Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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#RIMA FACIE EBIDENCE O9 PARTICIPATION
AS PRINCIPAL
%he presence o" an# person d$ring the hazing
$nless he prevented the commission o" the acts
p$nisha!le herein
%he a!ove*mentioned lia!ilities shall appl# to
the president manager director or other
responsi!le o/cer o" a corporation engaged
in hazing as a re+$irement "or emplo#ment
in the manner provided herein.
'n# person charged $nder this provision shall
not !e entitled to the mitigating
circ$mstance that there was no intention to
commit so grave a wrong.
R.A. 7.13
SPECIAL PROTECTION O9 CHILDREN
AEAINST CHILD ABUSE< EOPLOITATION
AND DISCRIMINATION ACT
CRIMES PUNISHABLE
CHILD PROSTITUTION AND OTHER SEOUAL
ABUSE
WHO ARE CHILDREN EOPLOITED IN
PROSTITUTION AND OTHER SEOUAL ABUSE
Children whether male or "emale who "or
mone# pro5t or an# other consideration or d$e
to the coercion or inK$ence o" an# ad$lt
s#ndicate or gro$p ind$lge in se-$al interco$rse
or lascivio$s cond$ct
WHO ARE LIABLE
1. %hose who engage in or promote "acilitate
or ind$ce child prostit$tion
&e.g. acting as proc$rer o" or ta2ing
advantage o" inK$ence or relationship to
proc$re a child prostit$te ind$cing a person
to !e a client o" child prostit$te threatening
or $sing violence towards or giving monetar#
consideration or goods to a child to engage
him in prostit$tion);
*. %hose who commit the act o" se-$al
interco$rse or lascivio$s cond$ct with a child
e-ploited in prostit$tion or s$!9ected to other
se-$al a!$se;
+. %hose who derive pro5t or advantage
there"rom. &e.g. as managerBowner o" the
esta!lishment where child prostit$tion ta2es
place);
ATTEMPT TO COMMIT CHILD PROSTITUTION
1. 'n# person not !eing a relative o" the child
is "o$nd alone with the said child in a hidden
or secl$ded area $nder circ$mstances which
lead a reasona!le person to !elieve that the
child is a!o$t to !e e-ploited in prostit$tion
and other se-$al a!$se; and
2. 'n# person who receives services "rom a
child in a sa$na parlor or !ath massage
clinic health cl$! and other similar
esta!lishments
CHILD TRA99ICKINE
'n# person who shall engage in trading and
dealing with children incl$ding !$t not
limited to the act o" !$#ing and selling o" a
child "or mone# or "or an# other
consideration or !arter
ATTEMPT TO COMMIT CHILD TRA99ICKINE
1. Hhen a child travels alone to a "oreign
co$ntr# witho$t valid reason there"or and
witho$t clearance iss$ed !# the <epartment
o" ;ocial Hel"are and <evelopment or written
permit or 9$sti5cation "rom the childSs
parents or legal g$ardian;
2. Hhen a person agenc# esta!lishment or
child*caring instit$tion recr$its women or
co$ples to !ear children "or the p$rpose o"
child tra/c2ing; or
3. Hhen a doctor hospital or clinic o/cial or
emplo#ee n$rse midwi"e local civil registrar
or an# other person sim$lates !irth "or the
p$rpose o" child tra/c2ing; or
7. Hhen a person engages in the act o" 5nding
children among low*income "amilies
hospitals clinics n$rseries da#*care
centers or other child*d$ring instit$tions
who can !e ofered "or the p$rpose o" child
tra/c2ing
OBSCENE PUBLICATIONS AND INDECENT
SHOWS
1. 'n# person who shall hire emplo# $se
pers$ade ind$ce or coerce a child to
per"orm in o!scene e-hi!itions and indecent
shows whether live or in video or model in
o!scene p$!lications or pornographic
materials or to sell or distri!$te the said
materials or
2. 'n# ascendant g$ardian or person
entr$sted in an# capacit# with the care o" a
child who shall ca$se andBor allow s$ch child
to !e emplo#ed or to participate in an
o!scene pla# scene act movie or show or
in an# other acts covered here$nder
OTHER ACTS O9 ABUSE
1. 'n# person who shall commit an# other acts
o" child a!$se cr$elt# or e-ploitation or to
!e responsi!le "or other conditions
pre9$dicial to the childSs development
2. 'n# person who shall 2eep or have in his
compan# a minor twelve &12) #ears or $nder
or who in ten &1J) #ears or more his 9$nior in
an# p$!lic or private place hotel motel
!eer 9oint discothe+$e ca!aret pension
ho$se sa$na or massage parlor !each
andBor other to$rist resort or similar places
&this provision shall not appl# to an# person
who is related within the "o$rth degree o"
consang$init# or a/nit# or an# !ond
recognized !# law local c$stom and tradition
or acts in the per"ormance o" a social moral
or legal d$t#)
3. 'n# person who shall ind$ce deliver or ofer
a minor to an# one prohi!ited !# this 'ct to
2eep or have in his compan# a minor as
provided in the preceding paragraph
7. 'n# person owner manager or one
entr$sted with the operation o" an# p$!lic or
private place o" accommodation whether "or
occ$panc# "ood drin2 or otherwise
incl$ding residential places who allows an#
person to ta2e along with him to s$ch place
or places an# minor herein descri!ed
8. 'n# person who shall $se coerce "orce or
intimidate a street child or an# other child to,
a. 4eg or $se !egging as a means o"
living;
!. 'ct as cond$it or middlemen in
dr$g tra/c2ing or p$shing; or
c. Cond$ct an# illegal activities
SANCTIONS 9OR ESTABLISHMENTS OR
ENTERPRISES
'll esta!lishments and enterprises which
promote or "acilitate an# o" the acts p$nisha!le
$nder this 'ct shall !e,
1. immediatel# closed
2. their a$thorit# or license to operate
cancelled
3. witho$t pre9$dice to the owner or
manager thereo" !eing prosec$ted
and
7. a sign with the words Tof limitsT shall
!e conspic$o$sl# displa#ed o$tside
the esta!lishments or enterprises !#
the <epartment o" ;ocial Hel"are and
<evelopment &<;H<) "or s$ch period
which shall not !e less than one &1)
#ear as the <epartment ma#
determine &%he $na$thorized removal
o" s$ch sign shall !e p$nisha!le)
WHEN DEEMED TO PROMOTE OR
9ACILITATE ANY O9 THE ACTS PUNISHABLEI
i" the acts constit$ting the same occ$r in the
premises o" said esta!lishment
%he same pres$mption appl# to an enterprise
s$ch as a sa$na travel agenc# or recr$itment
agenc# which,
a. promotes the a"orementioned acts as
part o" a to$r "or "oreign to$rists;
!. e-hi!its children in a lewd or
indecent show;
c. provides child masse$rs "or ad$lts o"
the same or opposite se- and said
services incl$de an# lascivio$s
cond$ct with the c$stomers; or
d. solicits children or activities
constit$ting the a"orementioned acts
WORKINE CHILDREN
Children !elow 5"teen &18) #ears o" age shall not
!e emplo#ed e-cept,
a. Hhen a child wor2s directl# $nder the
sole responsi!ilit# o" his parents or
legal g$ardian and where onl#
mem!ers o" the emplo#erSs "amil#
are emplo#ed, Provided however
%hat his emplo#ment neither
endangers his li"e sa"et# and health
and morals nor impairs his normal
development, Provided "$rther %hat
the parent or legal g$ardian shall
provide the said minor child with the
prescri!ed primar# andBor secondar#
ed$cation; or
!. Hhen a childSs emplo#ment or
participation in p$!lic .
entertainment or in"ormation thro$gh
cinema theater radio or television is
essential, Provided %he emplo#ment
contract concl$ded !# the childSs
parent or g$ardian with the e-press
agreement o" the child concerned i"
possi!le and the approval o" the
<epartment o" Ea!or and
:mplo#ment, Provided %hat the
"ollowing re+$irements in all
instances are strictl# complied with,
i. %he emplo#er shall ens$re the
protection health sa"et# and
morals o" the child;
ii. %he emplo#er shall instit$te
meas$res to prevent the childSs
e-ploitation or discrimination
ta2ing into acco$nt the s#stem
and level o" rem$neration and
the d$ration and arrangement o"
wor2ing time; and
iii. %he emplo#er shall "orm$late and
implement s$!9ect to the
approval and s$pervision o"
competent a$thorities a
contin$ing program "or training
and s2ill ac+$isition o" the child
0n the a!ove e-ceptional cases, the
emplo#er shall 5rst sec$re a wor2 permit
"rom the <epartment o" Ea!or and
:mplo#ment &<OE:) which shall ens$re
o!servance o" the a!ove re+$irement
R.A. 8+((
GUBENILE GUSTICE AND WEL9ARE ACT O9
*33.
CHILD re"ers to a person $nder the age o" 1@
#ears.
CHILD AT RISK re"ers to a child who is
v$lnera!le to and at the ris2 o" committing
criminal ofenses !eca$se o" personal "amil#
and social circ$mstances s$ch as !$t not
limited to the "ollowing,
a. !eing a!$sed !# an# person thro$gh
se-$al ph#sical ps#chological
mental economic or an# other
means and the parents or g$ardian
re"$se are $nwilling or $na!le to
provide protection "or the child;
!. !eing e-ploited incl$ding se-$all# or
economicall#;
c. !eing a!andoned or neglected and
a"ter diligent search and in+$ir# the
parent or g$ardian cannot !e "o$nd;
d. coming "rom a d#s"$nctional or
!ro2en "amil# or witho$t a parent or
g$ardian;
e. !eing o$t o" school;
". !eing a streetchild;
g. !eing a mem!er o" a gang;
h. living in a comm$nit# with a high
level o" criminalit# or dr$g a!$se;
and
i. living in sit$ations o" armed conKict.
CHILD IN CON9LICT WITH THE LAW re"ers to
a child who is alleged as acc$sed o" or
ad9$dged as having committed an ofense $nder
Philippine laws
YOUTH DETENTION HOME re"ers to a 27*ho$r
child*caring instit$tion managed !# accredited
local government $nits &EGIs) and licensed
andBor accredited nongovernment organizations
&6GOs) providing short*term residential care "or
children in conKict with the law who are awaiting
co$rt disposition o" their cases or trans"er to
other agencies or 9$risdiction
GUBENILE GUSTICE AND WEL9ARE SYSTEM
re"ers to a s#stem dealing with children at ris2
and children in conKict with the law which
provides child*appropriate proceedings
incl$ding programs and services "or prevention
diversion reha!ilitation re*integration and
a"tercare to ens$re their normal growth and
development.
OUTLINE O9 THE SYSTEM
A. INITIAL CONTACT WITH)THE CHILD re"ers
to the apprehension or ta2ing into c$stod# o"
a child in conKict with the law !# law
en"orcement o/cers or private citizens. 0t
incl$des the time when the child alleged to
!e in conKict with the law receives a
s$!poena $nder ;ection 3&!) o" ($le 112 o"
the (evised ($les o" Criminal Proced$re or
s$mmons $nder ;ection >&a) or ;ection A&!)
o" the same ($le in cases that do not re+$ire
preliminar# investigation or where there is
no necessit# to place the child alleged to !e
in conKict with the law $nder immediate
c$stod#.
B. DIBERSION re"ers to an alternative child*
appropriate process o" determining the
responsi!ilit# and treatment o" a child in
conKict with the law on the !asis o" hisBher
social c$lt$ral economic ps#chological or
ed$cational !ac2gro$nd witho$t resorting to
"ormal co$rt proceedings
DIBERSION PROERAM re"ers to the program
that the child in conKict with the law is re+$ired
to $ndergo a"ter heBshe is "o$nd responsi!le "or
an ofense witho$t resorting to "ormal co$rt
proceedings.
%he "ollowing children in conKict with law shall
$ndergo diversion programs,
a. Hhere the imposa!le penalt# "or the
crime committee is not more than si-
&>) #ears imprisonment or
!. 0n victimless crimes where the
imposa!le penalt# is not more than
si- &>) #ears imprisonment
4$t where the imposa!le penalt# "or
the crime committed e-ceeds si- &>)
#ears imprisonment diversion
meas$res ma# !e resorted to onl# !#
the co$rt
C. PROSECUTION
%he prosec$tor shall cond$ct a preliminar#
investigation in the "ollowing instances,
a. when the child in conKict with the
law does not +$ali"# "or diversion;
!. when the child hisBher parents or
g$ardian does not agree to
diversion as speci5ed in ;ections
2? and 2@;
c. when considering the assessment
and recommendation o" the social
wor2er the prosec$tor
determines that diversion is not
appropriate "or the child in
conKict with the law
Ipon serving the s$!poena and the a/davit o"
complaint the prosec$tor shall noti"# the P$!lic
'ttorne#Ss O/ce &P'O) o" s$ch service as well
as the personal in"ormation and place o"
detention o" the child in conKict with the law.
Ipon determination o" pro!a!le ca$se !# the
prosec$tor the in"ormation against the child
shall !e 5led !e"ore the Gamil# Co$rt within
"ort#*5ve &78) da#s "rom the start o" the
preliminar# investigation.
D. COURT PROCEEDINES
1. Children detained in a Lo$th
<etention Center pending trial
ma# !e released on !ail or
recognizance
2. Hhere the ma-im$m penalt#
imposed !# law "or the ofense
with which the child in conKict
with the law is charged is
imprisonment o" not more than
twelve &12) #ears regardless o"
the 5ne or 5ne alone regardless
o" the amo$nt and !e"ore
arraignment o" the child in
conKict with the law the co$rt
shall determine whether or not
diversion is appropriate
3. Hhen the acc$sed who was a
child at the time o" the
commission o" the ofense is
"o$nd g$ilt# the co$rt shall,
a. <etermine and ascertain an# civil
lia!ilit#
!. Place the child $nder s$spended
sentence witho$t need o" application
&i.e. a$tomaticall#) instead o"
prono$ncing 9$dgment o" conviction
%he a$tomatic s$spension applies even i"
acc$sed is alread# o" legal age at the
time o" prono$ncement o" g$ilt
E. REHABILITATION AND REINTEERATION
6o child shall !e received in an# reha!ilitation or
training "acilit# witho$t a valid order iss$ed !#
the co$rt a"ter a hearing "or the p$rpose
INTERBENTION re"ers to a series o" activities
which are designed to address iss$es that
ca$sed the child to commit an ofense.
RESTORATIBE GUSTICE re"ers to a principle
which re+$ires a process o" resolving conKicts
with the ma-im$m involvement o" the victim
the ofender and the comm$nit#.
YOUTH REHABILITATION CENTER re"ers to a
27*ho$r residential care "acilit# managed !# the
<epartment o" ;ocial Hel"are and <evelopment
&<;H<) EGIs licensed andBor accredited 6GOs
monitored !# the <;H< which provides care
treatment and reha!ilitation services "or children
in conKict with the law. (eha!ilitation services
are provided $nder the g$idance o" a trained
staf where residents are cared "or $nder a
str$ct$red therape$tic environment with the end
view o" reintegrating them into their "amilies and
comm$nities as sociall# "$nctioning individ$als.
Ph#sical mo!ilit# o" residents o" said centers
ma# !e restricted pending co$rt disposition o"
the charges against them.
AEE AND DETERMINATION
AEE CRIMINAL
RESPONSIBILITY
Z 18 #ears &less
than or e+$al to 18
#ears)
'!sol$te irresponsi!ilit#
e-empting circ$mstance
[18 !$t \1@ &more
than or e+$al to 18
!$t less than or
e+$al to 1@ #ears)
Conditional
responsi!ilit#
a. Hitho$t discernment
not criminall#
lia!le; s$!9ect to an
intervention program
!. Hith discernment
criminall# lia!le
3inor delin+$ent ;entence is s$spended
[1@ !$t \?J &more
than or e+$al to 1@
!$t less than or
e+$al to ?J #ears)
G$ll responsi!ilit#
[?J &more than or
e+$al to ?J #ears)
3itigated responsi!ilit# no
imposition o" death penalt#
e-ec$tion o" death sentence
ma# !e s$spended and
comm$ted
P.D .3+
C0!l/ an/ Yo%t0 Welfae Co/e
PUNISHABLE ACTS
Criminal lia!ilit# shall attach to an# parent who,
1. Conceals or a!andons the child with
intent to ma2e s$ch child lose his civil
stat$s.
2. '!andons the child $nder s$ch
circ$mstances as to deprive him o" the
love care and protection he needs.
3. ;ells or a!andons the child to another
person "or val$a!le consideration.
7. 6eglects the child !# not giving him the
ed$cation which the "amil#Ss station in
li"e and 5nancial conditions permit.
8. Gails or re"$ses witho$t 9$sti5a!le
gro$nds to enroll the child as re+$ired
!# 'rticle ?2.
>. Ca$ses a!ates or permits the tr$anc# o"
the child "rom the school where he is
enrolled. T%r$anc#T as here $sed means
a!sence witho$t ca$se "or more than
twent# schoolda#s not necessaril#
consec$tive.
?. 0t shall !e the d$t# o" the teacher in
charge to report to the parents the
a!sences o" the child the moment these
e-ceed 5ve schoolda#s.
@. 0mproperl# e-ploits the child !# $sing
him directl# or indirectl# s$ch as "or
p$rposes o" !egging and other acts
which are inimical to his interest and
wel"are.
A. 0nKicts cr$el and $n$s$al p$nishment
$pon the child or deli!eratel# s$!9ects
him to indignation and other e-cessive
chastisement that em!arrass or
h$miliate him.
1J. Ca$ses or enco$rages the child to lead
an immoral or dissol$te li"e.
11. Permits the child to possess handle or
carr# a deadl# weapon regardless o" its
ownership.
12. 'llows or re+$ires the child to drive
witho$t a license or with a license which
the parent 2nows to have !een illegall#
proc$red. 0" the motor vehicle driven !#
the child !elongs to the parent it shall
!e pres$med that he permitted or
ordered the child to drive.
END O9 DISCUSSION ON TOPIC
:. CRIMES AEAINST PERSONS
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8. C!"es A#a!nst Pesonal
l!bet& an/ Se$%!t&
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TOPICS UNDER THE SYLLABUSI
C0a>te 1I C!"es a#a!nst L!bet&
Se$. 1 ) Ille#al /etent!on
Se$. * ) K!/na>>!n# of "!nos
C0a>te *I C!"es a#a!nst Se$%!t&
Se$. 1 ) Aban/on"ent of 0el>less
>esons an/ e?>lo!tat!on of
"!nos
Se$. * ) Tes>ass to /1ell!n#
Se$. + ) T0eats an/ Coe$!on
C0a>te +I D!s$o@e& an/ Re@elat!on
of Se$ets
R.A. 8+7*
R.A. (*33
R.A. 8*3:
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C0a>te 1I C!"es a#a!nst L!bet&
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
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SECTION 1. ) ILLEEAL DETENTION
ARTICLE *.7. KIDNAPPINE AND SERIOUS
ILLEEAL DETENTION
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat the oCen/e is a 1rivate !n/!@!/%al;
2. %hat he 6!/na>s o /eta!ns anot0e or in
an# other manner deprives the latter o"
li!ert#;
3. %hat the act o" detention or 2idnapping m$st
be !lle#alH and
7. %hat in the commission o" the ofense an# o"
the follo1!n# $!$%"stan$es are present
&detention !ecomes serio$s),
a. that the 2idnappingBdetention lasts "or
"oe t0an + /a&s<
!. committed !# s!"%lat!n# >%bl!$
a%t0o!t&
c. that an& se!o%s >0&s!$al !n5%!es ae
!nM!$te/ $pon the person 2idnapped or
detained or threats to 2ill him are made
or
d. that the person 2idnapped or detained is
a "!no &eGcept if parent is the
o:ender) "emale or a p$!lic o/cer.
6ote, 0" an# o" these are present
p$rpose o" detention is immaterial
DEATH is imposed in the "ollowing instances,
Xdeath penalt# s$spendedY
1. i" 2idnapping is committed "or the p$rpose o"
e-torting ransom either "rom the victim or
"rom an# other person even i" none o" the
a"orementioned circ$mstances are present
in the commission o" the ofense; and
2. when the victim is 2illed or dies as a
conse+$ence o" the detention or is raped or
is s$!9ected to tort$re or deh$manizing acts.
NOTESI
0t is tr$e that "or 2idnapping to ta2e
place it is not necessar# that the victim !e
placed in an enclos$re; neither is it
necessar# that the detention !e prolonged
or permanent. Cowever the essence o"
2idnapping is the act$al deprivation o" the
victimSs li!ert# co$pled with ind$!ita!le
proo" o" the intent o" the acc$sed to efect
s$ch deprivation
38
.
