@) It is )reerred or (ar$e s*ste&
o e9'atio"
D) Less "o0o &'(ti)(i!atio" are
re9'ired to
Ga'ss0Norda" &ethod
1) EoeL!ie"t &atri5 is
tra"sor&ed i"to dia$o"a(
&atri5
,) Dire!t &ethod
2) No "eed 4a!. s'4stit'tio"
&ethod
@) It is )reerred or s&a((er
s*ste& o e9'atio"
D )More "o0o &'(ti)(i!atio" are
re9'ired to Ga'ss0e(i&i"atio"
&ethod
18)Write a s'L!ie"t !o"ditio" or Ga'ss :seide( &ethod to !o"#er$e a"d Ga'ss%
Na!o4i &ethod to !o"#er$e
So("
The )ro!ess o iteratio" 4* Ga'ss seide( 1Ga'ss :Na!o4i ) &ethod -i((
!o"#er$e i i" ea!h e9'atio" o the s*ste& = the a4so('te #a('e o the (ar$est
!oeL!ie"t is $reater tha" the s'& o the a4so('te #a('es o the re&ai"i"$
!oeL!ie"ts
11)Eo&)are Ga'ss Na!o4i a"d Ga'ss seide( &ethods
So("

Ga'ss Na!o4i &ethod Ga'ss seide( &ethod
1) Eo"#er$e"!e rate is s(o-
,)i"dire!t &ethod
2) !o"ditio" or !o"#er$e"!e is
the !oeL!ie"t &atri5 is dia$o"a((*
do&i"a"t

1) The rate o !o"#er$e"!e o
Ga'ss :seide( &ethod is ro'$h(*
t-i!e that o Ga'ss Na!o4i
,) I"dire!t &ethod
2) Eo"ditio" or !o"#er$e"!e is the
!oeL!ie"t &atri5 is dia$o"a((*
do&i"a"t
1,) Disti"$'ish 4et-ee" dire!t a"d iterati#e &ethods o so(#i"$ si&'(ta"eo's
e9'atio"s
So("
There are "'&eri!a( &ethods o so(#i"$ si&'(ta"eo's e9'atio"s 0 The* are
)arti!'(ar(* s'ited or !o&)'ter o)eratio"s 0 These "'&eri!a( &ethods are o t-o
t*)es =dire!t or iterati#e 0Dire!t &ethods i"#o(#e a !ertai" a&o'"t o 35ed
!o&)'tatio" a"d the* are e5a!t so('tio"s 0Iterati#e or i"dire!t &ethods are
those i" -hi!h the so('tio" is $ot 4* s'!!essi#e a))ro5i&atio" 0B't the &ethod
O iteratio" is "ot a))(i!a4(e to a(( s*ste& o e9'atio"s
12)As soo" as a "e- #a('e or a #aria4(e is o'"d 4* iteratio" it is 'sed
i&&ediate(* i" the o((o-i"$ e9'atio"s 0This &ethod is !a((ed ///////
So("
Ga'ss %Seide( &ethod o iteratio"
1@) State the 4asi! )ri"!i)(e i"#o(#ed or 3"di"$ A
%1
4* Ga'ss : Norda" &ethod+
So("
Red'!e the a'$&e"ted &atri5 1A= I) i"to 1I= 5) the" 5 6 A
%1
1D) Deter&i"e the (ar$est Ei$e" #a('e a"d the !orres)o"di"$ ei$e" #e!tor o
the &atri5
!orre!t to t-o de!i&a( )(a!es 'si"$ )o-er &ethod
So("
A>1 6 6 6 , 6,>
,
A>, 6 6 6 , 6,>
2
The (ar$est Ei$e" #a('e 6,
The !orres)o"di"$ Ei$e" #e!tor 6
1H)I the Ei$e" #a('es o A are %@= 2= 1 the" the do&i"a"t Ei$e" #a('e o A is
/////0
So("
%@
1K) State tr'e or a(se
The !o"#er$e"!e i" the Ga'ss :seide( &ethod is thri!e as ast as i" Na!o4i
&ethod
So("
The state&e"t is a(se
I"a!t the rate o !o"#er$e"!e o Ga'ss :seide( &ethod is ro'$h(* t-i!e that o
Ga'ss Na!o4i
1M) Bo- -i(( *o' 3"d the s&a((est Ei$e" #a('e o a s9'are &atri5 A+
So("
B* )o-er &ethod = the (ar$est Ei$e" #a('e o A
%1
!a" 4e o'"d 0the" s&a((est
Ei$e" #a('e o A is the re!i)ro!a( o (ar$est Ei$e" #a('e o A
%1
1O) The )o-er &ethod -i(( -or. satisa!tori(* o"(* i A has a ////////00
Ei$e" #a('e
A"s
Do&i"a"t
,8)B* Ga'ss e(i&i"atio" &ethod so(#e 5?* 6, =,5?2* 6D
So("
Gi#e" 5?* 6, = ,5? 2* 6D
It !a" 4e -ritte" as A5 6B
Where A 6 B 6
The a'$&e"ted &atri5 IA7BJ 6
P R, QR,%,R1