%he victim1s lac2 o" consent is also a
"$ndamental element o" 2idnapping and
serio$s illegal detention. %he invol$ntariness
o" the seiz$re and detention is the ver#
essence o" the crime. 'ltho$gh the victim
ma# have incept$all# consented to go with
the ofender to a place !$t the victim is
therea"ter prevented with the $se o" "orce
"rom leaving the place where he was !ro$ght
to with his consent and is detained against
his will the ofender is g$ilt# o" 2idnapping
and serio$s illegal detention
3>
.
'ct$al demand "or ransom is not
necessar#
Hhen detention is "or p$rpose o"
e-torting ransom it1s not necessar# that one
or an# o" the "o$r circ$mstances en$merated
in &7) are present
:ssential that there !e act$al
con5nement or restriction o" the person o"
the ofended part#
<etention is illegal when not ordered !#
competent a$thorit# or not permitted !# law
<etention "or more than 3 da#s not
necessar# when an# o" the other
circ$msances are present
;pecial comple- crime o" 2idnapping
with m$rder or homicide where the person
2idnapped is 2illed in the co$rse o" the
detention regardless o" whether the 2illing
was p$rposel# so$ght or was erel# an
a"tertho$gh
Hhen m$rder and not 2idnapping * when
the victim is ta2en "rom one place to another
solel# "or the p$rpose o" 2illing him the
crime committed is m$rder
0" Primar# and $ltimate p$rpose is to 2ill
and detention was onl# incidental
;peci5c intent is determinative o"
whether the crime committed is m$rder or
2idnapping
3$st !e alleged in in"ormation and
proven !# prosec$tion
ILLEEAL
DETENTION
ARBITRARY
DETENTION
Committed !# a
>!@ate individ$al
who $nlaw"$ll#
2idnaps detains or
otherwise deprives a
person o" li!ert#.
Committed !# a
>%bl!$ o/cer or
emplo#ee who has
d$t# $nder law to
detain a person who
detains a person
35
People v. Obeso, .!. "o. (-//.-, October /$, /%%'
36
People v. Pic9rell .!. "o. (/%$%&, October /', /%%'
witho$t legal gro$nd
Crime is against
personal li!ert# and
sec$rit#
Crime against the
"$ndamental law o"
the ;tate
COH:M:( i" s$ch p$!lic o/cer has no d$t# to
detain a person &e.g. sanitar# inspector or cler2)
and he detains a person he is lia!le $nder this
article
ART. *.:. SLIEHT ILLEEAL DETENTION
ELEMENTS,
1. %hat the ofender is a 1rivate >eson;
2. %hat he 6!/na>s o /eta!ns another or in
an# other manner deprives the li!ert# or he
"$rnishes the place "or the perpet$ation o"
the detention;
3. %hat the act o" detention or 2idnapping m$st
be !lle#al;
7. %hat the crime is committed 1!t0o%t the
attendance o" an# o" the $!$%"stan$es
en$merated in 'rt. 2>?.
NOTEI 0" the participation is to "$rnish the place
"or the crime he is raised to a real co*principal.
4$t i" the cooperation is !# an# other act than
"$rnishing the place penalt# is one degree
lower.
PRIBILEEED MITIEATINE CIRCUMSTANCE
'BOLUNTARY RELEASE,I
0" the ofender,
1. vol$ntaril# releases the person so 2idnapped
or detained within 3 da#s "rom the
commencement o" the detention;
2. witho$t having attained the p$rpose
intended; and
3. !e"ore the instit$tion o" criminal proceedings
against him.
NOTEI
T0ee e=%!s!tes "%st $on$%
3$st !e shown !# the ofender that he was
in a position to prolong the detention "or
more than 3 da#s and #et he released the
person detained wBin that time
Mol$ntar# release is not considered
privileged mitigating i" the victim is a woman
&considered serio$s illegal detention)
ART. *.8- UNLAW9UL ARREST
ELEMENTS,
1. %hat the ofender aests o /eta!ns
anot0e person;
2. %hat the p$rpose o" the ofender is to
/el!@e 0!" to t0e >o>e a%t0o!t!esH
and
3. %hat the arrest or detention !s not
a%t0o!Fe/ b& la1 o t0ee !s no
easonable #o%n/ t0eefo.
NOTEI
Ofender is an# person. :ither a p$!lic
o/cer or private individ$al ma# !e
lia!le.
- P$!lic o/cer either has no a$thorit# to
arrest or detain a person or has not
acted in his o/cial capacit#
'rrestB detention re"ers to warrantless
arrests.
DELAY IN THE
DELIBERY O9
DETAINED
PERSONS TO THE
PROPER GUDICIAL
AUTHORITIES 'ART
1*2,
UNLAW9UL
ARREST
the detention is "or
some legal gro$nd
the detention is not
a$thorized !# law.
ARBITRARY
DETENTION
UNLAW9UL
ARREST
the detention is "or
some legal gro$nd
the detention is not
a$thorized !# law.
SECTION *. K KIDNAPPINE O9 MINORS
ART. *73. KIDNAPPINE AND 9AILURE TO
RETURN A MINOR
ELEMENTS,
1. %hat the ofender is ent%ste/ 1!t0 t0e
$%sto/& o" a minor person ; and
2. %hat 0e /el!beatel& fa!ls to restore the
said minor to his parents.
NOTEI this ma# also !e committed !# the
mother or "ather o" the child. Hhen committed
!# a parent penalt# is arresto ma#or.
:ssential element which +$ali5es the crime,
ofender is entr$sted with the c$stod# o" the
minor
KIDNAPPINE N
9AILURE TO
RETURN A MINOR
'ART. *73,
KIDNAPPINE AND
SERIOUS ILLEEAL
DETENTION 'ART.
*.7,
P$nishes the
deli!erate "ail$re !#
the person having
the c$stod# o" the
minor to restore the
minor to
parentsBg$ardian
Ofender is not
entr$sted with the
c$stod# o" the victim
ART. *71. INDUCINE A MINOR TO ABANDON
HIS HOME
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat the minor !s l!@!n# !n t0e 0o"e o" his
parents or g$ardians or the person entr$sted
with his c$stod#; and
2. %hat the ofender !n/%$es a "!no to
aban/on s$ch home.
NOTEI
0nd$cement m$st !e act$al committed
with criminal intent and determined !# a
will to ca$se damage.
%he minor sho$ld not leave his home o"
his own "ree will.
3itigated i" committed !# the "ather or
mother o" the victim.
Nto ind$ceO = to inK$ence to prevail on
to move !# pers$asion to incite !#
motives
%he minor need not act$all# a!andon his
home or home o" g$ardian. 3ere
commission o" an# act which tends to
inK$ence pers$ade or prevail on a minor
to a!andon his home is what constit$tes
a crime.
3itigated i" committed !# the "ather or
mother o" the victim. applies to 'rts.
2?J and 2?1
SECTION +. K SLABERY AND SERBITUDE
ART. *7*. SLABERY
ELEMENTS,
1. %hat the oCen/e >%$0ases< sells<
6!/na>s o /eta!ns a 0%"an be!n#H an/
*. %hat the p$rpose o" the ofender is to
ensla@e s%$0 0%"an !eing.
LUALI9YINE CIRCUMSTANCE i" the p$rpose
is some immoral tra/c &2G. Prostit$tion).
NOTEI p$rpose m$st !e to ensla@e the victim;
otherwise it is 2idnapping or illegal
detention
SLABERY providing services wBo rem$neration
whatsoever
3?
ART. *7+. EOPLOITATION O9 CHILD LABOR
ELEMENTS,
1. %hat the ofender eta!ns a "!no in his
service;
2. %hat it is a#a!nst t0e 1!ll o" the minor; and
3. %hat it is %n/e t0e >ete?t of
e!"b%s!n# himsel" o" a /ebt !n$%e/ b&
an ascendant g$ardian or person entr$sted
with the c$stod# o" s$ch minor.
NOTEI 0nde!tedness is not a gro$nd "or
detention.
At. *7(. Se@!$es en/ee/ %n/e
$o">%ls!on !n >a&"ent of /ebt
Ele"entsI
1. %hat the oCen/e $o">els a /ebto to
1o6 fo him either as ho$sehold servant
or "arm la!orer;
2. %hat it is a#a!nst t0e /ebtoAs will; and
3. %hat the >%>ose !s to e=%!e o enfo$e
t0e >a&"ent o" a de!t.
6O%:, <e!tor*Creditor relationship m$st e-ist
otherwise crime committed is coercion
SERBICES
RENDERED UNDER
COMPUSION IN
PAYMENT O9 DEBT
'At. *7(,
EOPLOITATION O9
CHILD LABOR
'At. *7+,
<oes not disting$ish
whether the victim is
a minor or not
Mictim is a minor
<e!tor is compelled
to wor2 "or ofender
3inor is compelled to
render services "or
de!t o"
parentBg$ardian
Eimited to ho$sehold
and "arm wor2.
;ervice not limited to
ho$sehold and "arm
wor2
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C0a>te *I C!"es a#a!nst se$%!t&
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37
!eyes v. 3lo>ado, .!. "o. L#-1)(, 3ugust /$, (&(%
SECTION 1. K ABANDONMENT O9
HELPLESS PERSONS AND EOPLOITATION
O9 MINORS
ART. *72. ABANDONMENT O9 PERSON IN
DANEER AND ABANDONMENT O9 ONEAS
OWN BICTIM
ACTS PUNISHABLEI
1. 4# "ailing to render assistance to an# person
whom the ofender 5nds in an $ninha!ited
place wo$nded or in danger o" d#ing when
he can render s$ch assistance witho$t
detriment to himsel" unless such omission
shall constitute a more serious o:ense;
ELEMENTSI
a. %hat place is not !n0ab!te/.
b. %he acc$sed "o$nd there a person 1o%n/e/
o !n /an#e of /&!n#.
$. %he acc$sed $an en/e ass!stan$e
witho$t detriment to himsel".
/. %he acc$sed fa!ls to render assistance.
2. 4# fa!l!n# to 0el> or render assistance to
another whom the ofender has
accidentall! 1o%n/e/ o !n5%e/;
3. 4# fa!l!n# to /el!@e a $0!l/ %n/e 7
whom the ofender has fo%n/ aban/one/
to the a$thorities or to his "amil# or !#
"ailing to ta2e him to a sa"e place. &ma# !e
applied to a lost child).
ART. *7.. ABANDONINE A MINOR
ELEMENTS,
1. %hat the ofender has the $%sto/& o" a
child;
*. %hat the child is %n/e 7 #ears o" age;
+. %hat he aban/ons s$ch child; and
(. %hat he has no !ntent to 6!ll t0e $0!l/
when the latter is a!andoned.
NOTEI
'!andonment m$st !e conscio$s
deli!erate and permanent.
W$ali"#ing circ$mstances,
a. death o" the minor; or
!. li"e was in danger !eca$se o" the
a!andonment.
Parent g$ilt# o" a!andoning their children
shall !e deprived o" parental a$thorit#.
0ntent to 2ill cannot !e pres$med "rom
the death o" the child
* ;$ch pres$mption applies onl# to
crimes against persons 6O% to
crimes against sec$rit#
ART. *77. ABANDONMENT O9 MINOR BY
PERSON ENTRUSTED WITH HIS CUSTODYH
INDI99ERENCE O9 PARENTS
ACTS PUNISHABLEI
1. 4# /el!@e!n# a "!no to a >%bl!$
!nst!t%t!on or other persons 1;o $onsent
o" the one who ent%ste/ s$ch minor to the
care o" the ofender or in the a!sence o"
that one witho$t the consent o" the proper
a$thorities;
ELEMENTSI
a. Ofender has charge o" the rearing or
ed$cation o" a minor;
%o rear means to !ring to mat$rit# !#
ed$cating no$rishing etc.
!. Ce delivers said minor to a p$!lic instit$tion
or other persons.; and
c. %hat the one who entr$sted s$ch child to the
ofender has not consented to s$ch act; or i"
the one who entr$sted s$ch child to the
ofender is a!sent the proper a$thorities
have not consented to it.
*. 4# ne#le$t!n# 0!s $0!l/en b& not #!@!n#
t0e" e/%$at!on which their station in li"e
re+$ires and 5nancial condition permits;
ELEMENTSI
a. %hat the ofender is a parent;
!. %hat he neglects his children !# not giving
them ed$cation; and
c. %hat his station in li"e re+$ires s$ch
ed$cation and his 5nancial condition permits
it.
NOTEI
O!ligation to ed$cate children
terminates i" mother and children re"$se
witho$t good reason to live with
acc$sed.
Gail$re to give ed$cation m$st !e d$e to
deli!erate desire to evade s$ch
o!ligation.
ABANDONMENT O9
MINOR BY PERSON
ENTRUSTED WITH
HIS CUSTODYH
INDI99ERENCE O9
PARENTS
'ART. *77,
ABANDONMENT O9
MINOR 'ART. *7.,
C$stod# o" ofender is
speci5c "or rearing
or ed$cation o" minor
C$stod# stated in
general terms
3inor $nder 1@
#ears o" age
3inor $nder ? #ears
o" age
3inor is delivered to a
p$!lic instit$tion or
other person
3inor is a!andoned in
s$ch a wa# to deprive
him o" care and
protection
ARTICLE *7:. EOPLOITATION O9 MINORS
ACTS PUNISHABLEI
1. 4# ca$sing an# !o# or girl $nder 1> to
per"orm an# dangero$s "eat o" !alancing
ph#sical strength or contortion the ofender
!eing an# person.
2. 4# emplo#ing children $nder 1> who are not
the children or descendants o" the ofender
in e-hi!itions o" acro!at g#mnast rope*
wal2er diver or wild*animal tamer or circ$s
manager or engaged in a similar calling.
3. 4# emplo#ing an# descendant $nder 12 in
dangero$s e-hi!itions en$merated in the
ne-t preceding paragraph the ofender
!eing engaged in an# o" said callings.
7. 4# delivering a child $nder 1> grat$ito$sl# to
an# person "ollowing an# o" the callings
en$merated in paragraph 2 or to an#
ha!it$al vagrant or !eggar the ofender
!eing an ascendant g$ardian teacher or
person entr$sted in an# capacit# with the
care o" s$ch child.
8. 4# ind$cing an# child $nder 1> to a!andon
the home o" its ascendants g$ardians
c$rators or teachers to "ollow an# person
engaged in an# o" the callings mentioned in
paragraph 2 or to accompan# an# ha!it$al
vagrant or !eggar the ofender !eing an#
person.
EOPLOITATION O9
MINORS
'ART. *7:< PAR 2,
INDUCINE A MINOR
TO ABANDON HIS
HOME
'ART. *71,
P$rpose o" ind$cing a
minor to a!andon his
home is to "ollow an#
person engaged in
the callings
mentioned
6o s$ch p$rpose
Mictim is $nder 1>
#ears o" age
Mictim is $nder 1@
LUALI9YINE CIRCUMSTANCEI 0" the deliver#
o" the child to an# person "ollowing an# o" the
callings o" acro!at rope*wal2er diver or wild*
animal trainer or circ$s manager or to an#
ha!it$al vagrant o" !eggar is made in
consideration o" an# price compensation or
promise.
Ofender shall !e deprived o" parental
a$thorit# or g$ardianship
:-ploitation o" minor m$st !e o" s$ch a
nat$re as to endanger his li"e or sa"et#
At. *78. A//!t!onal >enalt!es fo ot0e
oCenses
%he ofender is lia!le not onl# "or the
a!andonment or e-ploitation !$t also "or all its
conse+$ences. 0" as a res$lt ph#sical in9$ries or
death res$lted another crime is committed !#
a$thorit# o" 'rticle 2?A.
SECTION *. K TRESPASS TO DWELLINE
ART. *:3. LUALI9IED TRESPASS TO
DWELLINE
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat the ofender is a >!@ate >eson;
*. %hat he entes t0e /1ell!n# of another;
and
+. %hat s$ch entrance is a#a!nst t0e latteAs
1!ll.
LUALI9YINE CIRCUMSTANCEI 0" the ofense is
committed !# means o" violence or intimidation.
NOTEI
%here m$st !e an opposition on the part
o" the owner o" the ho$se to the entr# o"
the acc$sed.
3ere a!sence o" his consent or
permission is not eno$gh.
Prohi!ition ma# !e e-press or implied
<welling, an# !$ilding or str$ct$re
e-cl$sivel# devoted "or rest and com"ort
depends $pon $se; ma#!e a room;
implied prohi!ition depending on
circ$mstances
0mplied prohi!ition is present considering
the "ollowing sit$ation. 2G. Gelon# was
committed late at night and ever#one1s
asleep or entrance was made thro$gh
the window.
Prohi!ition m$st e-ist prior to or at the
time o" entrance
Prohi!ition is not necessar# when
violence or intimidation is emplo#ed !#
the ofender.
* Miolence or intimidation ma# ta2e
place immediatel# a"ter the entrance
Prohi!ition is not necessar# when
violence or intimidation is emplo#ed !#
the ofender.
Hhen there is no overt act o" the crime
intended to !e committed &2G. the"t) the
crime is trespass to dwelling.
%respass may be committed even by the
owner o" the dwelling against the act$al
occ$pant thereo".
0" the ofender is a p$!lic o/cer the
crime committed is violation o" domicile
$nder 'rt. 12@
NOT APPLICABLE TOI
1. Hhere the entrance is "or the p$rpose o"
preventing harm to himsel" the occ$pants or
a third person.
2. Hhere the p$rpose is to render some
service to h$manit# or 9$stice.
3. Hhen the acc$sed entered the dwelling
thro$gh the window he had no intent to 2ill
an# person inside. Cis intention to 2ill came
to his mind when he was !eing arrested !#
the occ$pants thereo". Cence the crime o"
trespass to dwelling is a separate and
distinct ofense "rom "r$strated homicide.
ART. *:1. OTHER 9ORMS O9 TRESPASS
ELEMENTS,
1. %hat the ofender entes t0e $lose/
>e"!ses or the "enced estate of anot0eH
PREMISES signi5es a distinct and de5nite
localit# which is 4?e/
*. %hat the entrance is made while either o"
them is )nin5abitedH
+. %hat the >o0!b!t!on to enter !e "an!fest;
and
(. %hat the trespasser has not se$%e/ t0e
>e"!ss!on o" the owner or the careta2er
thereo".
LUALI9IED
TRESPASS TO
DWELLINE 'ART.
*:3,
OTHER 9ORMS O9
TRESPASS 'ART. *:1,
Ofender is a private
person
Ofender is an# "orm
o" person
%he ofender enters a
dwelling ho$se
Ofender enters
closed premises or
"enced estate
0nha!ited Ininha!ited
'ct constit$ting the
crime is entering the
dwelling against will
o" owner
:ntering o" closed
premises witho$t
permission
Prohi!ition "rom
entering ma# !e
e-press or implied
Prohi!ition m$st !e
mani"est
SECTION +. K THREATS AND COERCION
ART. *:*- ERABE THREATS
ACTS PUNISHABLEI
1. 4# t0eaten!n# anot0e with the inKiction
$pon his person honor or propert# or that o"
his "amil# o" an# wrong amounting to a
crime and demanding money or imposing
any other condition even tho$gh not
$nlaw"$l and the ofender atta!ne/ 0!s
>%>ose.
2. 4# ma2ing s$ch threat 1!t0o%t the ofender
atta!n!n# 0!s >%>ose.
3. 4# threatening another with the inKiction
$pon his person honor or propert# or that o"
his "amil# o" an# wrong amo$nting to a
crime the t0eat not be!n# s%b5e$t to a
$on/!t!on.
ELEMENTS O9 ACT NO. 1I
(. %hat the ofender threatens another person
with the inKiction $pon the latter1s person
honor or propert# or $pon the latter1s
"amil# o" an# wrong
2. %he wrong amo$nts to a crime
.. %here is demand "or mone# o" that an# other
condition is imposed even i" not $nlaw"$l
7. %hat the ofender attains his p$rpose
ELEMENTS O9 ACT NO. +I
1. %hat the ofender threatens another person
with the inKiction $pon the latter1s person
honor or propert# or $pon the latter1s
"amil# o" an# wrong
2. %he wrong amo$nts to a crime
3. %he threat is not s$!9ect to a condition
NOTEI
'ggravating circ$mstances, &1) i" made in
writing or &2) made thro$gh a middleman.