R 61
>?*6,
> 61
UNITII
1) State La$ra"$e <s i"ter)o(atio" or&'(a
So("
Let * 615) 4e a '"!tio" -hi!h ta.es the #a('es * 8=* 1/////*"
!orres)o"di"$ to
5 6 58 51 5,//5" The" La$ra"$eAs i"ter)o(atio" or&'(a is
* 6 15) 6 ?
?
0
0
0
? 6
,) What is the La$ra"$eAs or&'(a to 3"d *=i three sets o #a('es 1
are $i#e"
So("

* 6 15) 6 ?
?
0
2) What is the ass'&)tio" -e &a.e -he" La$ra"$e <s or&'(a is 'sed+
So("
La$ra"$e <s i"ter)o(atio" or&'(a !a" 4e 'sed -hether the #a('es o 5 = the
i"de)e"de"t
#aria4(e are e9'a((* s)a!ed or "ot -hether the diSere"!e o * 4e!o&e
s&a((er or "ot
@) Gi#e the i"#erse o La$ra"$e <s i"ter)o(atio" or&'(a
So("
> 6 ?
?
0
0
0
? 6
D)De3"e di#ided diSere"!es
So("
Let the e9'atio" *615) ta.e the #a('es 1
!orres)o"di"$ to the #a('es o the ar$'&e"t 5 -here
are "eed "ot "e!essari(* to e9'a(
The 3rst di#ided diSere"!e o 15) or the ar$'&e"ts is
1 6
si&i(ar(* 1 6
a"d so o"
The se!o"d di#ided diSere"!e o 15) or three ar$'&e"ts = is de3"ed as
1 6
1 6 a"d so o"
H)Gi#e the Ne-to"As di#ided diSere"!e i"ter)o(atio" or&'(a
So("
15) 6 1 ? 15 % ) 1 ?15% 1 ?///0
?15% 15 % ) 1
K) State a"* t-o )ro)erties o di#ided diSere"!es
So("
i)The di#ided diSere"!es are s*&&etri!a( i" a(( their ar$'&e"ts ie = the #a('e o a"*
diSere"!e is i"de)e"de"t o the order o the ar$'&e"ts
ii) The di#ided diSere"!es o the s'& or diSere"!e o t-o '"!tio"s is e9'a( to the
s'& or diSere"!e o the !orres)o"di"$ se)arate di#ided diSere"!es
M)-hat is a !'4i! s)(i"e+
So("
A !'4i! )o(*"o&ia( -hi!h has !o"ti"'o's s(o)e a"d !'r#at're is !a((ed a !'4i!
s)(i"e
O) state the !o"ditio"s re9'ired or a "at'ra( !'4i! s)(i"e
So("
A !'4i! s)(i"e $15) 3ts to ea!h o the )oi"ts is !o"ti"'o's a"d is !o"ti"'o's i"
s(o)e a"d !'r#at're s'!h that is !a((ed a
"at'ra( !'4i! s)(i"e 0 Let 's ass'&e that 1 ) =I 68=1=,=2=/0" are data )oi"ts
18)Deri#e Ne-to"As 4a!.-ard diSere"!e or&'(a 4* 'si"$ o)eratio" &ethod
So("
6 1 ?#h) 6 )
6 11 % )
%#
*" si"!e E 611 % )
%1

6I1 ?# ?
,
?
2
? /0J *"
6I*" ?# *" ?
,
*" ?
2
*"? ///-here # 6
11) Deri#e Ne-to"As or-ard diSere"!e or&'(a 4* 'si"$ o)erator &ethod
So("
6 1 ?'h) 6 )
6 11 ? )
'
*8
6I1 ?' ?
,
?
2
? /0J *8
6 *8 ?' *8 ?
,
*8?
2
*8?
Where ' 6
1,) Usi"$ Ne-to"As 4a!.-ard diSere"!e or&'(a =-rite the or&'(a or the 3rst a"d
se!o"d deri#ati#es
at the e"d #a('e 56 5" ')to the o'rth order diSere"!e ter&
so("
*15) 6I*" ?# *" ?
,
*" ?
2
*"?
@
*"?/00
# 6
here 5 6 5" # 6 8
*15) 6 *"
* A15) 6*"A 6(i&hQ 8 *15?h) %*15) 7h
* <A15) 6 *"AA
12) -he" Ne-to"As 4a!.-ard i"ter)o(atio" or&'(a is 'sed
So("
The o&'(a is 'sed &ai"(* to i"ter)o(ate the #a('es o * "ear the e"d o a set o
ta4'(ar
Va('es a"d a(so or e5tra)o(ati"$ the #a('es o * a short dista"!e ahead 1to the
ri$ht ) o *"
1@) Ne-to"As or-ard i"ter)o(atio" or&'(a 'sed o"(* or ////00 i"ter#a(s
So("
E9'idista"!e i"ter#a(s or e9'a( i"ter#a(s
1D)Sa* tr'e or a(se
Ne-to" <s i"ter)o(atio" or&'(ae are "ot s'ited to esti&ate the #a('e o a '"!tio"
"ear the &idd(e o a ta4(e
so("
tr'e
1H) Use La$ra"$e <s or&'(a to 3"d the 9'adrat're )o(*"o&ia( that ta.es these
#a('es
5 8 1 2
* 8 1 8