%he crime is "r$strated i" the threat was not
received !# the person !eing threatened.
Cons$mmated as soon as the threats
come to the 2nowledge o" the person
threatened
%hreat m$st not made in heat o" anger
!eca$se s$ch threat wo$ld !e p$nished as
NOther Eight %hreatsO
Grave threats ma# !e committed !# indirect
challenge to a g$n 5ght even i" complainant
was a!sent when challenge was made; it is
s$/cient that threats came to 2nowledge o"
ofended part#
%hreats made in connection with the
commission o" other crimes are a!sor!ed !#
the latter
%he ofender in grave threats does not
demand the deliver# on the spot o" the
mone# or other personal propert# as2ed !#
him
%hat1s ro!!er# !# intimidation
:ssential that there !e intimidation, that
there1s a promise o" some "$t$re harm or
in9$r#
'ct threatened to !e done m$st !e wrong
ART. *:+. LIEHT THREATS
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat the ofender ma2es a t0eat to
$o""!t a 1on#;
2. %hat the wrong /oes not constitute a crime;
3. %hat there is a /e"an/ fo "one& or that
other con/!t!on is imposed even tho$gh
not $nlaw"$l.
7. %hat the oCen/e 0as e!t0e atta!ne/ o
not atta!ne/ his p$rpose
NOTEI
0n light threats the wrong threatened does
not amo$nt to a crime.
(e+$ires that there !e a demand o" mone#
or that other condition !e imposed
Bla$6"a!l!n# ma# !e p$nished $nder this
provision.
ART. *:(. BOND 9OR EOOD BEHABIOUR
%he person ma2ing the threats $nder the 2
preceding articles &grave and light threats)
ma# also !e re+$ired !# the co$rt to give
!ail conditioned $pon the promise not to
molest the person threatened.
ART. *:( ART. +2
4ond "or good
!ehavior
4ond to 2eep the
peace
Onl# "or grave threats
and light threats
'pplication not to
partic$lar cases onlt
0t is an additional
penalt#
<istinct penalt#
0" he shall "aill to give
!ail he shall !e
sentenced to
destierro
0" he "ailes to give the
!ond he shall !e
detained "or a period
not e-ceeding >
months i" prosec$ted
"or grave or less grave
"elon# or 3J da#s i"
prosec$ted "or light
"elon#
ART. *:2. OTHER LIEHT THREATS
ACTS PUNISHABLEI
1. 4# threatening another with a weapon &even
i" there1s no +$arrel) or !# drawing a
weapon in a +$arrel $nless it !e in law"$l
sel"*de"ense.
2. 4# orall# threatening another in the heat o"
anger with some harm constit$ting a crime
witho$t persisting in the idea involved in the
threat.
3. 4# orall# threatening another with harm not
constit$ting a "elon#.
NOTEI
6o demand "or mone# or condition involved
%hreat is not deli!erate
%hat which ordinaril# are grave threats ma#
!e considered $nder this article i" made in
the heat o" anger
Hhere threats are directed to a person who1s
a!sent and $ttered in a temporar# 5t o"
anger the ofense is onl# light threats
ART. *:.. ERABE COERCIONS
TWO WAYS O9 COMMITTINE ERABE
COERCION
1. 4# preventing another !# means o" violence
threats or intimidation "rom doing
something not prohi!ited !# law.
2. 4# compelling another !# means o" violence
threats or intimidation to do something
against his will whether it !e right or wrong.
ELEMENTS,
1. %hat a person
a. prevented another "rom doing
something not prohi!ited !# law or
!. compelled another him to do
something against his will !e it right or
wrong
2. that the prevention or comp$lsion is efected
!# violence threats or intimidation
3. Hitho$t a$thorit# o" law or not in the
e-ercise o" an# law"$l right
WHEN PREBENTINE NOT CONSIDERED
COERCIONI
1. Hhen a p$!lic o/cer prevents the
ceremonies o" a religio$s gro$p $nder 'rt.
132
2. Hhen a person prevents the meeting o" a
legislative assem!l# $nder 'rt. 173
3. Hhen a person prevents a mem!er o"
Congress "rom attending meetings
e-pressing his opinions or casting his vote
thro$gh the $se o" "orce or intimidation
WHEN COMPELLINE NOT COERCIONI
1. Hhen a p$!lic o/cer compels a person to
change his residence $nder 'rt. 12?
2. Hhen a person 2idnaps his de!tor to compel
him to pa# $nder 'rt. 2>?
AEERABATINE CIRCUMSTANCESI
1. Miolation o" the e-ercise o" the
right o" s$frage
2. Compelling another to per"orm a
religio$s act or
3. Preventing another "rom
e-ercising s$ch right or "rom doing s$ch act
&as amended !# ('. ?@AJ).
NOTEI %he thing prevented "rom e-ec$tion
m$st not !e prohi!ited !# law. Otherwise there
will !e no coercion.
Owner o" a thing has no right to prevent
inter"erence when s$ch inter"erence is
necessar# to avert greater damage
Coercion is cons$mmated even i" the
ofended part# did not accede to the
p$rpose o" the coercion
ERABE COERCION ILLEEAL
DETENTION
0ntent to deprive the
ofended part# o" his
li!ert# is not clear
0ntent to deprive
li!ert# present
ERABE COERCION MALTREATMENT O9
PRISONERS
0" the ofended part#
is 6O% a prisoner
e-tracting
in"ormation $sing
"orce or intimidation
is coercion
0" the ofended part#
is a prisoner
e-tracting
in"ormation $sing
"orce or intimidation
is maltreatment
ERABE COERCION UNGUST BEOATION
'ct o" preventing !#
"orce was made at
the time the
ofended part# was
doing or a!o$t to do
the act prevented
'ct o" preventing !#
"orce was alread#
done when the
violence was e-erted
ART. *:7. LIEHT COERCIONS
ELEMENTS O9 PAR. 1,
1. %hat the ofender m$st !e a $e/!to of t0e
oCen/e/ part#;
*. %hat he se!Fes an#thing !elonging to his
de!tor;
+. %hat the seiz$re o" the thing !e
accomplished !# means o" @!olen$e o a
/!s>la& of "ate!al fo$e prod$cing
intimidation; and
(. %hat the p$rpose o" the ofender is to a>>l&
t0e sa"e to t0e >a&"ent o" the de!t.
ELEMENTS O9 PAR. * 'UNGUST BEOATION,
'n# other coercion or $n9$st ve-ation
Paragraph 2 o" 'rt. 2@? covers un>ust
veGation. 0t incl$des an# h$man cond$ct
which altho$gh not prod$ctive o" some
ph#sical or material harm wo$ld however
$n9$stl# anno# or ve- an innocent person.
Eight coercion $nder the 1st paragraph o"
this article will onl# !e $n9$st ve-ation i" the
3rd element &emplo#ing violence or
intimidation) is a!sent.
ART. *::. OTHER SIMILAR COERCIONS K
'COMPULSORY PURCHASE O9
MERCHANDISE AND PAYMENT O9 WAEES
BY MEANS O9 TOKENS,
ACTS PUNISHABLE"
1. 4# fo$!n# o $o">ell!n# directl# or
indirectl# or 2nowingl# permitting the
"orcing or compelling o" the laboe o
e">lo&ee of t0e oCen/e to >%$0ase
"e$0an/!se o $o""o/!t!es o" an# 2ind
"rom him.
2. B& >a&!n# t0e 1a#es /%e 0!s laboe o
e">lo&ee !# means o" to2ens or o!9ects
other than the legal tender c$rrenc# o" the
Philippines $nless e-pressl# re+$ested !#
s$ch la!orer or emplo#ee.
ELEMENTS O9 NO. 1I
1. %hat the ofender is an# person agent or
o/cer o" an# association or corporation.
2. %hat he or s$ch 5rm or corporation has
emplo#ed la!orers or emplo#ees
3. %hat he "orces or compels directl# or
indirectl# or 2nowingl# permits to !e "orced
or compelled an# o" his or its la!orers or
emplo#ees to p$rchase merchandise or
commodities o" an# 2ind "rom him or "rom
said 5rm or corporation.
ELEMENTS O9 NO. *I
1. %hat the ofender pa#s the wages d$e a
la!orer or emplo#ee emplo#ed !# him !#
means o" to2ens or o!9ects
2. %hat those to2ens or o!9ects are other than
the legal tender c$rrenc# o" the Philippines.
3. %hat s$ch emplo#ee or la!orer does not
e-pressl# re+$est that he !e paid !# means
o" to2ens or o!9ects.
ART. *:8. 9ORMATION< MAINTENANCE< AND
PROHIBITION O9 COMBINATION O9 CAPITAL
OR LABOR THROUEH BIOLENCE OR
THREATS
ELEMENTS,
1. %hat the ofender emplo#s violence or
threats in s$ch a degree as to compel or
"orce the la!orers or emplo#ers in the "ree
and legal e-ercise o" their ind$str# or wor2;
and
2. %hat the p$rpose is to organize maintain or
prevent coalitions o" capital or la!or stri2e
o" la!orers or loc2o$t o" emplo#ees.
3. %he act shall not constit$te a more serio$s
ofense.
NOTEI peace"$l pic2eting is not prohi!ited;
m$st !e con5ned strictl# and in good "aith to
gaining in"ormation and to peace"$l
pers$asion and arg$ment
* emplo#ing violence or ma2ing threats !#
pic2eters ma# ma2e them lia!le "or coercion
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
C0a>te +I D!s$o@e& an/ e@elat!on
of se$ets
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
ART. *83- DISCOBERINE SECRETS THROUEH
SEISURE O9 CORRESPONDENCE
ELEMENTS,
1. %hat the ofender is a >!@ate !n/!@!/%al or
even a p$!lic o/cer not in the e-ercise o"
his o/cial "$nction;
2. %hat he se!Fes t0e >a>es or letters o"
another;
3. %hat t0e >%>ose !s to /!s$o@e t0e
se$ets o" s$ch another person; and
7. %hat ofender is !nfo"e/ of t0e $ontents
or the papers or letters seized.
NOTEI
SEISE * to place in the control o" someone a
thing or to give him the possession thereo" and
it is 6O% necessar# that in the act there !e
"orce or violence.
%his article is not applica!le to parents with
respect to their minor children or to spo$ses
with respect to the papers or letters o" either
o" them.
Contents o" the correspondence need not be
secret. T0e 1)r1oe of t0e oCen/e
>e@a!ls.
W$ali"#ing circ$mstance, Hhen the ofender
reveals the contents o" s$ch papers or
letters to a 3rd person.
%his article does not re+$ire that the
ofended part# !e pre9$diced.
DISCOBERINE
SECRETS
THROUEH SEISURE
O9
CORRESPONDENCE
'ART. *83,
PUBLIC O99ICER
REBEALINE
SECRETS O9
PRIBATE
INDIBIDUAL
'ART. *+3,
Private individ$al
who seizes the
papers or letters o"
another to discover
the latter1s secrets.
P$!lic o/cer comes
to 2now o" secret o"
an# private individ$al
!# reason o" his
o/ce.
6ot necessar# that
there !e a secret
P$!lic o/cer comes
to 2now o" secret o"
an# private individ$al
!# reason o" his
o/ce.
0" there was not
necessar# to !e
revealed
(eveals secret
witho$t 9$sti5a!le
means
ART. *81. REBEALINE SECRETS WITH
ABUSE O9 O99ICE
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat the ofender is a "ana#e< e">lo&ee
or servant;
*. %hat he leans t0e se$ets of 0!s
>!n$!>al or master in s$ch capacit#; and
+. %hat 0e e@eals s%$0 se$ets.
NOTEI <amage is not re+$ired !# this article.
;ecret m$st !e learned !# reason o" their
emplo#ment
ART. *8*. REBELATION O9 INDUSTRIAL
SECRETS
ELEMENTS,
1. %hat the ofender is a >eson !n $0a#e
emplo#ee or wor2man o" a man$"act$ring or
ind$strial esta!lishment;
2. %hat the man$"act$ring or ind$strial
esta!lishment has a se$et of t0e !n/%st&
which the ofender has learned;
3. %hat the oCen/e e@eals s%$0 se$etsH
and
7. %hat 1re2)dice !s $a%se/ to the owner.
NOTEI
Pre9$dice is an essential element o" this
ofense.
%he revelation o" the secret might !e made
a"ter the emplo#ee or wor2man had ceased
to !e connect connected with the
esta!lishment.
R.A. (*33
ANTI)WIRE TAPPINE ACT
PERSONS LIABLEI
1. 'n# person not be!n# a%t0o!Fe/ b& all
t0e >at!es to an# private comm$nication
or spo2en word,
a. ta>s an# wire or ca!le; or
!. $ses an# other /e@!$e or arrangement to
secretl# overhear intercept or record s$ch
comm$nication or spo2en word !# $sing a
device commonl# 2nown as a dictaphone or
dictagraph or wal2ie*tal2ie or tape recorder
or however otherwise descri!ed.
2. 'n# person whether or not a participant in
the a!ove*mentioned acts,
a. 6no1!n#l& >ossesses an# tape record wire
record disc record or an# other s$ch record
or copies thereo" o" an# comm$nication or
spo2en word; or
!. e>la&s the same "or an# other personBs; or
c. $o""%n!$ates t0e $ontents thereo"
either ver!all# or in writing to an# other
person; or
d. f%n!s0es tans$!>t!ons thereo" whether
complete or partial to an# other person.
3 peace o@cer i e4em1t from liabilit! if
his acts were done under lawful order of the
court. Cowever he can onl# $se the
recording "or the case "or which it was validl#
re+$ested.
0n"ormation o!tained in violation o" the 'ct is
inadmissi!le in evidence in an# hearing or
investigation.
'n e4tenion 15one is not one of t0ose
>o0!b!te/ $nder (.'. 72JJ. %here m$st !e
either a ph#sical interr$ption thro$gh the
wiretap or the deli!erate installation o" a
device or arrangement in order to overhear
intercept or record the spo2en words.
R.A. 8+7*
HUMAN SECURITY ACT *337
SURBEILLANCE O9 SUSPECTS 'Se$. 7,
%he provisions o" (ep$!lic 'ct 6o. 72JJ
&'nti*wire %apping Eaw) to the contrar#
notwithstanding a police or law en"orcement
o/cial and the mem!ers o" his team ma#
%>on a 1!tten o/e of t0e Co%t of
A>>eals< l!sten to< !nte$e>t an/ e$o/<
1!t0 t0e %se of an& "o/e< fo"< 6!n/ o
t&>e of ele$ton!$ o ot0e s%@e!llan$e
e=%!>"ent o !nte$e>t!n# an/ ta$6!n#
/e@!$es< o 1!t0 t0e %se of an& ot0e
s%!table 1a&s an/ "eans fo t0at
>%>ose< an# comm$nication message
conversation disc$ssion or spo2en or
written words !etween mem!ers o" a
5%/!$!all& /e$lae/ an/ o%tla1e/
teo!st o#an!Fat!on< asso$!at!on< o
#o%> of >esons o of an& >eson
$0a#e/ 1!t0 o s%s>e$te/ of t0e $!"e
of teo!s" o $ons>!a$& to $o""!t
teo!s".
Provided %hat s$rveillance interception and
recording o" comm$nications !etween
law#ers and clients doctors and patients
9o$rnalists and their so$rces and con5dential
!$siness correspondence shall not !e
a$thorized
RESTRICTION O9 TRABEL 'Se$. *.,
0n cases where e@!/en$e of #%!lt !s not
ston#< an/ t0e >eson $0a#e/ 1!t0 t0e
$!"e of teo!s" o $ons>!a$& to
$o""!t teo!s" !s ent!tle/ to ba!l an/
!s #ante/ t0e sa"e the co$rt $pon
application !# the prosec$tor shall limit the
right o" travel o" the acc$sed to within the
m$nicipalit# or cit# where he resides or where
the case is pending in the interest o" national
sec$rit# and p$!lic sa"et# consistent with
'rticle 000 ;ection > o" the Constit$tion.
%ravel o$tside o" said m$nicipalit# or cit#
witho$t the a$thorization o" the co$rt shall
!e deemed a violation o" the terms and
conditions o" his !ail which shall then !e
"or"eited as provided $nder the ($les o"
Co$rt.
Ce or she ma# also !e placed $nder ho$se
arrest !# order o" the co$rt at his or her $s$al
place o" residence.
Hhile $nder ho$se arrest he or she ma# not
$se telephones cellphones e*mails
comp$ters the internet or other means o"
comm$nications with people o$tside the
residence $ntil otherwise ordered !# the
co$rt.
%he restrictions a!ovementioned shall !e
terminated $pon the ac+$ittal o" the acc$sed
or o" the dismissal o" the case 5led against
him or earlier $pon the discretion o" the co$rt
on motion o" the prosec$tor or o" the
acc$sed.
EOAMINATION O9 BANK DEPOSITS AND
DOCUMENTSI
1. GUDICIAL
AUTHORISATION 'Se$. *7,
%he provisions o" (ep$!lic 'ct 6o. 17J8 as
amended to the contrar# notwithstanding
the 5%st!$es of t0e Co%t of A>>eals
/es!#nate/ as a s>e$!al $o%t to handle
anti*terrorism cases a"ter satis"#ing
themselves o" the e-istence o" pro!a!le
ca$se in a hearing called "or that p$rpose
that
&1) a person charged with or s$spected o" the
crime o" terrorism or conspirac# to commit
terrorism
&2) o" a 9$diciall# declared and o$tlawed terrorist
organization association or gro$p o" persons
and
&3) o" a mem!er o" s$ch 9$diciall# declared and
o$tlawed organization association or gro$p o"
persons
3a# a$thorize in writing an# police or law
en"orcement o/cer and the mem!ers o"
hisBher team d$l# a$thorized in writing !# the
anti*terrorism co$ncil to,
&a) e-amine or ca$se the e-amination o" the
deposits placements tr$st acco$nts assets and
records in a !an2 or 5nancial instit$tion; and
&!) gather or ca$se the gathering o" an# relevant
in"ormation a!o$t s$ch deposits placements
tr$st acco$nts assets and records "rom a !an2
or 5nancial instit$tion. the !an2 or 5nancial
instit$tion concerned shall not re"$se to allow
s$ch e-amination or to provide the desired
in"ormation when so ordered !# and served with
the written order o" the Co$rt o" 'ppeals
*. APPLICATION
'SEC. *:,
%he written order o" the Co$rt o" 'ppeals
a$thorizing the e-amination o" !an2 deposits
placements tr$st acco$nts assets and
records,
&1) o" a person charged with or s$spected o" the
crime o" terrorism or conspirac# to commit
terrorism
&2) o" an# 9$diciall# declared and o$tlawed
terrorist organization association or gro$p o"
persons or
&3) o" an# mem!er o" s$ch organization
association or gro$p o" persons in a !an2 or
5nancial instit$tion and the gathering o" an#
relevant in"ormation a!o$t the same "rom said
!an2 or 5nancial instit$tion
shall onl# !e granted !# the a$thorizing
division o" the Co$rt o" 'ppeals $pon an e-
parte application to that efect o" a police or
o" a law en"orcement o/cial who has !een
d$l# a$thorized in writing to 5le s$ch e- parte
application !# the 'nti*%errorism Co$ncil
created in ;ection 83 o" this 'ct to 5le s$ch
e- parte application and $pon e-amination
$nder oath or a/rmation o" the applicant and
the witnesses he ma# prod$ce to esta!lish
the "acts that will 9$sti"# the need and
$rgenc# o" e-amining and "reezing the !an2
deposits placements tr$st acco$nts assets
and records,
&1) o" the person charged with or s$spected o"
the crime o" terrorism or conspirac# to commit
terrorism
&2) o" a 9$diciall# declared and o$tlawed terrorist
organization association or gro$p o" persons or
&3) o" an# mem!er o" s$ch organization
association or gro$p o" persons.
UNAUTHORISED REBELATION O9
CLASSI9IED MATERIALS 'Se$. (.,
'n# person police or law en"orcement agent
9$dicial o/cer or civil servant who not !eing
a$thorized !# the Co$rt o" 'ppeals to do so
reveals in an# manner or "orm an# classi5ed
in"ormation $nder this 'ct.
R.A. 8*3:
ANTI)TRA99ICKINE IN PERSONS ACT O9
*33+
Se$t!on (. Act of Tra<cCing in #eron- * 0t
shall !e $nlaw"$l "or an# person nat$ral or
9$ridical to commit an# o" the "ollowing acts,
&a) %o recr$it transport trans"er; har!or
provide or receive a person !# an# means
incl$ding those done $nder the prete-t o"
domestic or overseas emplo#ment or training or
apprenticeship "or the p$rpose o" prostit$tion
pornograph# se-$al e-ploitation "orced la!or
slaver# invol$ntar# servit$de or de!t !ondage;
&!) %o introd$ce or match "or mone# pro5t or
material economic or other consideration an#
person or as provided "or $nder (ep$!lic 'ct 6o.