The" 3"d *1,)+
So("
Gi#e" 58 6 8= 51 6 1 = 5, 62
R8 68= *1 61= *, 6 8
B* La$ra"$eAs i"ter)o(atio" or&'(a -e ha#e
R6 15) 6 *8 ? *1 ? *,
6 8 ? 1 ? 8
6
6 % % I5
,
%25 J
1K) E5)(ai" 4rieT* i"ter)o(atio"
So("
The )ro!ess o 3"di"$ the #a('e o a '"!tio" i"side the $i#e" ra"$e is !a((ed
i"ter)o(atio"
I"ter)o(ati"$ '"!tio"
Let a set o ta4'(ar #a('es o a '"!tio" * 615) -here the e5)(i!it "at're o the
'"!tio" is "ot ."o-" = the" 15) is re)(a!ed 4* a si&)(er '"!tio" 15) s'!h that 15)
a"d 15) a$ree -ith the set o ta4'(ated )oi"ts 0A"* other #a('e &a* 4e
!a(!'(ated ro& 15) is ."o-" as a" i"ter)o(ati"$
1M) Fi"d the di#ided diSere"!e ta4(e or the o((o-i"$ data
5 , D 18
* D ,O 18O
So("
The di#ided diSere"!e ta4(e is as o((o-s
5 15)

,
D
D
,O
6M
18 18O
61H
61
1O) For& the di#ided diSere"!e ta4(e or the o((o-i"$ data

5 15)
15)
15)
D
1D
,,
K
2H
1H8
6,0O
61K0K
=
,8) I *15i) 6 *i I 68=1=,=//" -rite do-" the or&'(a or the !'4i! s)(i"e )o(*"o&ia(
*15)= #a(id i"
5i%1 5i
so("
Bere h 61
R15) 6 17H I15i : 5)
2
Mi%1 ? 15 :5 i%1 )2 Mi J ? 15i :5 ) I *i%1 %17H Mi%1 J ? 15% 5i%1 ) I*i %17H MiJ
UNIT :III
N'&eri!a( diSere"tiatio" a"d i"te$ratio"
10State Ne-to"As or&'(a to 3"d
1
15)'si"$ the or-ard
diSere"!es0
So("U
Let * 6 15) 4e a '"!tio" ta.i"$ the #a('es *
8
=*
1
*
,
//00*
"

!orres)o"di"$ to 5
8

=5
1
=/////5
"
o the i"de)e"de"t #aria4(e 5 0Let the #a('es
o 5 4e at
e9'idista"t i"ter#a(s o siCe h 0
The"
1
15) 6 6 I *
8
?
?////J
Where ' 6 /////11)
E9" 11)Gi#es the #a('e o at a"* 5 = -hi!h is a "o" ta4'(ar
#a('e0
I" )arti!'(ar = at 5 65
8
=' 6 8 0The" )'tti"$ ' 6 8 i" 11) -e
ha#e
1
568
6
1
15
8
) 6 I
8
% *
8 ///0J
////////////////////////////////////0
,0Fi"d at 5 61 ro& the o((o-i"$ ta4(e0
5 1 , 2 @
* 1 M ,K H@
So("U
The or-ard diSere"!e ta4(e is as o((o-s0
>
1
,
2
@
*T*)e
e9'atio" here0
1
M
,K
H@
K
1O
2K
1,
1M
H
1
568
6
1
15
8
) 6 I
8
% *
8 ///0J ////////011)

Bereh 61 =5
8
6 1 = 6 1, = 6 H
11) at 5 6 1 6
20Fi(( i" the 4(a".
N'&eri!a( diSere"tiatio" !a" 4e 'sed o"(* -he" the
diSere"!e o so&e
order ///////00
So("U
N'&eri!a( diSere"tiatio" !a" 4e 'sed o"(* i it is !(ear ro&
the ta4'(ated #a('es that diSere"!es o so&e order are
!o"sta"t0
@0Usi"$ Ne-to"As 4a!.-ard diSere"!e or&'(a -rite the
or&'(ae or the
3rst a"d se!o"d order deri#ati#es at the e"d #a('es 5 6 5
"
') to the o'rth
order diSere"!e ter&0
So("U
1 ) at 5 6 5
"
6 J
1 ) at 5 6 5
"
6 J
1 ) at 5 6 5
"
6 J
D0 Usi"$ Tra)eCoida( r'(e e#a('ate ta.i"$ M i"ter#a(s0
So("U
Bere *15) 6
Le"$th o the i"ter#a( 6 ,
So -e di#ide M e9'a( i"ter#a(s -ith h 6 80,D =-e or& a
ta4(e
5 %1 % %80D %80,D 8 80,D 80D 80KD 1
80KD
* 80D 80H@ 80M 80O@
1,
1 80O@
1,
M 80H@ 80D
Tra)eCoida( r'(e
6 h7, Is'& o the 3rst a"d (ast ordi"ates ? ,1 s'& o the
re&ai"i"$
ordi"ates )J
6 80,D7,I180D?80D) ?,180H@? 80M ?80O@1,?
80O@1,?80M?80H@)J
6 10DHDH
H0E#a('ate -ith h 6 17H 4* tra)eCoida( r'(e 0
So("U
Bere *15) 6 171?5
,
=h617H
5 8 17H ,7H 27
H
@7H D7H 1
* 1 2H72
K
O71
8
@7
D
O71
2
2H7H1 17
,
Tra)eCoida( r'(e
6 h7, Is'& o the 3rst a"d (ast ordi"ates ? ,1 s'& o the
re&ai"i"$
ordi"ates )J
6 I 11?17,) ? , 12H72K ?O718 ?@7D ?O712 ?2H7H1)J
6 80KM@,
K0E#a('ate the i"te$ra( 'si"$ Tra)eCoida( r'(e -ith t-o s'4
i"ter#a(s
So("U
Bere *15) 6 171?5
,
= h 6 V 6 80D
5 1 10D ,
* 80
D
8028
KK
80,
Tra)eCoida( r'(e
6 h7, Is'& o the 3rst a"d (ast ordi"ates ? ,1 s'& o the
re&ai"i"$
ordi"ates )J
6 80D7,I80D?80,?,18028KK)J
6 802,MO
O0E#a('ate d5 4* Tra)eCoida( r'(e di#idi"$ the ra"$e i" to @
e9'a( )arts
So("U
Bere h 6 17M = * 6 175
5 @7M D7M H7M K7M M7M
F15)U17
5
M7@ M7D M7H M7K M7M
Tra)eCoida( r'(e
6 h7, Is'& o the 3rst a"d (ast ordi"ates ? ,1 s'& o the
re&ai"i"$
ordi"ates )J
6171H I1M7@?M7M) ? ,1M7D?M7H ?M7K)J
6 80HOK1
180Whe" does Si&)so"As r'(e $i#e e5a!t res'(t+
So("U
Si&)so"As r'(e -i(( $i#e e5a!t res'(t = i the e"tire !'r#e * 6
15) is itse( a
)ara4o(a0
110I"order to e#a('ate 4* si&)so"As 172 r'(e as -e(( as 4*
si&)so"As 27M
r'(e = -hat is the restri!tio" o" the "'&4er o i"ter#a(s0
So("U
Let " 6 i"ter#a(
R'(eU Si&)so"As 172 r'(e i&)(ies the "'&4er o ordi"ate is odd1or)
The i"ter#a(s "'&4er is e#e"
Si&)so"As 27M r'(e i&)(ies " is a &'(ti)(e o 2
1,0Usi"$ Tra)eCoida( r'(e e#a('ate d5 4* di#idi"$ the ra"$e
i" to H e9'a(
)arts0
So("U
Bere *15) 6 si"5 = h 6 7H
5 8
, 2 @ D
* 8 80D 80MH
H
1 80MHH 80D 8
Tra)eCoida( r'(e
6 h7, Is'& o the 3rst a"d (ast ordi"ates ? ,1 s'& o
the re&ai"i"$
ordi"ates )J
6 I18?8) ?,180D?80MHH?108MHH? 80D)J
6 80H,,
120-rite do-" the Tra)eCoida( r'(e to e#a('ate -ith h 6
80D
So("U
Bere h 6 80D
5 1 10
D
, ,0D 2 20D @
* F11
)
F1
,)
F12
)
F1@
)
F1
D)
F1H) F1K)
Tra)eCoida( r'(e
6 h7, Is'& o the 3rst a"d (ast ordi"ates ? ,1 s'& o
the re&ai"i"$
ordi"ates )J
680D7,I111) ?1K) )?,11,)?12)?1@)?1D)?1H)J
1@0State Tra)eCoida( r'(e or e#a('ati"$
So("U
I6 h.7@ I1s'& o #a('es o at the o'r !or"ers ?, 1s'& o #a('es
o at the re&ai"i"$ "odes o" the 4o'"dar* ) ?@1s'& o the
#a('es o at the i"terior "odes)J0
1D0State Si&)so"As r'(e or e#a('ati"$
So("U