>A88 an# Gilipino woman to a "oreign national
"or marriage "or the p$rpose o" ac+$iring
!$#ing ofering selling or trading himBher to
engage in prostit$tion pornograph# se-$al
e-ploitation "orced la!or slaver# invol$ntar#
servit$de or de!t !ondage;
&c) %o ofer or contract marriage real or
sim$lated "or the p$rpose o" ac+$iring !$#ing
ofering selling or trading them to engage in
prostit$tion pornograph# se-$al e-ploitation
"orced la!or or slaver# invol$ntar# servit$de or
de!t !ondage;
&d) %o $nderta2e or organize to$rs and travel
plans consisting o" to$rism pac2ages or activities
"or the p$rpose o" $tilizing and ofering persons
"or prostit$tion pornograph# or se-$al
e-ploitation;
&e) %o maintain or hire a person to engage in
prostit$tion or pornograph#;
&") %o adopt or "acilitate the adoption o" persons
"or the p$rpose o" prostit$tion pornograph#
se-$al e-ploitation "orced la!or slaver#
invol$ntar# servit$de or de!t !ondage;
&g) %o recr$it hire adopt transport or a!d$ct a
person !# means o" threat or $se o" "orce "ra$d
deceit violence
coercion or intimidation "or the p$rpose o"
removal or sale o" organs o" said person; and
&h) %o recr$it transport or adopt a child to
engage in armed activities in the Philippines or
a!road.
Se$t!on 2. Act t5at #romote Tra<cCing in
#eron. * %he "ollowing acts which promote or
"acilitate tra/c2ing in persons shall !e $nlaw"$l,
&a) %o 2nowingl# lease or s$!lease $se or allow
to !e $sed an# ho$se !$ilding or esta!lishment
"or the p$rpose o" promoting tra/c2ing in
persons;
&!) %o prod$ce print and iss$e or distri!$te
$niss$ed tampered or "a2e co$nseling
certi5cates registration stic2ers and certi5cates
o" an# government agenc# which iss$es these
certi5cates and stic2ers as proo" o" compliance
with government reg$lator# and pre*depart$re
re+$irements "or the p$rpose o" promoting
tra/c2ing in persons;
&c) %o advertise p$!lish print !roadcast or
distri!$te or ca$se the advertisement
p$!lication printing !roadcasting or distri!$tion
!# an# means incl$ding the $se o" in"ormation
technolog# and the internet o" an# !roch$re
K#er or an# propaganda material that promotes
tra/c2ing in persons;
&d) %o assist in the cond$ct o" misrepresentation
or "ra$d "or p$rposes o" "acilitating the
ac+$isition o" clearances and necessar# e-it
doc$ments "rom government agencies that are
mandated to provide pre*depart$re registration
and services "or departing persons "or the
p$rpose o" promoting tra/c2ing in persons;
&e) %o "acilitate assist or help in the e-it and
entr# o" persons "romBto the co$ntr# at
international and local airports territorial
!o$ndaries and seaports who are in possession
o" $niss$ed tampered or "ra$d$lent travel
doc$ments "or the p$rpose o" promoting
tra/c2ing in persons;
&") %o con5scate conceal or destro# the
passport travel doc$ments or personal
doc$ments or !elongings o" tra/c2ed persons in
"$rtherance o" tra/c2ing or to prevent them
"rom leaving the co$ntr# or see2ing redress "rom
the government or appropriate agencies; and
&g) %o 2nowingl# !ene5t "rom 5nancial or
otherwise or ma2e $se o" the la!or or services
o" a person held to a condition o" invol$ntar#
servit$de "orced la!or or slaver#.
Se$t!on .. D)ali8ed Tra<cCing in #eron. *
%he "ollowing are considered as +$ali5ed
tra/c2ing,
&a) Hhen the tra/c2ed person is a child;
&!) Hhen the adoption is efected thro$gh
(ep$!lic 'ct 6o. @J73 otherwise 2nown as the
T0nter*Co$ntr# 'doption 'ct o" 1AA8T and said
adoption is "or the p$rpose o" prostit$tion
pornograph# se-$al e-ploitation "orced la!or
slaver# invol$ntar# servit$de or de!t !ondage;
&c) Hhen the crime is committed !# a s#ndicate
or in large scale. %ra/c2ing is deemed
committed !# a s#ndicate i" carried o$t !# a
gro$p o" three &3) or more persons conspiring or
con"ederating with one another. 0t is deemed
committed in large scale i" committed against
three &3) or more persons individ$all# or as a
gro$p;
&d) Hhen the ofender is an ascendant parent
si!ling g$ardian or a person who e-ercises
a$thorit# over the tra/c2ed person or when the
ofense is committed !# a p$!lic o/cer or
emplo#ee;
&e) Hhen the tra/c2ed person is recr$ited to
engage in prostit$tion with an# mem!er o" the
militar# or law en"orcement agencies;
&") Hhen the ofender is a mem!er o" the
militar# or law en"orcement agencies; and
&g) Hhen !# reason or on occasion o" the act o"
tra/c2ing in persons the ofended part# dies
!ecomes insane s$fers m$tilation or is aRicted
with C$man 0mm$node5cienc# Mir$s &C0M) or the
'c+$ired 0mm$ne <e5cienc# ;#ndrome &'0<;).
END O9 DISCUSSION ON TOPIC
8. CRIMES AEAINST PERSONAL LIBERTY
AND SECURITY
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13. C!"es A#a!nst Po>et&
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TOPICS UNDER THE SYLLABUSI
C0a>te 1I Robbe& !n Eeneal
Se$. 1 ) Robbe& 1!t0 @!olen$e o
!nt!t"!/at!on of >esons
Se$. * ) Robbe& b& t0e %se of fo$e
%>on t0!n#s
C0a>te *I B!#an/a#e
C0a>te +I T0eft
PD 1.1*
C0a>te (I Us%>at!on
C0a>te 2I C%l>able Insol@en$&
C0a>te .I S1!n/l!n# an/ Ot0e
De$e!ts
BP **
C0a>te 7I C0attel Mot#a#e
C0a>te :I Ason an/ Ot0e C!"es
In@ol@!n# Dest%$t!ons
PD 1.1+
C0a>te 8I Mal!$!o%s M!s$0!ef
C0a>te 13I E?e">t!on fo" C!"!nal
L!ab!l!t& !n C!"es a#a!nst Po>et&
RA .2+8
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
C0a>te 1I Robbe& !n Eeneal
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
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ROBBERY is the ta2ing o" personal propert#
!elonging to another with intent to gain !# means
o" violence against or intimidation o" an# person
or $sing "orce $pon an#thing.
ARTICLE *8+. WHO ARE EUILTY O9
ROBBERY
ELEMENTS
1. %here m$st !e Pesonal >o>et&
belon#!n# to anot0e
*. Unla1f%l ta6!n# o" that propert#
+. %a2ing was 1!t0 Intent to #a!n 'an!"%s
l%$an/!,
(. %hat there is &a) violence against or
intimidation o" person or &!) "orce $pon
an#thing
DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN E99ECTS O9
EMPLOYMENT O9 BIOLENCE OR
INTIMIDATION AND USE O9 9ORCE UPON
THINES
BIOLENCE AEAINST
OR INTIMIDATION O9
PERSONS
9ORCE UPON
ANYTHINE
?(EN RO@@ER$
Al1a&s< 10ene@e
@!olen$e a#a!nst o
!nt!"!/at!on of an&
>eson !s >esent
Onl# when "orce is
$sed to either,
a. enter the !$ilding
or
!. to !rea2 doors
wardro!es chests
or an# other 2ind
o" loc2ed or sealed
"$rnit$re or
receptacle inside
the !$ilding or to
"orce them open
o$tside a"ter
ta2ing the same
"rom !$ilding
@ASIS OF #ENA&T$
a. es%lt of t0e
@!olen$e %se/<
an/
b. e?!sten$e of
!nt!"!/at!on
Bal%e of >esonal
>o>et& !s
!""ate!al
Hhen committed in an
inha!ited ho$se
p$!lic !$ilding or
edi5ce devoted to
religio$s worship,
a. val$e o" the
propert# ta2en
and
!. whether or not
ofenders carr#
arms
Hhen committed in an
$ninha!ited
!$ilding,
* Mal$e o" the
propert# ta2en
NOTESI
1. Inlaw"$l ta2ing is complete when
a. Hith violenceBintimidation, propert#
m$st at least !e in the possession o"
the ofender
!. Hith "orce, propert# m$st !e ta2en
o$t o" the !$ilding
2. 0ntent to gain is pres$med "rom $nlaw"$l
ta2ing and m$st conc$r with Npersonal
propert# !elonging to anotherO
3. Hhen violenceBintimidation m$st ta2e place
a. General ($le, !e"ore ta2ing is
complete
!. :-ception, when violence res$lts in
homicide rape intentional
m$tilation or an# o" the serio$s
ph#sical in9$ries $nder 'rt. 2>3 par.
1 and 2 ro!!er# will !e comple-ed
with an# o" those crimes even i" the
ta2ing was alread# complete when
the violence was $sed !# the
ofender
7. N:ntranceO as an element
1. Gen
eral
r$le
,
nec
ess
ar#
2. :-c
epti
on,
'. when the ro!!er# is committed by
brea9ing wardro!es chests or an#
other 2ind o" loc2ed or sealed
"$rnit$re or receptacle inside an
inha!ited ho$se a p$!lic !$ilding or
an edi5ce devoted to religio$s
worship or by ta9ing s$ch "$rnit$re
or o!9ects awa# to !e !ro2en or
"orced open o$tside X'rt. 2AA
s$!division &!)Y; and
4. when the ro!!er# in an $ninha!ited
!$ilding other than a p$!lic !$ilding
or edi5ce devoted to religio$s
worship is committed by brea9ing
an# wardro!e chest or an# sealed or
closed "$rnit$re or receptacle or by
removing a closed or sealed
receptacle even i" the same !e
!ro2en open elsewhere X'rt. 3J2 par.
7 and 8Y
8. Prohi!itive articles ma# !e the s$!9ect
matter o" ro!!er#
>. %a2ing need not !e immediatel# a"ter the
intimidation
SECTION 1 K ROBBERY WITH BIOLENCE
AEAINST OR INTIMIDATION O9 PERSONS
ART *8(. ROBBERY WITH BIOLENCE
AEAINST OR INTIMIDATION O9 PERSONS
ACTS PUNISHABLE
1. 4# reason or on occasion o" the ro!!er#
homicide is committed;
*. 'ccompanied wB rape or intentional
m$tilation or arson;
+. 4# reason or on occasion o" ro!!er# an# o"
the ph#sical in9$ries res$lting in insanit#
im!ecilit# impotenc# or !lindness is
inKicted &'rt. 2>3 par. 1); or serio$s ph#sical
in9$ries res$lting in the loss o" the $se o"
speech or the power to hear or to smell or
the loss o" an e#e hand "oot arm leg or
the loss o" the $se o" an# s$ch mem!er or
incapacit# "or wor2 in wBc victim is ha!it$all#
engaged is inKicted &'rt. 2>3 par. 2);
(. Carried to a degree clearl# $nnecessar# "or
the crime;
2. 0n the co$rse o" its e-ec$tion inKicts $pon
an# person not responsi!le "or the
commission o" ro!!er# an# o" the ph#sical
in9$ries res$lting to de"ormit# loss o" an#
part o" the !od# or the $se thereo" or illness
or incapacit# "or the per"ormance o" the
wor2 "or ] AJ da#s or ] 3J da#s &'rt. 2>3
par. 3 and 7); or
.. <oes not ca$se an# serio$s ph#sical in9$ries
de5ned in 'rt. 2>3 or emplo#ment o"
intimidation onl#.
NOTESI
1. %he crime de5ned in this article is a special
comple- crime
*. NOn the occasionO and N!# reasonO o" the
ro!!er# means Nin the co$rseO or N!eca$se
o"O ro!!er#
PARAERAPH 1I ROBBERY WITH HOMICIDE
a. Comicide is $nderstood in its generic sense
&i.e. incl$ding parricide and m$rder)
!. Comicide ma# precede or ma# occ$r a"ter
ro!!er#; and need not !e committed in the
place o" ro!!er#
c. COH:M:( intent to ta2e personal propert#
!elonging to another with intent to gain
m$st precede the 2illing
d. N'n# personO ma# !e 2illed; the 2illing o" a
co*ro!!er is still covered
e. Participation and lia!ilit#
i. Principals
'll who participated as principals in
the ro!!er# are principals in
ro!!er# with homicide altho$gh
the# did not act$all# ta2e part in
the 2illing $nless it clearl# appears
the# endeavored to prevent the
same
3@
ii. 'ccessor#, 6ecessit# o" 2nowledge
%here is an iss$e regarding the
penalt# imposa!le against an
accessor#. Hitho$t 2nowledge o"
the 2illing committed d$ring
ro!!er#. =$rispr$dence
3A
provides
that s$ch an accessor# co$ld not
have prevented the same hence
sho$ld !e an accessor# onl# to the
crime o" simple ro!!er#; 'rt. 83 o"
the (PC provides that the penalt#
"or an accessor# is the penalt#
lower !# two degrees than that
prescri!ed !# law "or the
cons$mmated "elon#. ;ince
ro!!er# cannot !e disintegrated
"rom the special comple- crime o"
ro!!er# with homicide there is an
iss$e on the !asis o" s$ch an
accessor#1s penalt#
". <isting$ished "rom Cighwa# (o!!er#
Conviction "or highwa# ro!!er# re+$ires
proo" that several acc$sed were
organized "or the p$rpose o" committing
it indiscriminatel#
PARAERAPH *I ROBBERY WITH RAPE
a. 0t is important to determine the primar#
o!9ective or intent o" acc$sed
!. 0ntent to gain "rom personal propert# o"
another m$st precede the rape
c. (ape is committed on the occasion o"
ro!!er# even i" committed in another place
within the ho$se
d. Hhen rape and homicide co*e-ist in the
commission o" ro!!er# rape is considered as
an aggravating circ$mstance onl# to
(o!!er# with Comicide
e. %here is no (o!!er# with attempted rape
". 'dditional rapes committed on the same
occasion o" ro!!er# will not increase the
penalt#
PARAERAPH (I ROBBERY WITH
UNNECESSARY BIOLENCE AND
INTIMIDATION
a. %here are two cases provided,
i. Hhen the violence or intimidation was
carried to a degree clearl#
$nnecessar# or
ii. Hhen ph#sical in9$ries covered !# s$!.
3 and 7 o" 'rt. 2>3 were inKicted $pon
an# person not responsi!le "or the
38
People v. CarroCo, '$/ ,C!3 1%% </%%%=* People v.
0ernandeC, .!. "o. ('&1&), June (-, /%%$
39
People v. 7oble, (($ ,C!3 ('(* People v. 3driano y
,anguesa, &- ,C!3 (%)
commission o" ro!!er#
!. Miolence or intimidation in the 5rst case
need not !e present !e"ore or at the e-act
moment when the o!9ect is ta2en
i. 3a# !e committed at an# time !e"ore
the owner is 5nall# deprived o" his
propert#
PARAERAPH .I ROBBERY WITH BIOLENCE
OR INTIMIDATION IN OTHER CASES
a. 'cts done either !# their own nat$re or !#
reason o" the circ$mstances $nder which
the# are e-ec$ted m$st inspire "ear in the
person against whom the# are directed
i. o!9ective "right &d$e to some act on
the part o" the acc$sed) and 6O%
s$!9ective "right &"ear arising "rom the
mere temperamental timidit# o" the
ofended part#)
THREATS TO EOTORT MONEY
DISTINEUISHED 9ROM ROBBERY THRU
INTIMIDATION
THREATS TO
EOTORT MONEY
ROBBERY THRU
INTIMIDATION
Conditional or "$t$re
intimidation
'ct$al and immediate
intimidation
0ntimidation ma# !e
thro$gh an
intermediar#
0ntimidation is personal
0ntimidation ma# re"er
to person honor or
propert# o" the
ofended part#
0ntimidation is directed
onl# to the ofended
part#
Gain is not immediate Gain is immediate
ROBBERY WITH BIOLENCE DISTINEUISHED
9ROM ERABE COERCION
ROBBERY WITH
BIOLENCE
ERABE COERCION
Miolence is $sed
0ntent to gain 6o intent to gain
ROBBERY DISTINEUISHED 9ROM BRIBERY
ROBBERY BRIBERY
%he owner o" the
propert# didn1t commit
a crime !$t is
intimidated to deprive
him o" his propert#
%he owner o" the
propert# has
committed a crime and
gives mone# as wa# to
avoid arrest or
prosec$tion
<eprived o" mone#
thr$ "orce or
intimidation; neither
vol$ntar# nor m$t$al
Giving o" mone# is in a
sense vol$ntar#
E?a">leI 'cc$sed a sanitar# inspector
demands pa#ment o" an amo$nt with threats
o" arrest and prosec$tion a"ter inspection in
the ofended part#1s store. %he crime
committed is ro!!er# !eca$se the principal
distinction "rom !ri!er# is the vol$ntariness
o" the transaction on the part o" the owner o"
the propert# Peo>le @. 9ans!s$o< XE.R.
No. *1+83< Ma$0 *.< 18*(Y
ART. *82. ROBBERY WITH PHYSICAL
INGURIES< COMMITTED IN AN UNINHABITED
PLACE AND BY A BAND< OR WITH THE USE
O9 9IREARM ON A STREET< ROAD OR ALLEY
'LUALI9IED ROBBERY,
INSTANCES LUALI9YINE ROBBERY WITH
BIOLENCE AEAINST OR INTIMIDATION O9
PERSONS
1. in an $ninha!ited place or
*. !# a !and or
+. !# attac2ing a moving train street car
motor vehicle or airship or
(. !# entering the passenger1s compartments
in a train or in an# manner ta2ing the
passengers thereo" !# s$rprise in the
respective conve#ances or
2. on a street road highwa# or alle# and the
intimidation is made with the $se o"
5rearms whether licensed or $nlicensed.
NOTEI %his article will not appl# to the special
comple- crimes o" ro!!er# wB homicide wB rape
or wB serio$s ph#sical in9$ries $nder paragraph 1
o" 'rt. 2>3
m$st !e alleged in the in"ormation and
proved d$ring trial
cannot !e ofset !# generic mitigating
circ$mstances
ART. *8.. DE9INITION O9 A BAND AND
PENALTY INCURRED BY MEMBERS THEREO9
ROBBERY IS DEEMED COMMITTED BY A
BANDI
Hhen at least ( armed male"actors ta2e part
RELUISITES 9OR LIABILITY 9OR THE ACTS
O9 THE OTHER MEMBERS O9 THE BANDI
1. %hat the a$$%se/ 1as a "e"be of t0e
ban/;
*. %hat he was >esent at t0e $o""!ss!on
of a ro!!er# !# that !and;
+. %hat the ot0e "e"bes of t0e ban/
$o""!tte/ an assa%lt; and
(. %hat he /!/ not atte">t to >e@ent the
assa$lt.