I 6 h.7O I1s'& o the #a('es o at the o'r !or"ers ) ? , 1s'& o
the #a('es o at the odd )ositio"s o" the 4o'"dar* e5!e)t the
!or"ers ) ?@ 1s'& o the #a('es o at the e#e" )ositio"s o" the
4o'"dar* ) ? W @ 1s'& o the #a('es o at odd )ositio"s ) ?
M1s'& o the #a('es o at e#e" )ositio"s ) o" the odd ro- o the
&atri5 e5!e)t 4o'"dar* ro-s X ? WM11s'& o the #a('es o at
odd )ositio"s) ?1H 1s'& o the #a('es o at e#e" )ositio"s) o"
the e#e" ro-s o the &atri5)J
1H0What are the errors i" Tra)eCoida( a"d Si&)so"As r'(es o
"'&eri!a( i"te$ratio"+
So("U
Error i" Tra)rCoida( r'(eUIEI G 14%a)h
,
M71, i" the i"ter#a( 1a=4) = h
6 4%a7h
Error i" Si&)so"As r'(e IEI G 14%a) h
@
M71M8
1K0 State t-o )oi"t Ga'ssia" 9'adrat're or&'(a
So("U1
t-o )oi"t Ga'ssia" 9'adrat're or&'(a is
)0This
or&'(a is e5a!t or )o(*"o&ia(s ')to de$ree 2
1M0 State three )oi"t Ga'ssio" 9'adrat're or&'(a
So("U
) J?M7O 18)0This
or&'(a is e5a!t or )o(*"o&ia(s ')to de$ree D
1O0Usi"$ Si&)so"As 172 r'(e e#a('ate d5d* ta.i"$ h 6 .
6 80D
So("U
*75 8 80D 1
8
80D
1
1
80HH
HK
80D
80HHH
K
80D
80@
80D
80@
8022
2
Si&)so"As r'(eU
I 6 h.7O I1s'& o the #a('es o at the o'r !or"ers ) ? , 1s'& o
the #a('es o at the odd )ositio"s o" the 4o'"dar* e5!e)t the
!or"ers ) ?@ 1s'& o the #a('es o at the e#e" )ositio"s o" the
4o'"dar* ) ? W @ 1s'& o the #a('es o at odd )ositio"s ) ?
M1s'& o the #a('es o at e#e" )ositio"s ) o" the odd ro- o the
&atri5 e5!e)t 4o'"dar* ro-s X ? WM11s'& o the #a('es o at
odd )ositio"s) ?1H 1s'& o the #a('es o at e#e" )ositio"s) o"
the e#e" ro-s o the &atri5)J
I 6 180D)180D)7O I11?80D?802222?80D) ?, 18)
?@180HHHK?80HHHK?80@?80@) ? W@18)?M18)X ?WM18) ?1H180D)J
6 80D,@1
,80Usi"$ Si&)si"As r'(e e#a('ate 4* di#idi"$ the i"ter#a(
11=,) i" to t-o
e9'a( )arts0
So("U
*75 1 10D ,
1
10D
,
80D
80@
8022
22
80@
80222
2
80,MD
K
8022
22
80,M
DK
80,D
Si&)so"As r'(eU
I 6 h.7O I1s'& o the #a('es o at the o'r !or"ers ) ? , 1s'& o
the #a('es o at the odd )ositio"s o" the 4o'"dar* e5!e)t the
!or"ers ) ?@ 1s'& o the #a('es o at the e#e" )ositio"s o" the
4o'"dar* ) ? W @ 1s'& o the #a('es o at odd )ositio"s ) ?
M1s'& o the #a('es o at e#e" )ositio"s ) o" the odd ro- o the
&atri5 e5!e)t 4o'"dar* ro-s X ? WM11s'& o the #a('es o at
odd )ositio"s) ?1H 1s'& o the #a('es o at e#e" )ositio"s) o"
the e#e" ro-s o the &atri5)J
I6180D)180D)7O I180D?802222?80,D?802222) ?,18)
?@I80@?80@?80,MDK?80,MDKJ ?@18) ?M18)?M18) ?1H1802222)J
6802@8122
U"it %@ I"itia( #a('e )ro4(e&s or ordi"ar* diSere"tia( e9'atio"s
10What do -e &ea" 4* sa*i"$ that a iteratio" &ethod is se(%starti"$ + Not
se(%starti"$+
So("U
Iteratio" &ethod is se( starti"$ si"!e -e !a" ta.e #a('e -hi!h (ies i" the
$i#e" i"ter#a( Ia=4J
i" -hi!h the root (ies 0 B't Mi("eAs &ethod is "ot se( starti"$ 0Si"!e -e
sho'(d ."o- a"*
o'r #a('es )rior to the #a('e -hi!h -e "eed0
,0-hat do *o' &ea" 4* error i" error a"a(*sis
So("U
N'&eri!a( errors arise ro& the 'se o a))ro5i&atio"s to re)rese"t e5a!t
&athe&ati!a(
o)eratio"s a"d 9'a"tities0
Tr'e #a('e 6 a))ro5i&atio" ? errors0
20Usi"$ &odi3ed E'(erAs &ethod = 3"d *1801) i 6 5
,
? *
,
= *18) 6 10
So(" U
Gi#e" 5
8
68 =*
8
6 1 6 5
,
? *
,