NOTESI
1. 0" the ro!!er# and assa$lt was committed !#
a !and and or in conspirac# &even i" it was
"or ro!!er# onl#) all participants are lia!le;
$nless,
a. %he acc$sed prevented the assa$lt or
attempted to prevent; or
!. %he acc$sed is a principal !#
ind$cement as to the commission o"
ro!!er# I6E:;; he ordered s$ch
2illing or the commission o" other
crimes
2. Proo" o" conspirac# is not necessar# when
"o$r or more armed persons committed
ro!!er#
3. 0" rape was committed !# one mem!er o"
the !and wBo the 2nowledge o" the others
he alone is g$ilt# o" ro!!er# with rape
ART *87. ATTEMPTED AND 9RUSTRATED
ROBBERY COMMITTED UNDER CERTAIN
CIRCUMSTANCES
ATTEMPTED OR 9RUSTRATED ROBBERY
WITH HOMICIDE
1. %he term NhomicideO is $sed in its generic
sense
2. %he crime is a special comple- crime
3. 'ttempted or "r$strated ro!!er# with serio$s
ph#sical in9$ries is not covered; it is $nder
'rt. 7@
7. %here m$st !e overt acts pointing to ro!!er#
ART *8:. EOECUTION O9 DEEDS BY MEANS
O9 BIOLENCE OR INTIMIDATION
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat the ofender has intent to de"ra$d
another;
*. %hat the ofender compels him to sign
e-ec$te or deliver an# p$!lic instr$ment or
doc$ment; and
+. %hat the comp$lsion is !# means o" violence
or intimidation
%his article is not applica!le i" the doc$ment is
void
<isting$ished "rom grave coercion
Hhen the ofended part# is $nder o!ligation to
sign e-ec$te or deliver the doc$ment $nder the
law or when there is no intent to de"ra$d it is
grave coercion
NP$!licO descri!es instr$ment onl#; hence
article applies to private or commercial
doc$ments
INSTRUMENT DOCUMENT
' mere written
statement
'n# written statement
!# which a right is
esta!lished or an
o!ligation
e-ting$ished; a writing
or instr$ment !# which
a "act ma# !e proven
and a/rmed
SECTION * K ROBBERY BY THE USE O9
9ORCE UPON THINES
TWO '*, INSTANCESI
1. Ofender entered,
a. 'n inha!ited ho$se or p$!lic
!$ilding or edi5ce devoted to
religio$s worship &'rt. 2AA) or
!. 'n $ninha!ited place or in a
private !$ilding &'rt. 3J2)
2. 0" there was no entrance the ofender !ro2e
a wardro!e chest or an# other 2ind o"
loc2ed or closed or sealed "$rnit$re or
receptacle in the ho$se or !$ilding or he
too2 it awa# to !e !ro2en or "orced open
o$tside
ART *88. ROBBERY IN AN INHABITED
HOUSE OR PUBLIC BUILDINE OR EDI9ICE
DEBOTED TO WORSHIP
SUBDIBISION 'A,
A. ELEMENTS
1. %hat the ofender entee/
a. an inha!ited ho$se or
!. p$!lic !$ilding or
c. edi5ce devoted to religio$s worship;
2. %hat the entrance was eCe$te/ b& an# o"
the "ollowing means,
a. %hro$gh an opening not intended "or
entrance or egress
!. 4# !rea2ing an# wall roo" or Koor or
!rea2ing an# door or window
c. 4# $sing "alse 2e#s pic2loc2s or
similar tools or
d. 4# $sing an# 5ctitio$s name or
pretending the e-ercise o" p$!lic
a$thorit#; and
3. %hat once inside the !$ilding the oCen/e
too6 >esonal >o>et& belon#!n# to
anot0e 1!t0 !ntent to #a!n.
B. %here m$st !e intention to ta2e personal
propert# in entering the !$ilding
C. %he ofender m$st enter the !$ilding in
which the ro!!er# was committed &i.e.
whole !od# o" the c$lprit m$st !e inside the
!$ilding)
D. Enhabited house is an# shelter ship or vessel
constit$ting the dwelling o" one or more
persons even tho$gh the inha!itants thereo"
are temporaril# a!sent there"rom when the
ro!!er# is committed
E. Public building is ever# !$ilding owned !#
the Government or !elonging to a private
person !$t $sed or rented !# the
Government altho$gh temporaril#
$nocc$pied !# the same
9. Dalse 9eys are gen$ine 2e#s stolen "rom the
owner or an# 2e#s other than those intended
!# the owner "or $se in the loc2 "orci!l#
opened !# the ofender &'rt. 3J8)
E. Pic9loc9 or similar tools are those speciall#
adopted to the commission o" ro!!er# &'rt.
3J7)
H. Hhen the "alse 2e# is $sed to open wardro!e
or loc2ed receptacle or drawer or inside
door it is onl# the"t
I. Ising o" 5ctitio$s name or pretending the
e-ercise o" p$!lic a$thorit# m$st !e the
e/cient ca$se o" the opening !# the
ofended part# o" the door o" his ho$se to
the acc$sed
G. %he "o$r means descri!ed m$st !e resorted
to !# ofender to enter not to get o$t
SUBDIBISION 'B,
A. ELEMENTS
1. %hat the ofender is inside a dwelling ho$se
p$!lic !$ilding or edi5ce devoted to
religio$s worship regardless o" the
circ$mstances $nder which he entered it;
and
2. %hat the ofender ta2es personal propert#
!elonging to another with intent to gain
$nder an# o" the "ollowing circ$mstances,
a. !# the !rea2ing o" doors wardro!es
chests or an# other 2ind o" loc2ed or
sealed "$rnit$re or receptacle or
!. !# ta2ing s$ch "$rnit$re or o!9ects
awa# to !e !ro2en or "orced open
o$tside the place o" the ro!!er#.
4. :ntrance need not !e efected !# an# o"
the means mentioned in s$!division &a)
C. N<oorsO re"er onl# to Ndoors lids or
opening sheetsO o" "$rnit$re or other
porta!le receptacles not to inside doors
o" ho$se or !$ilding
<. Hhen sealed !o- is ta2en o$t "or the
p$rpose o" !rea2ing it crime is alread#
cons$mmated ro!!er#. %here is no need
to act$all# open it inside the !$ilding
"rom where it was ta2en.
:. <isting$ished "rom esta"a or the"t
1. 0" the !o- was con5ded into the c$stod#
o" acc$sed and he ta2es the mone#
contained therein the crime is esta"a
2. 0" the !o- was "o$nd o$tside o" the
!$ilding and the acc$sed "orced it open
the crime is the"t
ART +33. ROBBERY IN AN UNINHABITED
PLACE AND BY A BAND
Penalt# in previo$s article will !e the ma-im$m
period i",
1. (o!!er# with "orce $pon things m$st !e
committed in an $ninha!ited place and !# a
!and
the inha!ited ho$se p$!lic
!$ilding or edi5ce devoted to
religio$s worship 3I;% !e
located in an $ninha!ited place
'; OPPO;:< %O, (o!!er# with violence
against or intimidation o" persons m$st !e
committed in an $ninha!ited place or !# a
!and
ART +31. WHAT IS AN INHABITED HOUSE<
PUBLIC BUILDINE< OR BUILDINE DECLARED
TO RELIEIOUS WORSHIP AND THEIR
DEPENDENCIES
RELUISITES 9OR DEPENDENCIES
'll interior co$rts corrals wareho$ses granaries
or enclosed places m$st !e,
1. Cont!#%o%s to the !$ilding;
*. Caving an !nte!o entan$e $onne$te/
therewith and
+. Gorming >at of t0e 10ole
place is still considered inha!ited
even i" the occ$pant is a!sent
when ro!!er# occ$red
ART. +3*. ROBBERY IN AN UNINHABITED
PLACE OR IN A PRIBATE BUILDINE
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat the ofender entee/ an %n!n0ab!te/
>la$e o a b%!l/!n# which was not a
dwelling ho$se not a p$!lic !$ilding or not
an edi5ce devoted to religio$s worship;
*. %hat an# o" the "ollowing circ$mstances was
present,
a. %hat entrance was efected thro$gh an
opening not intended "or entrance or
egress
!. ' wall roo" Koor or o$tside door or
window was !ro2en
c. %he entrance was efected thro$gh the
$se o" "alse 2e#s pic2loc2s or other
similar tools
d. ' door wardro!e chest or an# sealed or
closed "$rnit$re or receptacle was
!ro2en; or
e. ' closed or sealed receptacle was
removed even i" the same !e !ro2en
open elsewhere; and
+. %hat with intent to gain the ofender too2
there"rom personal propert# !elonging to
another
NOTESI
1. Ininha!ited place means an $ninha!ited
!$ilding
2. 4$ilding incl$des an# 2ind o" str$ct$re "or
storage or sa"e2eeping o" personal propert#
3. (o!!er# in a store
a. 'rt. 2AA i" the store is $sed as a
dwelling; or i" the store is a
dependenc# o" an inha!ited
ho$se with an interior entrance
connected therewith
!. 'rt. 3J2 i" the store is not $sed
as a dwelling
7. ta2ing o" mail matter or large cattle in an#
2ind o" ro!!er# ma2es the penalt# higher !#
one degree
8. penalt# is !ased on val$e o" propert# ta2en
ART. +3+. ROBBERY O9 CEREALS< 9RUITS<
OR 9IREWOOD IN AN UNINHABITED PLACE
OR PRIBATE BUILDINE
NOTESI
1. Hhen the ro!!er# descri!ed in 'rts. 2AA
and 3J2 consists in the ta2ing o" cereals
"r$its or 5rewood the penalt# is one
degree lower.
a. Onl# when ro!!er# is committed !# the
$se o" "orce $pon things
2. %he pala# m$st !e 2ept !# the owner as
NseedlingO or ta2en "or that p$rpose !#
the ro!!ers
a. <oes not incl$de ta2ing sac2s o" h$lled
rice &!igas) "alls $nder 'rt. 3J2
ART. +3(. POSSESSION O9 PICKLOCKS OR
SIMILAR TOOLS
ELEMENTS
1. %hat the oCen/e 0as !n 0!s >ossess!on
>!$6lo$6s o s!"!la tools;
*. %hat s$ch >!$6lo$6s o s!"!la tools ae
s>e$!all& a/o>te/ to the commission o"
ro!!er#; and
+. %hat the oCen/e /oes not 0a@e la1f%l
$a%se fo s%$0 >ossess!on
A$t%al %se of t0e >!$6lo$6s o s!"!la tools
!s not ne$essa&
l!ab!l!t& of a lo$6s"!t0 !s 0!#0e t0an
t0at of a "ee >ossesso
ART. +32. 9ALSE KEYS
WHAT CONSTITUTE
1. Pic2loc2s or similar tools
*. Gen$ine 2e#s stolen "rom the owner; and
+. 'n# 2e# other than those intended !# owner
"or $se in the loc2 "orci!l# opened !# the
ofender.
If t0e 6e& 1as ent%ste/ to t0e oCen/e
an/ 0e %se/ !t to steal< $!"e !s not
obbe& b%t t0eft.
Possess!on of false 6e&s !n '*, an/ '+, ae
not >%n!s0able
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ART. +3.. WHO ARE BRIEANDS K PENALTY
ELEMENTSI
1. %here are at least ( a"e/ >esons
*. %he# fo"e/ a ban/ of obbes
+. %he p$rpose is an# o" the "ollowing,
a. to commit ro!!er# in the highwa# or
b. to 2idnap persons "or the p$rpose o"
e-tortion or to o!tain ransom or
$. to attain !# means o" "orce and
violence an# other p$rpose
NOTESI
1. %he e-istence o" an# o" the p$rpose
mentioned is s$/cient &i.e. mere "ormation)
to convict
2. 0" an# o" the mem!ers carries $nlicensed
5rearm all are pres$med highwa# ro!!ers or
!rigands
3. 'rms carried need not necessaril# !e
5rearmsVas long as the# are deadl#
weapons
BRIEANDAEE DISTINEUISHED 9ROM
ROBBERY BY A BAND
BRIEANDAEE ROBBERY BY A BAND
P$rposes are those
en$merated a!ove
P$rpose is onl# to
commit ro!!er# not
necessaril# in highwa#
'greement to commit
ro!!er# not limited to
one occasion
'greement is to
commit onl# a
partic$lar ro!!er#
3ere "ormation o" a
!and is s$/cient to
convict
0t is necessar# to prove
act$al commission o"
ro!!er#
4oth re+$ire that the ofenders "orm a !and o"
ro!!ers
THINES TO PROBEI
1. that there is an organization o" more than 3
armed persons "orming a !and o" ro!!ers
2. that the p$rpose o" the !and is an# o" those
en$merated
3. that the# went $pon the highwa# or roamed
$pon the co$ntr# "or that p$rpose
7. that the acc$sed is a mem!er o" the !and
ART. +37. AIDINE AND ABETTINE A BAND
O9 BRIEANDS
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat there is a ban/ of b!#an/s;
2. %hat the oCen/e 6no1s t0e ban/ to !e
o" !rigands; and
3. %hat the ofender does an# o" the "ollowing
acts,
a. he in an# manner aids a!ets or protects
s$ch !and o" !rigands or
b. he gives them in"ormation o" the
movements o" the police or other peace
o/cers o" the Government or
$. he ac+$ires or receives the propert#
ta2en !# s$ch !rigands.
PRESUMPTION O9 LAW AS TO KNOWLEDEE
'n# person per"orming an# o" the acts provided
in this article has per"ormed them
2nowingl# $nless the contrar# is proven
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ART. +3:. WHO ARE LIABLE 9OR THE9T
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat there !e ta6!n# of >esonal
>o>et&;
*. %hat said >o>et& belon#s to anot0e;
+. %hat the ta2ing !e done 1!t0 !ntent to
#a!n;
(. %hat the ta2ing !e done 1!t0o%t t0e
$onsent of t0e o1ne; and
2. %hat the ta2ing !e accomplished witho$t the
$se o" violence against or intimidation o"
persons or "orce $pon things.
PERSONS LIABLE
1. %hose who,
a. with intent to gain
!. !$t witho$t violence against
or intimidation o" persons nor
"orce $pon things
c. ta2e personal propert# o"
another
d. witho$t the latter1s consent.
2. %hose who,
a. having "o$nd lost propert#
!. "ail to deliver the same to the
local a$thorities or its owner.
(etention o" mone#Bpropert# "o$nd is
the"t. Hhat is p$nished is retention
or "ail$re to ret$rn with intent to
gain.
%he ofender1s 2nowledge o" the
identit# o" the owner o" the propert#
is not re+$ired. Cis 2nowledge that
the property is lost is eno$gh.
3. %hose who,
a. a"ter having malicio$sl#
damaged the propert# o"
another
!. remove or ma2e $se o" the
"r$its or o!9ect o" the damage
ca$sed !# them.
Filling the cattle o" another which
destro#ed his&ofender1s) propert#
and getting meat "or himsel" is the"t
7. %hose who
a. enter an
enclosed
estate or a
5eld where
!. trespass is
"or!idden
or which
!elongs to
another
and
c. witho$t
the
consent o"
its owner
h$nt 5sh
or gather
"r$its
cereals or
other "arm
prod$cts
Gishing sho$ld not !e in the 5shpond
or 5sher# within the 5eld or estate;
otherwise it is +$ali5ed the"t $nder
'rt. 31J.
NOTESI
1. Inlaw"$l ta2ing cons$mmates the"t even
in the a!sence o" the opport$nit# to dispose
o" the personal propert# ta2en. %he
pres$med ina!ilit# o" the ofenders to "reel#
dispose o" the stolen propert# does not
negate the "act that the owners have alread#
!een deprived o" their right to possession
$pon the completion o" the ta2ing. Peo>le
@. B!llan%e@a< XE.R. No. 1.31::< G%ne
*1< *337Y< overt$rning the r$ling in People
v. <i^o 78 O.G. 377> 1@ Ge!r$ar# 1A7@ and
People v. Glores C.' >2 O.G. 2>77 1A>7
holding that the determinative "act o"
cons$mmation o" the"t is the a!ilit# o" the
ofender to dispose "reel# o" the articles
stolen)
%a2ing is cons$mmated the moment
the ofender has "$ll possession o"
the thing even i" he did not have an
opport$nit# to dispose o" the same; it
does not re+$ire the Nta2ing awa# or
carr#ing awa#O
a. $nless the thing to !e ta2en is
N!$l2#O it is cons$mmated onl#
when the ofender is a!le to place it
$nder his control and in s$ch a
sit$ation as he co$ld dispose o" it at
once; in the case o" N!$l2#O goods
the a!ilit# to dispose "reel# is
restricted
7J
2. %he Nta2ingO m$st !e accompanied !# the
intention at the time o" the ta2ing o"
withholding the thing with character o"
permanenc#
71
3. 0ntent to gain is pres$med "rom the $nlaw"$l
ta2ing
a. :-cept i" the person ta2es the
thing "rom another !elieving in
good "aith to !e his own
7. Consent &o" owner) contemplated in the
40
People v. Dlores, C.3., 1/ O. /1$$
41
People v. !ico, et al. C.3., -% O.. '(%'* Peple v. alang,
et al. C.3., $' O.. -))
element o" the"t re"ers to consent "reel#
given and not merel# implied "rom silence o"
the owner
a. 'llegation o" lac2
o" consent is
indispensa!le
DISTINEUISHED 9ROM ESTA9A
THE9T ESTA9A
0" onl# material
possession &i.e.
c$stod# o" o!9ect) was
given to the acc$sed
and it is act$all# ta2en
!# him with no intent
to ret$rn
0" 9$ridical possession is
trans"erred &:-. !# a
contract o" !ailment) to
the acc$sed and he
ta2es the propert# with
intent to gain
DISTINEUISHED 9ROM ROBBERY
THE9T ROBBERY
0" violence or
intimidation is
committed a"ter ta2ing
is complete
0" violence or
intimidation committed
a"ter ta2ing is complete
res$lts in homicide
rape intentional
m$tilation or serio$s
ph#sical in9$ries as a
special comple- crime
Gorce is a!sor!ed Gorce is emplo#ed to
enter
;$/cient that consent
on the part o" the
owner is lac2ing
6ecessar# that there
sho$ld !e a ta2ing
against the will o" the
owner
8. 0n the"t o" lost propert# it is necessar# to
prove,
a. %ime o" the seiz$re o" the things
!. %hat it was lost propert#
!elonging to another and
c. %hat the acc$sed having had the
opport$nit# to ret$rn or deliver
the lost propert# to its owner or
to the local a$thorities re"rained
"rom doing so
>. 6o "r$strated the"t
?. 'ct$al or real gain is not necessar#; eno$gh
that on ta2ing the propert# the acc$sed was
act$ated !# the desire or intent to gain
@. Inless "orce $pon things is $sed to enter a
!$ilding it is the"t and not ro!!er# :QC:P% it
is ro!!er# when a "$rnit$re chest or other
loc2edBsealed receptacle is !ro2en in the
ho$se or !$ilding or ta2en there"rom and
!ro2en o$tside
A. Hhen a person possesses part o" recentl#
stolen propert# he is pres$med to !e the
thie" o" all $nless he has a satis"actor#
e-planation o" his possession
1J. %he"t is 6O% a contin$ing ofense
ART +38. PENALTIES
BASIS
1. %he val$e andBor the nat$re o" the thing
ta2en or
2. %he circ$mstances or ca$ses that impelled
the c$lprit to commit the crime
0" there is no evidence o" the val$e o"
the propert# stolen the co$rt sho$ld,
a. impose the minim$m penalt#
involving the val$e o" P8.JJ
!. ta2e 9$dicial notice o" its val$e
ART +13. LUALI9IED THE9T
CIRCUMSTANCES
1. 0t is committed !# a /o"est!$ se@ant or
2. Committed with #a@e ab%se of
$on4/en$e or
3. %he >o>et& stolen is a,
a. motor vehicle
!. mail matter
c. large cattle
d. cocon$t "rom the premises o" a
plantation &whether still in the tree or
deposited on the gro$nd)
e. 5sh "rom a 5shpond or 5sher#
7. Committed on the o$$as!on of $ala"!t!es<
@e0!$%la a$$!/ent an/ $!@!l
/!st%ban$e.
NOTESI
1. NGrave a!$se o" con5denceO
necessitates a high degree o" con5dence
!etween the ofender and the ofended
part#. &:-. g$ests).
2. %he"t is +$ali5ed i" it is committed !# one
who has access to the place where
stolen propert# is 2ept. &:-. sec$rit#
g$ards tellers)
3. %he"t !# la!orer is onl# simple the"t; not
all the"t !# ho$semate is +$ali5ed the"t
7. 6ovation theor# applies onl# when
there1s contract$al relationship !etween
the acc$sed and complainant
8. Earge cattle animal m$st !e ta2en alive
OTHER CIRCUMSTANCES
1. %he"t o" motor vehicle
a. 'nti*Carnapping 'ct o" 1A?2 &(.'.
>83A)
2. %he"t o" large cattle
a. 'nti*Cattle
($stling
Eaw o"
1A?7
ART +11. THE9T O9 THE PROPERTY O9 THE
NATIONAL LIBRARY AND NATIONAL
MUSEUM
0t has a 5-ed penalt# regardless o" its val$e
P.D. 1.1* N ITS IMPLEMENTINE
RULES AND REEULATIONS
ANTI)9ENCINE LAW
I. 9ENCINE
1. 9ENCINE 'n act with intent to gain o"
!$#ing selling receiving possessing
2eeping or in an# other manner dealing in
an#thing o" val$e which a person 2nows or
sho$ld have 2nown to !e derived "rom the
proceeds o" the crime o" ro!!er# or the"t.
2. 9ENCE ' person who commits the act o"
"encing. ' "ence who receives stolen
propert# as a!ove*provided is not an
accessor# !$t a principal in the crime
de5ned in and p$nished !# the 'nti*Gencing
Eaw.
II. PRESUMPTION O9 9ENCINE
3ere possession o" an# good article
item o!9ect or an#thing o" val$e which has
!een the s$!9ect o" ro!!er# or thiever# shall
!e prima "acie evidence o" "encing.
III. DUTY TO OBTAIN CLEARANCE OR
PERMIT TO SELL 'AS AN EOCEPTION,
a.
!.
c.
d.
'n# person who &a) "ails to sec$re the
clearance or permit re+$ired !# this
section or &!) violates an# o" the
provisions o" the r$les and
reg$lations to !e prom$lgated to
carr# o$t this section shall $pon
conviction !e p$nished as a "ence
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ART. +1*. OCCUPATION O9 REAL PROPERTY
OR USURPATION O9 REAL RIEHTS IN
PROPERTY
ELEMENTS
1. %hat the ofender
a. ta2es
possession
o" an# real
propert#
or
!. $s$rps an#
real rights
in
propert#;
*. %hat the eal >o>et& o eal !#0ts
belon# to anot0e;
+. %hat @!olen$e a#a!nst o !nt!"!/at!on o"
persons is %se/ b& t0e oCen/e !n
o$$%>&!n# real propert# o %s%>at!on of
real rights in propert#; and
(. %hat there is !ntent to #a!n
DISTINEUISHED 9ROM THE9T OR ROBBERY
USURPATION THE9T OR ROBBERY
Occ$pation or
$s$rpation
%a2ing or asportation
0nvolves real propert#
or real right
0nvolves personal
propert#
0ntent to gain
NOTESI
1. MiolenceBintimidation m$st !e the means
$sed in occ$p#ing real propert# or $s$rping
real right !elonging to another
2. Criminal action is not a !ar to civil action "or
"orci!le entr#
At. +1+. Alte!n# bo%n/a!es o lan/"a6s
ELEMENTS
1. %hat there !e !o$ndar# mar2s or
mon$ments o" towns provinces or estates
or an# other "a6s !nten/e/ to
/es!#nate t0e bo%n/a!es o" the same;
and
*. %hat the oCen/e altes said !o$ndar#
mar2s.
Intent to #a!n o fa%/%lent !ntent !s
not ne$essa&H "ee alteat!on !s
s%D$!ent
'lter has a general and inde5nite
meaning; to ma2e diferent witho$t
changing into something else
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ART. +1(. 9RAUDULENT INSOLBENCY
ELEMENTSI
1. Ofender is a de!tor; that is he has
o!ligations d$e and pa#a!le;
*. Ofender a!sconds with his propert#; and
+. %hat there !e pre9$dice to his creditors.
A$t%al >e5%/!$e !s e=%!e/H "ee
!ntent!on to >e5%/!$e !s not
s%D$!ent
o "a& !n@ol@e eal >o>et&
INSOLBENCY LAW 9RAUDULENT
INSOLBENCY
%hat the criminal act
sho$ld have !een
committed a"ter the
instit$tion o"
insolvenc#
proceedings !e"ore
the Eaw applies
6o re+$irement; not
necessar# that
de"endant sho$ld have
!een ad9$dged
!an2r$pt or insolvent
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ART. +12. SWINDLINE 'ESTA9A,
ELEMENTS< IN EENERAL
1. A$$%se/ /efa%/e/ anot0e
a. !# a!$se
o"
con5dence
or
!. !# means
o" deceit;
and
2. %hat /a"a#e o >e5%/!$e $a>able of
>e$%n!a& est!"at!on !s $a%se/ to the
ofended part# or third person.
%he element o" damage or pre9$dice ma#
consist in,
a. %hat the
ofended
part#
!eing
deprived o"
his mone#
or
propert#
as a res$lt
o" the
de"ra$dati
on
b. <ist$r!anc
e in
propert#
rights or
$. %emporar#
pre9$dice
WAYS O9 COMMITTINE ESTA9A
A. Estafa W!t0 %nfa!t0f%lness o ab%se of
$on4/en$e
1. Alte!n# t0e s%bstan$e
Ele"entsI
a. Ofender has an oneo%s
obl!#at!on to /el!@e something o"
val$e;
!. %hat he altes !ts s%bstan$e<
=%ant!t&< o =%al!t&; and
c. %hat /a"a#e o >e5%/!$e !s
$a%se/ to another.
when there1s no agreement as to
the +$alit# o" the thing to !e
delivered the deliver# o" the
thing not accepta!le to the
complainant is not esta"a
crime ma# arise even tho$gh the
o!ligation is !ased on an immoral
or illegal consideration
*. B& "!sa>>o>!at!on o
$on@es!on
*.1. Ele"ents
a. %hat mone# goods or other personal
propert# !e received !# the ofender
!n t%st or on $o""!ss!on or fo
a/"!n!stat!on or $nder an# other
o!ligation involving the /%t& to
"a6e /el!@e& of< o to et%n the
same;
b. %hat there !e "!sa>>o>!at!on o
$on@es!on o" s$ch mone# or
propert# !# the ofender or /en!al
on 0!s >at of s%$0 e$e!>t;
$. %hat s$ch misappropriation or
conversion or denial is to t0e
>e5%/!$e of anot0e; and
/. %hat there is a /e"an/ "a/e b&
t0e oCen/e/ >at& to the ofender.
*.*. NOTESI
a. =$ridical possession &right o"
possession which ma# !e set $p
against its owner) is trans"erred
i. 's opposed to &a) trans"er
o" material possession
which res$lts in the"t or &!)
trans"er o" ownership which
res$lts in civil lia!ilit# onl#
ii. 0t is pres$med that the
possession o" and title to
the thing delivered remains
in the owner when the
deliver# o" a chattel has not
the efect o" trans"erring
the 9$ridical possession
thereo" or title thereto
iii. 0ncl$des +$asi*contracts
and certain contracts o"
!ailment &deposit lease
commodat$m !$t not
m$t$$m Xloan o" mone#Y)
iv. Criminal lia!ilit# "or esta"a
is not afected !#
s$!se+$ent novation o"
contract a"ter esta"a has
alread# !een cons$mmated
or inc$rred or a"ter criminal
in"ormationBcomplaint has
alread# !een 5led
!. Se$on/ ele"entI 3 wa#s o"
committing esta"a wB a!$se o"
con5dence, 3isappropriation
conversion denial
i. Mia11ro1riation is to
ta2e something "or one1s
own !ene5t
ii. Converion is to $se or
dispose o" another1s
propert# as i" it were one1s
own
c. T0!/ ele"entI Pre9$dice re"ers
to NanotherO or an# third person
and not merel# to the owner
i. ' partner ma# !e lia!le "or
esta"a i" he misappropriates
the share o" another
partner in pro5ts or i" he
receives mone#Bpropert#
"or a speci5c p$rpose and
later misappropriates it
d. 9o%t0 ele"entI <emand is not
re+$ired !# law; !$t it is
necessar# to provide
circ$mstantial evidence i" there
is "ail$re to acco$nt $pon
demand
<emand is not dispensed with
even i",
i. the ofender cannot !e
located;
4I% in Peo>le @. B!lle#as
X2. O.E. 11< 18+:Y i" the
ofender is in hiding it is a
clear indication o" a
premeditated intention to
a!scond with the thing
received and the ofender
co$ld not have complied
with the demand even i"
made hence demand is
not necessar# or
ii. there was an agreement
$pon speci5c time "or
deliver# or ret$rn o" the
things received;
4I% in Peo>le @. L!bea
X(: O.E. 2+32Y i" the
receipt signed !# the
acc$sed stip$lated a
speci5ed date "or the ret$rn
o" the thing s$ch speci5ed
date is in itsel" a demand
dispensing with the need
"or a s$!se+$ent demand to
!e made
e. %here is no esta"a thro$gh
negligence
ESTA9A WITH ABUSE O9 CON9IDENCE BS.
THE9T
ESTA9A WITH ABUSE
O9 CON9IDENCE
THE9T
Ofender receives the
thing "rom the
ofended part#
Ofender ta2es the
thing
0" in receiving the
thing the ofender
ac+$ired not onl#
material !$t also
9$ridical possession o"
the thing
0" in receiving the
thing the ofender
ac+$ired onl# material
or transitor#
possession while the
9$ridical possession
remains with the
ofended part#
TEST TO DISTINEUISH ESTA9A 9ROM
THE9T, Hhether or not the owner e-pects the
immediate ret$rn o" the thing he delivered to
the acc$sed,
a. i" #es it is
the"t;
!. otherwise it is
esta"a;
$nless the ofender is a servant
domestic or emplo#ee where
c$stod# is onl# precario$s and "or a
temporar# p$rpose or "or a short
period hence 9$ridical or
constr$ctive possession remains with
the owner &Constr$ctive possession
is when the owner still has $nder his
control and management and s$!9ect
to his disposition the thing even i"
act$al ph#sical possession is alread#
trans"erred)
DISTINEUISHED 9ROM MALBERSATION
ESTA9A WITH ABUSE
O9 CON9IDENCE
MALBERSATION
Ofenders are entr$sted with "$nds or propert#
Contin$ing ofense
'lwa#s involves private
"$nds
0nvolves p$!lic "$nds
or propert#
Ofender is a private
individ$al or a p$!lic
o/cer not acco$nta!le
"or p$!lic "$nds
Ofender is a p$!lic
o/cer acco$nta!le "or
p$!lic "$nds
Committed !#
misappropriating
converting den#ing
having received mone#
Committed !#
appropriating ta2ing or
misappropriating or
consenting or thro$gh
a!andonment or
negligence permitting
another to ta2e
+. B& ta6!n# %n/%e
a/@anta#e of t0e
s!#nat%e of t0e oCen/e/
>at& !n blan6
+.1. Ele"ents
a. %hat the >a>e 1!t0 t0e
s!#nat%e of t0e oCen/e/
>at& !e !n blan6;
!. %hat the oCen/e/ >at& s0o%l/
0a@e /el!@ee/ !t to oCen/e;
c. %hat a!ove the signat$re o" the
ofended part# a doc$ment is
1!tten b& t0e oCen/e
1!t0o%t a%t0o!t& to do so; and
d. %hat the doc$ment so written
$eates a l!ab!l!t& of< o
$a%ses /a"a#e to the ofended
part# or an# third person.
3.2. 0" the paper with signat$re in
!lan2 was stolen the crime is
"alsi5cation i" the ofender made it
appear that the victim participated in
a transaction when in "act he did not
so participate.
B. B& "eans of /e$e!t
1. Ele
"e
nts
a. %hat there m$st !e a false
>etense< fa%/%lent a$t o
fa%/%lent "eans
!. %hat s$ch "alse pretense "ra$d$lent
act or "ra$d$lent means m$st !e
"a/e o e?e$%te/ >!o to o
s!"%ltaneo%sl& 1!t0 t0e
$o""!ss!on of t0e fa%/;
c. %hat the oCen/e/ >at& "%st
0a@e el!e/ on the "alse pretense
"ra$d$lent act or "ra$d$lent means
that is he was !n/%$e/ to >at
1!t0 0!s "one& o >o>et&
be$a%se of the "alse pretense
"ra$d$lent act or "ra$d$lent means;
and
d. %hat as a res$lt thereo" the
oCen/e/ >at& s%Cee/ /a"a#e.
ESTA9A BY MEANS
O9 DECEIT
THE9T
0nvolves !oth material
or ph#sical possession
and 9$ridical
possession
0nvolves onl# material
or ph#sical possession
'lwa#s involves deceit 3a# or ma# not involve
deceit
*. T1
o
1a
&s
of
$o
"
"!t
t!n
#I
a. 4# means o" "alse pretense or
"ra$d$lent act or
!. %hro$gh "ra$d$lent means
B.1. 4# means o" false
>etense o fa%/%lent
a$t
1. 4# $sing 5ctitio$s name or "alsel#
pretending to possess power
inK$ence +$ali5cations propert#
credit agenc# !$siness or imaginar#
transactions or !# means o" other
similar deceits
a. 0t is indispensa!le that the
element o" deceit &i.e. the "alse
statement or "ra$d$lent
representation) !e made prior to
or at least sim$ltaneo$sl# with
the deliver# o" the thing s$ch
that the deceit $ses constit$tes
the ver# ca$se or the onl# motive
which ind$ces the complainant to
part with the thing
2. 4# alte!n# the +$alit# 5neness or
weight o" an#thing pertaining to his
art or !$siness
3. B& >eten/!n# to 0a@e b!be/ an#
Government emplo#ee witho$t
pre9$dice to the action "or cal$mn#
which the ofended part# ma# deem
proper to !ring against the ofender
7. 4# >ost/at!n# a $0e$6 or iss$ing a
chec2 in pa#ment o" an o!ligation
when the ofender had no "$nds in
the !an2 or his "$nds deposited
therein were not s$/cient to cover
the amo$nt o" the chec2
a. Prima "acie evidence o" deceit,
"ail$re to deposit the amo$nt
necessar# to cover chec2 within
three &3) da#s "rom receipt o"
notice "rom !an2 o" dishonor "or
ins$/cienc# o" "$nds
!. %he chec2 iss$ed m$st !e
gen$ine and not "alsi5ed;
otherwise it is esta"a !# means
o" "alse pretense or thro$gh
"alsi5cation
c. %he o!ligation covered !# the
chec2 m$st !e contracted at the
time o" the iss$ance and deliver#
o" the chec2; otherwise &i.e. i" "or
a pre*e-isiting o!ligation) there
is no esta"a
d. %he acc$sed m$st !e a!le to
o!tain something "rom the
ofended part# !# means o" the
chec2 damage done against the
ofended part
e. %here is no esta"a i" the
postdated chec2s are iss$ed and
intended merel# as a sec$rit#
BOUNCINE CHECKS LAW 'B.P. **, PLUS
ADMINISTRATIBE CIRCULAR NO. 1*)*333
REI PENALTY 9OR BIOLATION O9 B.P. **
AND ADMINISTRATIBE CIRCULAR NO. 1+)
+331 REI CLASSI9ICATION O9 AC 1*)*333
TWO WAYS O9 COMMITTINEI
A. BY KNOWINELY MAKINE OR DRAWINE
AND ISSUINE ANY CHECK WITH
INSU99ICIENT 9UNDS OR CREDIT
ELEMENTSI
1. %
h
a
t
a
p
e
r
s
o
n
"
a
6
e
s
o
a
1
s
a
n
/
!
s
s
%
e
s
a
n
&
$
0
e
$
6
;
2. %
h
a
t
t
h
e
c
h
e
c
2
i
s
m
a
d
e
o
r
d
r
a
w
n
a
n
d
i
s
s
$
e
d
t
o
a
>
>
l
&
o
n
a
$
$
o
%
n
t
o
f
o
@
a
l
%
e
;
3. %
h
a
t
t
h
e
p
e
r
s
o
n
w
h
o
m
a
2
e
s
o
r
d
r
a
w
s
a
n
d
i
s
s
$
e
s
t
h
e
c
h
e
c
2
6
n
o
1
s
a
t
t
0
e
t
!
"
e
o
f
!
s
s
%
e
t
0
a
t
0
e
/
o
e
s
n
o
t
0
a
@
e
s
%
f
f
!
$
!
e
n
t
f
%
n
/
s
!
n
o
e
/
!
t
1
!
t
0
t
h
e
d
r
a
w
e
e
!
a
n
2
"
o
r
t
h
e
p
a
#
m
e
n
t
o
"
s
$
c
h
c
h
e
c
2
i
n
"
$
l
l
$
p
o
n
i
t
s
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
m
e
n
t
;
7. %
h
a
t
t
h
e
c
h
e
c
2
&
a
)
i
s
s
$
!
s
e
+
$
e
n
t
l
#
d
i
s
h
o
n
o
r
e
d
!
#
t
h
e
d
r
a
w
e
e
!
a
n
2
"
o
r
i
n
s
$
"
"
i
c
i
e
n
c
#
o
"
"
$
n
d
s
o
r
c
r
e
d
i
t
o
r
&
!
)
w
o
$
l
d
h
a
v
e
!
e
e
n
d
i
s
h
o
n
o
r
e
d
"
o
r
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
r
e
a
s
o
n
h
a
d
n
o
t
t
h
e
d
r
a
w
e
r
w
i
t
h
o
$
t
a
n
#
v
a
l
i
d
r
e
a
s
o
n
o
r
d
e
r
e
d
t
h
e
!
a
n
2
t
o
s
t
o
p
p
a
#
m
e
n
t
.
B. BY 9AILINE TO KEEP SU99ICIENT 9UNDS
IN OR CREDIT WITH THE DRAWEE BANK
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat a person 0as s%D$!ent f%n/s
!n o $e/!t 1!t0 the drawee !an2
when he ma2es or draws and iss$es a
chec2;
2. %hat he fa!ls to 6ee> s%D$!ent
f%n/s o to "a!nta!n a $e/!t to
$o@e the "$ll amo$nt o" the chec2 i"
presented 1!t0!n a >e!o/ of 83
/a&s fo" t0e /ate a>>ea!n#
thereon; and
3. %hat the chec2 is /!s0onoe/ !# the
drawee !an2.
NOTESI
(. %he gravamen o" 4P 22 is the
iss$ance o" a chec2; hence the
act is malum prohibitum
/. 0t is no de"ense that,
a. Inder the 5rst wa# o" violating 4P22
the drawer ordered the !an2 to stop
pa#ment i" the chec2 wo$ld have
!een dishonored "or ins$/cient "$nds
had the order not !een made; $nless
the order was made "or a valid reason
&e.g. wrong pa#ee)
!. Inder the second wa# o" violating
4P22 the drawer had s$/cient "$nds
in or credit with the drawee !an2
!eca$se the drawer is o$ght to 2eep
s$/cient "$nds or maintain a credit to
cover the chec2
'. Prima facie evidence o" 2nowledge
o" ins$/cienc# o" "$nds, when
presented within AJ da#s "rom the
date o" the chec2;
E?$e>tI when the ma2er or drawer &a)
pa#s the holder thereo" the amo$nt d$e
thereon or &!) ma2es arrangements "or
pa#ment in "$ll !# the drawee o" s$ch
chec2 within 5ve &8) !an2ing da#s a"ter
receiving notice o" dishonor
$. 'n ac+$ittal or conviction o" the
drawer $nder the (evised Penal
Code is not a !ar to his
prosec$tion or conviction $nder
4P 22 !eca$se the latter law
re+$ires the additional "act o" the
drawer1s 2nowledge o" lac2 o"
ins$/cienc# o" "$nds
SC ADMIN. CIRCULAR 1*)*333I
(. %he circ$lar provides that in a
4P22 conviction the 9$dge in his
discretion ma# impose 5ne alone
witho$t imprisonment.
/. %he 5ne sho$ld !e not less than
!$t nor more than do$!le the amo$nt o"
the dishonored chec2s.