Modi3ed E'(erAs or&'(a is
R
"?1
6 *
"
? h I5
"
?
"
? 15
"
=*
"
) J
P'tti"$ " 68 =-e $et
R
1
6 *
8
? h I5
8
?
8
? 15
8
=*
8
) J
No- 15
8
=*
8
) 6 5
8
,
?*
8
,
61
R
8
?

1

5
8 =
*
8
) 6 1 ? 11) 6 108D
I5
8
?
8
? 15
8
=*
8
) J 6 1808D =108D)
1o08D=108D) 6 1808D)
,
? 1108D)
,
6108D
*
1
1801) 6 10118D0
@0 Write do-" the or&'(a to so(#e se!o"d order diSere"tia( e9" 'si"$ R'"$e%
Y'tta &ethod o
o'rth order0
So(" U
Y
1
6 h 15
8 =
*
8
=C
8
)
Y
, 6
h 1 5
8
? =*
8
? ? )
Y
26
h 1 5
8
? =*
8
? ? )
Y
@
6 h 1 5
8
?h = *
8
?.
2
= C
8
?(
2
)
A"d
(
1
6 h $15
8 =
*
8
=C
8
)
(
, 6
h $1 5
8
? =*
8
? ? )
(
26
h $1 5
8
? =*
8
? ? )
(
@
6 h $ 1 5
8
?h = *
8
?.
2
= C
8
?(
2
)
6 I .
1 ?
, .
,
? ,.
2
?.
@
J 0
D0 B* Ta*(orAs series &ethod =3"d * 1101) $i#e" *
1
6 5?* = *11) 680
So("U
Gi#e" *
1
6 5?* a"d 5
8
68 =*
8
61
WYT the Ta*(orAs series or&'(a or *
1
is
R
1
6 *
8
? *A
8
? *Z
8

? *ZA
8

?//////0011)
Ta.e h 6801
R
A
65?*; *A
8
6 15
8
? *
8
) 6 8?1 61///////001,)
R
AA
6 1?*
A
; *
8
Z
6 1?*
8
A
61?1 6,///////12)
R
ZA
6 *
Z
; *
8
ZA
6 *
8
Z
6, /////////001@)
S'4stit'tih$ 1,)=12)=a"d 1@) a"d h 6801 = *
8
61 i" 11) -e $et
R
1
6 *1801) 6 1? 1801) ? 101182
R1801) 6 101182
H0 Where the Ta*(orAs series &ethod o so(#i"$ diSere"tia( e9" is )o-er'(+
So("U
I it is )ossi4(e to 3"d the s'!!essi#e deri#ati#es i" a #er* eas* &a""er =
the" o"(* Ta*(or series &ethod is )o-er'(0
K0Write do-" the third order Ta*(orAs a($orith&0
So("U
R
1
6 *
8
? *
8
A
? *Z
8

? *
8
ZA
?//////00
M0State &odi3ed E'(erAs a($orith& to so(#e *
1
6 15=*) =*15
8
) 6 *
8
at 5 6 5
8
?h
0
So("U
Fro& &odi3ed E'(erAs or&'(a =
R
"?1
6 *
"
?h I 15
"
? =*
"
? 15
"
=*
"
)) J
P'tti"$ " 68
R
1
6 *15
8
?h) 6 *
8
?h I 15
8
? =*
8
? 15
8
=*
8
)) J
O0The error ter& i" Ada&s : Bashorth )redi!tor or&'(a is ////////00
So("U

180What is the !o"ditio" to a))(* Ada&s%Bashorth &ethod+1OR) State
Ada&s )redi!tor a"d !orre!tor or&'(a
So("U
11)0To 'se Ada&s &ethod -e "eed at(east o'r #a('es o * )rior to the
re9'ired #a('e o *0
1,) I" the !orre!tor or&'(a =the #a('e o *
"?1
is o4tai"ed 4* 'si"$ the
)redi!tor #a('e o *
"?1
Ada&s Bashorth )redi!tor or&'(a is $i#e" 4*
R
"?1=) 6
*
"
? I DD*A
"
: DO *
A

"%1
?2K*
A
"%,
: O *A
"%2
J
Ada&s Bashorth !orre!tor or&'(a is $i#e" 4*
R
"?1=!
6 *
"
? I O*A
"?1
?1O *A
"
%D*A
"%1
? *A
"%,
J
110State Ada&s Bashorth )redi!tor : !orre!tor or&'(a to so(#e *
1
615=*)
"'&eri!a((* stati"$ the ass'&)tio"s0
So("U
11)0To 'se this &ethod =-e "eed at(east @ #a('es o * )rior to the re9'ired
#a('e o *
1
-hi!h is o4tai"ed 4* either R0YAs &ethod or Ta*(orAs &ethod0
1,)0 I" the !orre!tor or&'(a =the #a('e o *A
"?1
is o4tai"ed 4* 'si"$ the
)redi!tor #a('e o *
"?1
0
Ada&s Bashorth )redi!tor or&'(a is $i#e" 4*
R
"?1=) 6
*
"
? I DD*A
"
: DO *
"%1
1
?2K*A
"%,
: O *A
"%2
J
Ada&s Bashorth !orre!tor or&'(a is $i#e" 4*
R
"?1=!
6 *
"
? I O*A
"?1
?1O *A
"
%D*A
"%1
? *A
"%,
J
1D0 Write Mi("eAs )redi!tor%!orre!tor or&'(a0
So("U
Mi("eAs )redi!tor or&'(a
R
"?1=) 6
*
"%2
? I ,*A
"%,
: *A
"%1
?,*A
"%1
J
Mi("eAs !orre!tor or&'(a is
R
"?1=!
6 *
"%1
? I *A
"%1
?@ *A
"
?*A
"?1
J
120So(#e 61%* = *18) 68 or 5 6801 4* E'(ers &ethod0
So("U
R
"?1
6 *
"
?h 1 5
"
=*
"
) = h 6 801
R
1
6 *
8
?801 1 5
8
=*
8
)
6 8?801 18=8)
6 801 11)
R1801) 6 801
1@0 So(#e 6 %* = *18) 61 3"d *18081) 'si"$ E'(erAs &ethod0
So("U
WYT R
"?1
6 *
"
?h 1 5
"
=*
"
)
Gi#e" 6 %* a"d h 68081
P't "68 i" the or&'(a
R
1
6 *
8
?h 15
8
=*
8
)
6 1 ?18081)1801)
6 1?80811%1)
6 1%8081
6 801
1D0 What are the ad#a"ta$es o R'"$e%Y'tta &ethod o#er Ta*(orAs series
&ethod0
So("U
The RY &ethods are desi$"ed to $i#e $reater a!!'ra!* a"d the* )ossess the
ad#a"ta$e o re9'iri"$ o"(* the '"!tio" #a('es at so&e se(e!ted )oi"ts o"
the s'4 i"ter#a(0
1H0State the a($orith& o R%Y &ethod o order , to so(#e *
1
6 15=*) =*15
8
) 6
*
8
at 5 6 5
8
? h
So("U
Y
1
6 h 1 5
8
=*
8
)
Y
,
6 h 1 5
8
? )
* 6 .
,

R
1
6 *
8
? *
1K0 Bo- &a"* )rior #a('es are re9'ired to )redi!t the "e5t #a('e i" Ada&s
&ethod+
So("U
Fo'r )rior #a('es0
1M0What is the error ter& i" Mi("es !orre!tor or&'(a
So("U
The error ter& is
1O0What is the tr'"!atio" error o Ta*(orAs series &ethod+
So("U
E
"
6 0
,80Sa* Tr'e or Fa(se0
Mi("es &ethod is a se( starti"$ &ethod0
So("U
The state&e"t is a(se

Unit 5
Bo'"dar* #a('e )ro4(e&s i" ordi"ar* a"d )artia(
diSere"tia( e9'atio"s
10State the !o"ditio"s or the e9" A'
55
?B'
*5
?E'
5*
?D'
5
?E'
*
? F' 6G -here A=B=E=D=E=F=G are '"!tio" o 5 a"d * to 4e 1i) e((i)ti!
1ii))ara)o(i!
1iii)h*)er4o(i!0
So("U
The $i#e" e9" is said to 4e 1i)e((i)ti! at a )oi"t 15=*) i" the )(a"e i B
,
%@AEG
8
1ii))ara4o(i! i B
,
: @AE 68
1iii)h*)er4o(i! i B
,
: @AE [ 8
,0What is the !(assi3!atio" o
5
:
**
6 8 +
So("U
Bere A 68 = B 6 8= E 6 %1
B
,
: @AE 6 8 : 1@) 18) 1%1) 6 8
So the e9" is )ara4o(i!0
20Write do-" the Era". : Ni!o(so" or&'(a to so(#e '
t
6 '
55
So(" U
\'
i?1 =]?1
? \'
i%1=]?1
: 1\?1) '
i=]?1
6 % '
i?1 =]
% \'
i%1=]
? 1\%1) '
i=]
@0Write do-" the i&)(i!it or&'(a to so(#e o"e di&e"sio"a( heat To- e9" '
55

6 '
t
0
So("U
@ '
i=]?1
% '
i?1=]?1
: '
i%1=]?1
6 '
i?1=]
? '
i%1=]
D0State the i&)(i!it s!he&e or&'(a or the so('tio" o the -a#e e9'atio" 0
So("U
The or&'(a to so(#e "'&eri!a((* the -a#e e9" a
,
'
55
: '
tt
68 is
U
i=]?1
6 ,1 1% a
,
) '
i=]
? a
,
1'
i?1=]
? '
i%1=]
) : '
i=]%1
0
H0Write the dia$o"a( 3#e : )oi"t or&'(a to so(#e the La)(a!e e9'atio" '
55
?
'
**
680
So("U
U
i=]
6 I'
i%1=]%1
? '
i%1=]?1
? '
i?1=]%1
? '
i?1=]?1
J0
K0Write do-" the sta"dard 3#e )oi"t or&'(a to so(#e La)(a!e e9'atio"
6 80
So("U
U
i=]
6 I'
i%1=]
?'
i?1=]
?'
i=]%1
?'
i=]?1
J0
M0Write do-" the 3"ite diSere"!e or& o the e9'atio" ' 6 15=*)
So("U
U
i%1=]
? '
i?1=]
? '
i=]%1
?'
i=]?1
: @'
i=]
6 h
,
1ih=]h)0
O0Write the diSere"!e s!he&e or ' 6 15=*)
So("U
Eo"sider a s9'are &esh -ith i"ter#a( o diSere"!i"$ as h0
U
i%1=]
? '
i?1=]