'. %he circ$lar is not a penal law
hence there is no retroactivit# in "avor o"
the acc$sed. %he circ$lar applies onl# to
cases pending at its efectivit#. E;o!a v-
GalveF (*++/)G
$. %he circ$lar merel# la#s down a
r$le o" pre"erence. 0t does not amend
4P22. 0t merel# $rges the co$rts to ta2e
into acco$nt not onl# the p$rpose o" the
law !$t also the circ$mstances o" the
acc$sedVwhether he acted in good "aith
or on clear mista2e o" "aith witho$t taint
o" negligence. %h$s imprisonment ma#
still !e imposed. E;o!a v- GalveF
(*++/)G
DISTINEUISHED ESTA9A BY POSDATINE A
CHECK 9ROM BOUNCINE CHECKS LAW
ESTA9A BY
POSTDATINE A CHECK
XART. +12< PAR. *'D,Y
BOUNCINE CHECKS
LAW
'B.P. **,
Ofender emplo#ed
deceit
6o deceit emplo#ed;
malum prohibitum
Pa#ee or person $sing
receiving the chec2
m$st !e de"ra$ded or
damaged &damage
!eing the !asis o"
penalt#)
6o damage necessar#
<oes not cover chec2s
iss$ed "or a pre*
e-isting o!ligation
3a# !e iss$ed to cover
"or pre*e-isting
o!ligation
8. 4# an# o" the "ollowing acts committed at
a hotel, inn, restaurant, boarding house,
lodging house, or apartment ho$se,
a. 4# o!taining "ood re"reshment or
accommodation therein witho$t
pa#ing there"or with intent to
de"ra$d the proprietor or manager
thereo"
!. 4# o!taining credit therein !# the
$se o" an# "alse pretense
c. 4# a!andoning or s$rreptitio$sl#
removing an# part o" his !aggage
"rom therein a"ter o!taining credit
"ood re"reshment or
accommodation therein witho$t
pa#ing there"or
B.*. %hro$gh
fa%/%lent "eans
1. 4# ind$cing another to sign an#
doc$ment
ELEMENTSI
a. %hat the oCen/e !n/%$e/ t0e
oCen/e/ >at& to s!#n a
/o$%"ent
b. %hat /e$e!t be e">lo&e/ to
ma2e him sign the doc$ment
$. %hat the oCen/e/ >at&
>esonall& s!#ne/ the
doc$ment
/. %hat >e5%/!$e be $a%se/
2. 4# resorting to some fa%/%lent
>a$t!$e to ins$re s$ccess in a
#a"bl!n# #a"e
3. 4# e"o@!n#< $on$eal!n# o
/esto&!n# /o$%"ents
ELEMENTSI
a. %hat there !e co$rt record o/ce
5les doc$ments or an# other
papers;
b. %hat the oCen/e e"o@e/<
$on$eale/< o /esto&e/ an# o"
them
$. %hat the ofender 0a/ !ntent to
/efa%/ anot0e
DISTINEUISHED 9ROM 9ALSI9ICATION
ESTA9A BY INDUCINE
ANOTHER TO SIEN
ANY DOCUMENT
9ALSI9ICATION
3isrepresentations as
to the character o" the
doc$ments e-ec$ted
Ofended part# was
willing and read# "rom
the !eginning to sign
the doc$ment in the
!elie" it contained
statements made !#
him; !$t the ofender
in preparing the
doc$ment attri!$ted
statements diferent
"rom those made !#
the ofended part#
DISTINEUISHED 9ROM MALICIOUS
MISCHIE9
ESTA9A BY MALICIOUS
DESTROYINE
DOCUMENTS
XART. +12< PAR. +'C,Y
MISCHIE9
'ART. +*7,
0ntent to de"ra$d 0ntent to de"ra$d is not
re+$ired
DISTINEUISHED 9ROM IN9IDELITY IN
CUSTODY O9 DOCUMENTS
ESTA9A BY
REMOBINE<
CONCEALINE< OR
DESTROYINE
DOCUMENTS
XART. +12< PAR.
+'C,Y
IN9IDELITY IN
CUSTODY 'ART.
**.,
;imilar in the manner o" committing the ofense
Ofender is a private
individ$al or even a
p$!lic o/cer who is not
o/ciall# entr$sted with
the doc$ments
Ofender is a p$!lic
o/cer who is o/ciall#
entr$sted with the
doc$ment
0ntent to de"ra$d 0ntent to de"ra$d is
not re+$ired
Co">le? $!"e of estafa an/ t0eft
0t is committed when the"t is emplo#ed as a
necessar# means to commit esta"a. People vs.
L$sa# X>J Phil. 8A@Y ill$strates, ' owns
pawnshop tic2ets which he entr$sted to 4 "or
sa"e2eeping. ' "orgot a!o$t the incident and a
wee2 later C too2 the tic2et "rom 4 and re"$sed
to ret$rn it despite insistent demands made !#
4. %hen C redeemed 9ewels $sing the tic2et
witho$t 2nowledge and consent o" ' and 4. C
committed the"t as a necessar# means to
commit esta"a C too2 the tic2et with intent to
gain and witho$t the consent o" either ' or 4; C
then $sed a 5ctitio$s name to redeem the
9ewels there!# committing esta"a.
NOTEI <amage ca$sed witho$t deceit or
witho$t a!$se o" con5dence gives rise onl# to
civil lia!ilit#
ART +1.. OTHER 9ORMS O9 SWINDLINE
NOTEI %here m$st !e act$al damage not
merel# intent to ca$se damage in view o" the
!asis o" the penalt# which is the Nval$e o" the
damage ca$sedO as provided in the provision
1. BY CONBEYINE< SELLINE<
ENCUMBERINE< OR MORTEAEINE ANY
REAL PROPERTY< PRETENDINE TO BE
THE OWNER O9 THE SAME.
ELEMENTSI
a. %hat the thing !e
!""o@able s$ch as a parcel
o" land or a !$ilding;
!. %hat the oCen/e< 10o !s
not t0e o1ne o" said
propert# e>esente/ t0at
0e !s t0e o1ne thereo";
c. %hat the ofender sho$ld have
e?e$%te/ an a$t of
o1nes0!> &selling leasing
enc$m!ering or mortgaging
the real propert#);
d. %hat the act !e "a/e to t0e
>e5%/!$e of t0e o1ne o
a t0!/ >eson.
NOTEI
a. Claim o" ownership is diferent "rom
pretense o" ownership, the "ormer
cannot !e said to have pretended to
!e the owner even i" his claim is
de"ective hence not lia!le $nder
this article
!. <isting$ished "rom esta"a !# "alsel#
pretending to possess propert#
ESTA9A BY SELLINE<
ENCUMBERINE< OR
MORTEAEINE ANY
REAL PROPERTY<
PRETENDINE TO BE
OWNER
'ART. +1.< PAR.1,
ESTA9A BY 9ALSELY
PRETENDINE TO
POSSESS
PROPERTY XART.
+12< PAR. *'A,Y
0nvolves onl# real
propert#
0nvolves either
personal or real
propert#
%he ofender e-ercises
or e-ec$tes as part o"
the "alse
representation some
act o" dominion or
ownership over the
propert#
;$ch e-ercise or
e-ec$tion need not !e
present
*. BY DISPOSINE O9 REAL PROPERTY AS
9REE 9ROM ENCUMBRANCE< ALTHOUEH
SUCH ENCUMBRANCE BE NOT
RECORDED
ELEMENTSI
a. %hat the thing disposed o" !e
eal >o>et&;
b. %hat the oCen/e 6ne1
t0at t0e eal >o>et& 1as
en$%"bee/ whether the
enc$m!rance is recorded or
not.
$. %hat there m$st !e e?>ess
e>esentat!on b& t0e
oCen/e that the eal
>o>et& !s fee fo"
en$%"ban$e; and
/. %hat the act o" disposing o"
the real propert# !e "a/e to
t0e /a"a#e of anot0e.
NOTEI
a. %he enc$m!rance
m$st !e legall#
constit$ted
notwithstanding the
provision Naltho$gh
s$ch enc$m!rance !e
not recordedO
b. %he ofended art#
m$st have !een
deceived i.e. he
wo$ld not have
granted the loan had
he 2nown that the
propert# was alread#
enc$m!ered
$. 0" personal propert# is
involved appl# 'rt.
31A
+. BY WRONE9ULLY TAKINE BY THE
OWNER O9 HIS PERSONAL PROPERTY
9ROM ITS LAW9UL POSSESSOR
ELEMENTSI
a. %hat the oCen/e !s
t0e o1ne of
>esonal >o>et&;
b. %hat said personal
propert# is !n t0e
la1f%l >ossess!on
of anot0e;
$. %hat the oCen/e
1on#f%ll& ta6es !t
"rom its law"$l
possessor; and
/. %hat >e5%/!$e !s
t0eeb& $a%se/ to
t0e >ossesso o
t0!/ >eson.
NOTEI
a. %he act is p$nisha!le as the"t
when the owner o" a propert#
too2 it witho$t the consent o" the
law"$l possessor then charged
the possessor with the val$e o"
the propert# !eca$se there is
intent to gain
!. NHrong"$l ta2ingO does not
incl$de violence,
!. Hith intent to gain ro!!er#
!!. Hitho$t intent to gain grave
coercion
(. BY EOECUTINE A 9ICTITIOUS CONTRACT
TO THE PREGUDICE O9 ANOTHER
DISTINEUISHED 9ROM 9RAUDULENT
INSOLBENCY
ESTA9A BY
EOECUTINE ANY
9ICTITIOUS
CONTRACT
'ART. +1.< PAR. (,
9RAUDULENT
INSOLBENCY 'ART.
+1.,
Ofender sim$lates a
conve#ance o" his
propert#
%he conve#ance is real
and made "or a
consideration
2. BY ACCEPTINE ANY COMPENSATION
9OR SERBICES
%his crime re+$ires "ra$d; otherwise
solution indebiti res$lts "or which a civil
o!ligation arises
0" the mone# in pa#ment o" a de!t and
delivered to a wrong person and re"$sed
or "ailed to ret$rn the mone# to the
owner therea"ter it is esta"a !# denial o"
receipt o" mone# $nder 'rt. 318 1&!)
.. BY SELLINE OR MORTEAEINE OR
ENCUMBERINE REAL PROPERTY OR
PROPERTIES WITH WHICH THE
O99ENDER EUARANTEED THE
9UL9ILMENT O9 HIS OBLIEATION AS
SURETY
ELEMENTSI
a. %hat the oCen/e !s a s%et& in a
!ond given in a criminal or civil
action;
!. %hat he g$aranteed the "$l5llment o"
s$ch o!ligation 1!t0 0!s eal
>o>et& o >o>et!es;
c. %hat he sells< "ot#a#es< o< !n
an& ot0e "anne en$%"bes
said real propert#;
d. %hat s$ch sale mortage or
enc$m!rance is
i. witho$t e-press a$thorit# "rom
the co$rt or
ii. made !e"ore the cancellation o"
his !ond or
iii. !e"ore !eing relieved "rom the
o!ligation contracted !# him.
ART. +17. SWINDLINE A MINOR
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat the ofender ta6es a/@anta#e of t0e
!ne?>e!en$e o e"ot!ons o feel!n#s o"
a minor;
*. %hat he !n/%$es s%$0 "!no
a. to ass$me an o!ligation or
!. to give release or
c. to e-ec$te a trans"er o" an#
propert# right;
+. %hat the consideration is
a. some loan o" mone#
!. credit or
c. other personal propert#; and
(. %hat the transaction is to the detriment o"
s$ch minor.
NOTES,
1. It !s s%D$!ent t0at t0e oCen/e ta6es
a/@anta#e of t0e !ne?>e!en$e o
e"ot!ons of t0e "!no
2. 'ct$al proo" o" deceit or misrepresentation is
not necessar#
3. (eal propert# is not incl$ded
ART. +1:. OTHER DECEITS
PUNISHABLE ACTS
1. 4# de"ra$ding or damaging another !# an#
other deceit not mentioned in preceding
articles; and
*. 4# interpretating dreams ma2ing "orecasts
"ort$ne*telling or !# ta2ing advantage o" the
cred$lit# o" the p$!lic in an# other similar
manner "or pro5t or gain.
NOTEI <amage to the ofended part# is re+$ired
SCOPE K an# other 2ind o" conceiva!le deceit
ma# "all $nder this article
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C0a>te 7I C0attel Mot#a#e
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ART. +18. REMOBAL< SALE OR PLEDEE O9
MORTEAEED PROPERTY
ACTS PUNISHABLE
1. KNOWINELY REMOBINE MORTEAEED
PERSONAL PROPERTY
1.1. ELEMENTSI
a. %hat personal propert# is
"ot#a#e/ %n/e t0e C0attel
Mota#e La1;
!. %hat the oCen/e 6no1s that s$ch
propert# is so mortgaged;
c. %hat 0e e"o@es s$ch mortgaged
personal to an# province or cit# other
than the one in which it was located
at the time o" the e-ec$tion o" the
mortgage;
d. %hat the e"o@al !s >e"anent;
and
e. %hat there is no 1!tten $onsent o"
the mortgagee or his e-ec$tors
administrator or assignees to s$ch
removal.
NOTEI
a. %he ofender need not !e the
mortgagor; it ma# !e Nan# personO
b. P$rpose is to protect mortgagee who
sho$ld !e a!le to have a read#
access to and eas# reach o" the
propert# s$!9ect o" mortgage
$. Chattel mortgage m$st !e registered
/. (emoval m$st !e co$pled with intent
to de"ra$d
e. Giling a civil action "or collection
instead "or "oreclos$re o" chattel
mortgage relieves the acc$sed o"
criminal responsi!ilit#
*. SELLINE OR PLEDEINE PERSONAL
PROPERTY ALREADY PLEDEED
*.1ELEMENTSI
a. %hat personal propert# is alread#
pledged $nder the terms o" the
Chattel 3ortgage Eaw;
!. %hat the ofender who is the
mortgagor o" s$ch propert# sells or
pledges the same or an# part
thereo"; and
c. %hat there is no consent o" the
mortgagee written on the !ac2 o" the
mortgage and noted on the record
thereo" in the o/ce o" the register o"
deeds
NOTEI
a. <amage to mortgagee is not
essential
i. 0" damage accr$es it ma# give
rise to esta"a !# means o"
deceit
DISTINEUISHED 9ROM ESTA9A BY
DISPOSINE O9 ENCUMBERED PROPERTY
'ART. +1.,
SELLINE OR ESTA9A BY
PLEDEINE
PERSONAL
PROPERTY ALREADY
PLEDEED
'ART. +18< PAR.*,
DISPOSINE O9
ENCUMBERED
PROPERTY 'ART. +1.<
PAR. *,
4oth involve the selling o" mortgaged propert#
Personal propert# is
involved &e-cept i"
ho$se is s$!9ect to
chattel mortgage)
(eal propert# is
involved
Committed !# the
mere "ail$re to o!tain
the consent o" the
mortgagee in writing
even i" the ofender
sho$ld in"orm the
p$rchaser that the
thing sold is
mortgaged
0t is s$/cient that the
real propert#
mortgaged !e sold as
"ree even tho$gh the
vendor ma# have
o!tained the consent o"
the mortgagee in
writing
Consent o" mortgagee
is material; 2nowledge
as to enc$m!rance is
no
Consent o" mortgagee
is immaterial
P$rpose is to protect
the mortgagee
P$rpose is to protect
the p$rchaser
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C0a>te :I Ason an/ Ot0e C!"es
In@ol@!n# Dest%$t!on
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ARSON is the malicio$s destr$ction o" propert#
!# 5re
THREE '+, CATEEORIES O9 THE CRIME O9
ARSON
'. <estr$ctive 'rson &'rt. 32J as amended !#
(.'. ?>8A)
4. ;imple 'rson &;ec. 1 P.<. 1>13)
C. Other cases o" arson &;ec. 3 P.<. 1>13)
ART. +*3. DESTRUCTIBE ARSON 'AS
AMENDED BY R.A 7.28,
%he penalt# o" recl$sion perpet$a to death shall
!e imposed $pon,
1. 'n# person who shall !$rn
a. One or more !$ildings or edi5ces
conse+$ent to one single act or
sim$ltaneo$s acts o" !$rning
!. 4$ilding o" p$!lic or private ownership
generall# open to p$!lic or where people
$s$all# gather or congregate "or a
p$rpose regardless o" whether the
ofender had 2nowledge that there are
persons present or whether !$ilding is
inha!ited or not
c. %rain or locomotive ship or vessel
airship or airplane "or transportation or
conve#ance p$!lic $se leis$re or
entertainment
d. 4$ilding "actor# wareho$se and an#
app$rtenance thereto "or service o"
p$!lic $tilities
e. 'n# !$ilding to concealBdestro#
incriminator# evidence conceal
!an2r$ptc# de"ra$d creditors or collect
"rom ins$rance
". 'rsenal militar# storeho$se or powder
"actor# and the li2e archives or general
m$se$m o" the Government
g. 'n# "actor#Bstoreho$se o" inKamma!le or
e-plosive materials in an $ninha!ited
place
2. %wo &2) or more persons or a gro$p o"
persons
a. 0rrespective o" the a!ovementioned
+$ali"#ing circ$mstances and
b. (egardless o" whether the p$rpose is
merel# to !$rn or destro# or as an overt
act to commit another violation o" law
THREE '+, STAEES
1. Atte">te/, ofender commences the
commission o" the crime directl# !#
overt acts !$t he does not per"orm all
acts o" e-ec$tion &i.e. was not a!le to
light 5re) d$e to timel# intervention o"
another. 0t is not necessar# that there !e
a 5re &e.g. placing rags soa2ed in
gasoline !eside the wooden wall o"
!$ilding)
2. Cons%""ate/I ofender was a!le to light
5re and to !$rn at least a part o" !$ilding
&e.g. charring o" the wood where!# the 5!er
o" the wood is destro#ed);
:-cept when the contents o" a !$ilding was
set on 5re no part o" the !$ilding need !e
!$rned
P.D. 1.1+
ANTI)ARSON LAW
P.<. 1>13 e-pressl# repealed or amended 'rts.
32J*32>&4); P.<. 1?77 then revived 'rt. 32J; (.'.
?>8A amended the provisions o" 'rt. 32J; the
provisions o" P.<. 1>13 inconsistent with (.'.
?>8A is repealed
'. SIMPLE ARSON '%n/e Se$. 1,
>%n!s0able b& #riion Ma!or against,
1. 'n# person who !$rns or sets 5re to the
propert# o" another
*. 'n# person who sets 5re to his own propert#
$nder circ$mstances which e?>ose to
/an#e t0e l!fe o >o>et& of anot0e
4. OTHER CASES O9 ARSON '%n/e Se$. +,
>%n!s0able b& Recl)ion Tem1oral to
Recl)ion #er1et)a< i" propert# !$rned !e
an# o",
1. 'n# !$ilding $sed as o/ces o" the
government or an# o" its agencies
2. 'n# inha!ited ho$se or dwelling;
0t is not re+$ired that the ho$se !e
occ$pied !# one or more persons and
the ofender 2new it when the ho$se
was !$rned
3. 'n# ind$strial esta!lishment ship#ard oil
well or mine sha"t plat"orm or t$nnel;
7. 'n# plantation "arm past$reland growing
crop grain 5eld orchard !am!oo grove or
"orest;
8. 'n# rice mill s$gar mill cane mill or mill
central; and
>. 'n# railwa# or !$s station airport whar" or
wareho$se.
SPECIAL AEERABATINE circ$mstances in arson
&penalt# imposed in ma-im$m period)I
1. 0" committed with !ntent to #a!n;
*. 0" committed "or the bene4t of anot0e;
+. 0" the ofender is motivated !# s>!te o
0ate/ towards the owner or occ$pant o" the
propert# !$rned; or
(. 0" committed !# a s&n/!$ate.
#RIMA FACIE EBIDENCE O9 EUILT
1. 0" the 5re started sim$ltaneo$sl# in more than
one part o" the !$ilding or esta!lishment
2. 0" s$!stantial amo$nt o" Kamma!le
s$!stances or materials are stored within the
!$ilding not o" the ofender nor "or ho$sehold
$se
3. 0" gasoline 2erosene petrole$m or other
Kamma!le or com!$sti!le s$!stances or
materials soa2ed therewith or containers
thereo" or an# mechanical electrical
chemical or electronic contrivance designed
to start a 5re or ashes or traces o" an# o" the
"oregoing are "o$nd in the r$ins or premises
o" the !$rned !$ilding or propert#
7. 0" the !$ilding or propert# is ins$red "or
s$!stantiall# more than its act$al val$e at the
time o" the iss$ance o" this polic#
8. 0" d$ring the li"etime o" the corresponding 5re
ins$rance polic# more than two 5res have
occ$rred in the same or other premises
owned or $nder control o" the ofender andBor
ins$red
>. 0" shortl# !e"ore the 5re a s$!stantial portion
o" the efects ins$red and stored in a !$ilding
or propert# had !een withdrawn "rom the
premises e-cept in the ordinar# co$rse o"
!$siness
?. 0" a demand "or mone# or other val$a!le
consideration was made !e"ore the 5re in
e-change "or the desistance o" the ofender or
"or the sa"et# o" the person or propert# o" the
victim
WHERE BOTH BURNINE AND DEATH OCCUR
%o determine what crimeBs wasBwere perpetrated
it is important to as$eta!n t0e "a!n ob5e$t!@e
o" the male"actor which ma# !e,
a. the !$rning o" the !$ilding or edi5ce and
death res$lts !# reason or on the occasion o"
arson the crime is simpl# arson and the
res$lting homicide is a!sor!ed;
!. to 2ill a partic$lar person
!. who ma# !e in a !$ilding or edi5ce and
5re is resorted to as the "eans to
a$$o">l!s0 s$ch goal the crime is
m$rder onl#;
!!. and in "act the ofender has alread#
done so !$t 5re is resorted to as a
"eans to $o@e %> the 2illing then
there are two separate and distinct
crimes committed &1) homicideBm$rder
and &2) arson.