? '
i=]?1
: @'
i=]
6 h
,
1ih=]h)
180 State the 3#e )oi"t or&'(a to so(#e the )oisso" e9'atio" '
55
?'
**
6188
So("U
U
i%1=]
? '
i?1=]
? '
i=]%1
?'
i=]?1
: @'
i=]
6 h
,
1ih=]h)0
6 1881si"!e h 6 1)
110State the $e"era( or& o )oissio"As e9'atio" i" )artia( deri#ati#es0
So("U
6 15=*)
1,0Write the diSere"!e s!he&e or so(#i"$ the La)(a!e e9'atio"0
So("U
The 3#e )oi"t diSere"!e or&'(a or 68 is
U
i=]
6 IU
i%1=]
? '
i?1=]
? '
i=]%1
?'
i=]?1
J0
120 -hat is the )'r)ose o Lie4&a""As )ro!ess+
So("U
The )'r)ose o Lie4&a""As )ro!ess is to 3"d the so('tio" o the La)(a!e
e9'atio" '
55
?'
**
68
4* iteratio"0
120I ' satis3es La)(a!e e9'atio" a"d ' 6 188 o" the 4o'"dar* o a s9'are
-hat -i(( 4e the
#a('e o ' at a" i"terior $rid )oi"t
So("U
Si"!e ' satis3es La)(a!e e9'atio" a"d ' 6 188 o" the 4o'"dar* o a
s9'are
U
i=]
6 I188 ?188 ?188 ?188J 6 1880
1@0Di3"e a diSere"!e 9'otie"t0
So("U
A diSere"!e 9'otie"t is the 9'otie"t o4tai"ed 4* di#idi"$ the diSere"!e
4et-ee" t-o
#a('es o a '"!tio" 4* the diSere"!e 4et-ee" t-o !orres)o"di"$ #a('es
o the i"de)e"de"t
#aria4(e0
1D0O4tai" the 3"ite diSere"!e s!he&e or the diSere"!e e9'atio" , ?*
6D0
So("U
The $i#e" diSere"tia( e9" !a" 4e -ritte" as , *
11
15) ?*15) 6D////11)
Usi"$ the !e"tra( diSere"!e a))ro5i&atio" -e ha#e
,*
11
6
/////1,)
S'4stit'ti"$ 1,) i" 11) -e $et
.
6D
That is *
.%1
%,*
.
?*
.?1
?h
,
*
.
6 Dh
,
0
1H0What is the error or so(#i"$ La)(a!e a"d Poissio"As e9'atio"s 4* 3"ite
diSere"!e &ethod+
So("U
The error i" re)(a!i"$ 4* the diSere"!e e5)ressio" is o the order O1h
,
)
0 Si"!e h 6 . =the
error i" re)(a!i"$ 4* the diSere"!e e5)ressio" is o the order O1h
,
)0
Be"!e the order or so(#i"$ La)(a!e a"d Poissio" is O1h
,
)0
1K0Write do-" the Be"der% S!h&idt re!'rre"!e re(atio" or o"e di&e"sio"a(
heat e9'atio"+
So("U
The Be"der% S!h&idt re!'rre"!e re(atio" or o"e di&e"sio"a( heat
e9'atio" is
U
i=]?1
6 V I'
i?1=]
? '
i%1=]
J0
1M0For -hat #a('e o \ =the e5)(i!it &ethod o so(#i"$ the h*)er4o(i! e9'atio"
6 17!
,
is sta4(e =-here \ 6 ! t7 5+
So("U
Whe" ! t7 5 [ 10
1O0Fi(( ') the 4(a"!.0
The e9'atio" * '
55
?'
**
6 8 is h*)er4o(i! i" the re$io" /////////
So("U
Bere A 6* =B6 8= E 61
B
,
%@AE 68%@* 6 %@*
The e9" is h*)er4o(i! i" the re$io" 15=*) -here B
,
%@AE [ 8
That is %@* [ 8 1or) *G8
It is h*)er4o(i! i" the re$io" * G 80
,80What t*)e o e9'atio"s !a" 4e so(#ed 4* 'si"$ Era".%Ni!.(o"As diSere"!e
or&'(a+
So("U
Era".%Ni!.(o"As diSere"!e or&'(a is 'sed so(#e )ara4o(i! e9"s o the
or& '
55
6a'
t
0