CONSPIRACY TO COMMIT ARSON
Penalt# o" prision mayor in its minim$m period
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C0a>te 8I Mal!$!o%s M!s$0!ef
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MALICIOUS MISCHIE9 is the wil"$l damaging
o" another1s propert# "or the sa2e o" ca$sing
damage d$e to hate revenge or other evil
motive
ART. +*7. WHO ARE LIABLE 9OR MALICIOUS
MISCHIE9
ELEMENTS O9 MALICIOUS MISCHIE9
1. %hat the ofender /el!beatel& ca$sed
damage to the propert# o" another;
*. %hat s$ch act /oes not constit$te arson or
other crimes involving destr$ction; and
+. %hat the act o" damaging another1s propert#
!e committed "eel& fo t0e sa6e of
/a"a#!n# !t
NOTEI
1. %here is no
malicio$s mischie" thro$gh negligence
!eca$se $nder the 5rst element the
ofender sho$ld act $nder the imp$lse o"
speci5c desire to inKict in9$r# to another
*. Pres$ppos
es hate revenge or other evil motive o" the
ofender or the mere pleas$re o" destro#ing
+. <amage
incl$des not onl# loss !$t also dimin$tion
&e.g. de"acing another1s ho$se)
(. 0" there1s
no malice as when damage res$lted "rom a
crime or onl# incidental to the commission o"
another crime there1s onl# civil lia!ilit#
2. 0ntent to
gain !# removing or ma2ing $se o" the "r$its
or o!9ects a"ter damaging the propert#
ma2es it the"t
ART. +*:. SPECIAL CASES O9 MALICIOUS
MISCHIE9
LUALI9IED MALICIOUS MISCHIE9I
1. Ca$sing damage to obst%$t per"ormance
of >%bl!$ f%n$t!ons.
2. Ising >o!sono%s o $oos!@e s$!stance.
3. ;preading !nfe$t!on or contagion among
$attle.
7. <amage to propert# o" "ational Museum or
"ational Library, or to an# archive or
registr# waterwor2s road promenade or
an# other thing $sed in common !# the
p$!lic.
1
st
CASE O9 LUALI9IED MALICIOUS
MISCHIE9 DISTINEUISHED 9ROM SEDITION
'ltho$gh !oth involve the intent to o!str$ct the
per"ormance o" p$!lic "$nctions the element o"
p$!lic and t$m$lt$o$s $prising is not present in
this article.
ART. +*8. OTHER MISCHIE9S
BASIS O9 PENALTY
3ischie"s not incl$ded in 'rt. 32@ are p$nished
according to the val$e o" the damage ca$sed.
:ven i" the amo$nt cannot !e estimated the
penalt# o" arresto menor or 5ne not e-ceeding
P2JJ is 5-ed !# law. :-ample, scattering
h$man e-crement in p$!lic !$ilding 2illing o"
cow as an act o" revenge &val$e o" damage
cannot !e estimated); a servant who released
!ird "rom cage as act o" hate against owner
&val$e o" the !ird as !asis)
ART. ++3. DAMAEE AND OBSTRUCTION TO
MEANS O9 COMMUNICATION
6O%:,
1. 0t is committed !# damaging an# railwa#
telegraph or telephone lines
a. telegraph or telephone lines m$st
pertain to a railwa# s#stem
2. 'n# derailment o" cars collision or other
accident which was a res$lt o" the damage
done shall ca$se "or a higher imposa!le
penalt#.
3. %he o!9ect is to merel# ca$se damage; as
opposed to Crimes involving <estr$ction
&'rt. 327) where the o!9ect is to ca$se
destr$ction
7. Hhen person or persons are 2illed
a. 0" there is no intent to 2ill it is the
comple-ed crime o" damage to
means o" comm$nication with
homicide &in relation to 'rt. 7@)
!. 0" there is intent to 2ill and
damaging the railwa#s was $sed
to accomplish the criminal
p$rpose it is m$rder
ART. ++1. DESTROYINE OR DAMAEINE
STATUES< PUBLIC MONUMENTS< OR
PAINTINES
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C0a>te 13I E?e">t!ons fo"
C!"!nal L!ab!l!t& !n C!"es a#a!nst
Po>et&
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ART. ++*. PERSONS EOEMPT 9ROM
CRIMINAL LIABILITY
NOTEI
A. CRIMES INBOLBED IN THE EOEMPTION
'TEM,
1. %he"t
2. ;windling &esta"a) and
3. 3alicio$s mischie"
B. PERSONS EOEMPTED
1. ;po$ses ascendants and
descendants or relatives !# a/nit#
in the same line.
2. %he widowed spo$se with respect to
the propert# which !elonged to the
deceased spo$se !e"ore the same
passed into the possession o"
another.
3. 4rothers and sisters and !rothers*in*
law and sisters*in*law i" living
together at the time o" the
commission o" the crime
C. ;tep"atherBmother adopted "atherBmother
nat$ral children common*law spo$se
conc$!ine paramo$r incl$ded
D. <oes not appl# to strangers participating in
the commission o" the crime
E. <oes not appl# to ro!!er# or esta"a thro$gh
"alsi5cation
9. %here is onl# civil lia!ilit#
E. 'pplica!le on the relationship !etween the
ofended part# and the ofender onl#
H. (eason, pres$med co*ownership o" the
propert# !etween the parties
R.A. .2+8
ANTI)CARNAPPINE ACT O9 187*
CARNAPPINE is the ta2ing with intent to gain
o" a motor vehicle !elonging to another witho$t
the latterSs consent or !# means o" violence
against or intimidation o" persons or !# $sing
"orce $pon things.
MOTOR BEHICLE is an# vehicle propelled !#
an# power other than m$sc$lar power $sing the
p$!lic highwa#s !$t e-cepting road rollers
trolle# cars street*sweepers sprin2lers lawn
mowers !$lldozers graders "or2*li"ts
amphi!ian tr$c2s and cranes i" not $sed on
p$!lic highwa#s vehicles which r$n onl# on rails
or trac2s and tractors trailers and traction
engines o" all 2inds $sed e-cl$sivel# "or
agric$lt$ral p$rposes. %railers having an#
n$m!er o" wheels when propelled or intended
to !e propelled !# attachment to a motor
vehicle shall !e classi5ed as separate motor
vehicle with no power rating.
DE9ACINE OR TAMPERINE WITH a serial
n$m!er is the erasing scratching altering or
changing o" the original "actor#*inscri!ed serial
n$m!er on the motor vehicle engine engine
!loc2 or chassis o" an# motor vehicle. Hhenever
an# motor vehicle is "o$nd to have a serial
n$m!er on its motor engine engine !loc2 or
chassis which is diferent "rom that which is
listed in the records o" the 4$rea$ o" C$stoms "or
motor vehicles imported into the Philippines
that motor vehicle shall !e considered to have a
de"aced or tampered with serial n$m!er.
REPAINTINE is changing the color o" a motor
vehicle !# means o" painting. %here is repainting
whenever the new color o" a motor vehicle is
diferent "rom its color as registered in the Eand
%ransportation Commission.
BODY)BUILDINE is a 9o! $nderta2en on a motor
vehicle in order to replace its entire !od# with a
new !od#.
REMODELINE is the introd$ction o" some
changes in the shape or "orm o" the !od# o" the
motor vehicle.lawphi(M
DISMANTLINE is the tearing apart piece !#
piece or part !# part o" a motor vehicle.
OBERHAULINE is the cleaning or repairing o"
the whole engine o" a motor vehicle !#
separating the motor engine and its parts "rom
the !od# o" the motor vehicle.
REEISTRATION RELUIREMENTS
1. :ver# owner or possessor o" $nregistered
motor vehicle or parts thereo" in 2noc2 down
condition shall within one #ear a"ter the
approval o" this 'ct and in his name or in the
name o" the real owner register with the
Eand %ransportation Commission &now Eand
%ransportation Commission or E%O)
a. the motor vehicle engine
!. engine !loc2 and
c. chassis
%herea"ter i" not registered those shall !e
considered as $nta-ed importation or coming
"rom an illegal so$rce or carnapped and
shall !e con5scated in "avor o" the
Government
2. 'll owners o" motor vehicles in all cities and
m$nicipalities are re+$ired to register their
cars with the local police witho$t pa#ing an#
charges
3. :ver# sale trans"er conve#ance
s$!stit$tion or replacement o" a motor
vehicle engine engine !loc2 or chassis o" a
motor vehicle shall !e registered with the
E%O.
3otor vehicles assem!led and re!$ilt or
repaired !# replacement with motor vehicle
engines engine !loc2s and chassis not
registered shall not !e iss$ed certi5cates o"
registration and shall !e considered as
$nta-ed imported motor vehicles or motor
vehicles carnapped or proceeding "rom
illegal so$rces
7. Original registration o" a motor vehicle
&whether newl# assem!led or re!$ilt or
ac+$ired "rom a registered owner)
a. %he person see2ing to
register shall within one
wee2 a"ter the completion o"
the assem!l# or re!$ilding 9o!
or the ac+$isition thereo"
"rom the registered owner
appl# to the Philippine
Consta!$lar# &now Philippine
6ational Police or P6P) "or
clearance o" the motor
vehicle "or registration with
the E%O
b. %he P6P shall veri"# whether
or not the motor vehicle or its
n$m!ered parts are in the list
o" carnapped motor vehicles
or stolen motor vehicle parts;
i" not incl$ded shall "orthwith
iss$e the certi5cate o"
clearance
$. %he E%O shall $pon
presentation o" the certi5cate
and a"ter veri5cation o" the
registration in the permanent
registr# register the motor
vehicle in accordance with
e-isting laws r$les and
reg$lations
PERMANENT REEISTRY
%he E%O shall 2eep a permanent registr# o"
motor vehicle engines engine !loc2s and
chassis o" all motor vehicles with partic$lars.
Copies o" the registr# and o" all entries made
thereon shall !e "$rnished the P6P and all E%O
regional provincial and cit# !ranch o/ces
DUTY O9 COLLECTOR O9 CUSTOMS
Hithin seven da#s a"ter the arrival o" the
imported motor vehicle or an# o" its parts
en$merated the Collector shall,
a. ma2e a report o" the shipment to the Eand
%ransportation Commission speci"#ing the
ma2e t#pe and serial n$m!ers i" an# o" the
motor vehicle engine engine !loc2 and
chassis or !od#
!. stating the names and addresses o" the
owner or consignee thereo".
0" the motor vehicle engine engine !loc2
chassis or !od# does not !ear an# serial
n$m!er the Collector o" C$stoms concerned
shall hold the motor vehicle engine engine
!loc2 chassis or !od# $ntil it is n$m!ered
!# the E%O.
DUTY O9 IMPORTERS< DISTRIBUTORS< AND
SELLERS
2eep a permanent record o" his stoc2s
o stating therein their t#pe ma2e and
serial n$m!ers and the names and
addresses o" the persons "rom whom
the# were ac+$ired and the names
and addresses o" the persons to
whom the# were sold
render an acc$rate monthl# report o" his
transactions in motor vehicles to the Eand
%ransportation Commission.
CLERANCE AND PERMIT
'n# person who shall $nderta2e to assem!le or
re!$ild or ca$se the assem!l# or re!$ilding o" a
motor vehicle shall 5rst sec$re a certi5cate o"
clearance "rom the Philippine Consta!$lar#,
Provided, %hat no s$ch permit shall !e iss$ed
$nless the applicant shall present a statement
$nder oath containing the t#pe ma2e and serial
n$m!ers o" the engine chassis and !od# i" an#
and the complete list o" the spare parts o" the
motor vehicle to !e assem!led or re!$ilt
together with the names and addresses o" the
so$rces thereo".
0n the case o" motor vehicle engines to !e
mo$nted on motor !oats motor !ancas and
other light water vessels the applicant shall
sec$re a permit "rom the Philippine Coast G$ard
which o/ce shall in t$rn "$rnish the E%O the
pertinent data concerning the motor vehicle
engines incl$ding their t#pe ma2e and serial
n$m!ers.
'n# person who owns or operates inter*island
shipping or an# water transportation with
la$nches !oats vessels or ships shall 1!t0!n
se@en /a&s s$!mit a report to the Philippine
Consta!$lar# on all motor vehicle motor vehicle
engines engine !loc2s chassis or !odies
transported !# it "or the motor vehicle motor
vehicle engine engine !loc2 chassis or !od# to
be loaded on board the launch, boat vessel or
ship.
PUNISHABLE ACTS
0t shall !e $nlaw"$l "or an# person to de"ace or
otherwise tamper with the original or registered
serial n$m!er o" motor vehicle engines engine
!loc2s and chassis.
PENAL PROBISIONS
a. 'n# person &in case o" a 9$ridical person
president or secretar# andBor mem!ers o"
the !oard o" directors or an# o" its o/cers
and emplo#ees who ma# have directl#
participated in the violation) who violates
an# provisions o" this 'ct
p$nished with imprisonment "or not
less than two #ears nor more than si-
#ears and a 5ne e+$al in amo$nt to
the ac+$isition cost o" the motor
vehicle motor vehicle engine or an#
other part involved in the violation
!. 'n# government o/cial or emplo#ee who
directl# commits the $nlaw"$l acts de5ned in
this 'ct or is g$ilt# o" gross negligence o"
d$t# or connives with or permits the
commission o" an# o" the said $nlaw"$l act,
in addition to the penalt# prescri!ed
in the preceding paragraph !e
dismissed "rom the service with
pre9$dice to his reinstatement and
with dis+$ali5cation "rom voting or
!eing voted "or in an# election and
"rom appointment to an# p$!lic o/ce
PENALTY 9OR CARNAPPINE
'n# person who is "o$nd g$ilt# o" carnapping
shall irrespective o" the val$e o" motor vehicle
ta2en !e p$nished,
a. !# imprisonment "or not less than 17
#ears and @ months and not more
than 1? #ears and 7 months when
the carnapping is committed witho$t
violence or intimidation o" persons or
"orce $pon things;
!. !# imprisonment "or not less than 1?
#ears and 7 months and not more
than 3J #ears when the carnapping
is committed !# means o" violence
against or intimidation o" an# person
or "orce $pon things; and
c. the penalt# o" li"e imprisonment to
death shall !e imposed when the
owner driver or occ$pant o" the
carnapped motor vehicle is 2illed in
the commission o" the carnapping
END O9 DISCUSSION ON TOPIC
13. CRIMES AEAINST PROPERTY
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11. C!"es A#a!nst C0ast!t&
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TOPICS UNDER THE SYLLABUSI
C0a>te 1I A/%lte& an/ Con$%b!na#e
C0a>te *I Ra>e an/ A$ts of
Las$!@!o%sness
C0a>te +I Se/%$t!on< Co%>t!on of
M!nos an/ W0!te Sla@e Ta/e
C0a>te (I Ab/%$t!on
C0a>te 2I Po@!s!ons Relat!@e to t0e
Pe$e/!n# C0a>tes of T!tle 11
R.A. 8882
R.A. 7.13< AS AMENDED
R.A. 8*.*
R.A. 7:77
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C0a>te 1I A/%lte& an/ Con$%b!na#e
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ART. +++. WHO ARE EUILTY O9 ADULTERY
ELEMENTS,
1. %hat the 1o"an !s "a!e/ &even i"
marriage is s$!se+$entl# declared void);
2. %hat she has se-$al !nte$o%se 1!t0 a
"an not 0e 0%sban/; and
3. %hat as regards the man with whom she has
se-$al interco$rse 0e "%st 6no1 0e to
be "a!e/.
NOTEI
Carnal 2nowledge ma# !e proved !#
circ$mstantial evidence.
:ach se-$al interco$rse constit$tes a crime
o" ad$lter#.
It !s not a $ont!n%!n# oCense. 'n# act o"
in5delit# s$!se+$ent to condonation
constit$tes a new ofense that is s$!9ect to
criminal prosec$tion.
%he ofended part# m$st !e legall# married
to the ofender at the time o" 5ling the
complaint.
- 4$t even i" s$!se+$entl#
declared void there1s still
ad$lter# when the ad$ltero$s act
is committed !e"ore the marriage
is 9$diciall# declared n$ll and void
in a 5nal 9$dgment.
'c+$ittal o" one de"endant does not operate
as ac+$ittal o" the other.
<eath o" the ofended part# will not
terminate the proceedings. Cowever i" the#
die !e"ore a complaint is 5led then the case
cannot go on.
MITIEATINE CIRCUMSTANCES IN ADULTERY
'd$lter# is mitigated i" the ad$ltero$s wi"e
was a!andoned witho$t 9$sti5cation !# his
spo$se.
- Bot0 t0e 1!fe an/ 0e
>aa"o% are entitled to this
mitigating circ$mstance.
72
;heer necessit# as when a woman was le"t
helpless !# her h$s!and &altho$gh 9$sti5ed
"or it was in response to a d$t#) and in s$ch
a great need that she "o$nd hersel" in the
predicament o" committing ad$lter# "or the
sa2e o" her children mitigates her lia!ilit#.
73
PARDON BY THE O99ENDED PARTY
:-pressB implied pardon !ars prosec$tion "or
ad$lter#.
;e-$al interco$rse with the ofending spo$se
s$!se+$ent to the ad$ltero$s cond$ct
constit$tes an !">l!e/ >a/on.
RELUIREMENTS 9OR PARDON TO BE
E99ECTIBE 'ART. +((,I
1. %he pardon m$st come !e"ore the instit$tion
o" the criminal prosec$tion; and
2. 4oth ofenders m$st !e pardoned !#
ofended part#.
CONSENT IS A CAUSE 9OR DISMISSAL O9
COMPLAINT
- Prior consent is as efective as s$!se+$ent
consent to !ar the ofended part# "rom
prosec$ting the ofense.
- Hhen consent is given whether e-pressed
or implied h$s!and can no longer instit$te
the criminal complaint.
WHEN IS THERE CONSENTZ
1. Hhen the h$s!and does not inter"ere with
his wi"e1s ad$ltero$s relationship or has
"ailed to assert his rights.
2. Hhen the spo$ses sign an agreement that
the# ma# get an# mate and live as h$s!and
and wi"e witho$t an# inter"erence.
ART. ++(. CONCUBINAEE
42
People v. 3velino, C.3., $% O.., ,upp. ((, (&$
43
People v. 3lberto, et al., C.3., $) O.. /$'.
ELEMENTS,
1. %he "an "%st be "a!e/ &even i" the
marriage ma# !e s$!se+$entl# declared
void);
*. %hat he committed an# o" the "ollowing acts,
a. Feeping a mistress in the con2)gal
d'elling=
!. Caving se?%al !nte$o%se %n/e
s$an/alo%s $!$%"stan$es with a
woman who is not his wi"e
c. Co0ab!t!n# with her in an# other
place;
+. %hat as regards the woman s0e "%st
6no1 0!" to be "a!e/.
DE9INITION O9 TERMS
1. CONGUEAL DWELLINE means the home o"
the h$s!and and wi"e even i" the wi"e
happens to !e temporaril# a!sent on an#
acco$nt.
2. SCANDAL consists in an# reprehensi!le
wordBdeed that ofends p$!lic conscience
redo$nds to the detriment o" the "eelings o"
honest persons and gives occasion to the
neigh!ors1 spirit$al damage and r$in.
3. COHABIT means to dwell together in the
manner o" h$s!and and wi"e "or some
period o" time as disting$ished "rom
occasional transient interviews "or $nlaw"$l
interco$rse.
7. MISTRESS 0t is necessar# that the woman
is ta2en !# the acc$sed into the con9$gal
dwelling as a conc$!ine.
NOTEI
People in the vicinit# are the !est witnesses
to prove scandalo$s circ$mstances.
'd$lter# is more severel# p$nished than
conc$!inage. Inli2e ad$lter# $on$%b!na#e
!s a $ont!n%!n# $!"e.
ART. ++2. WHEN AND HOW RAPE IS
COMMITTED
NOTEI 'rt. 338 has !een repealed !# (.'. 6o.
@383 &'nti*(ape Eaw o" 1AA?).
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C0a>te *I Ra>e an/ A$ts of
Las$!@!o%sness
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ARTICLE ++.. ACTS O9 LASCIBIOUSNESS
ELEMENTS,
1. %hat the ofender commits an& a$t of
las$!@!o%sness o le1/nessH
*. %hat the act o" lascivio$sness is committed
a#a!nst a >eson of e!t0e se?; and
+. %hat it is done $nder an# o" the "ollowing
$!$%"stan$esI
a. !# $sing fo$e o !nt!"!/at!on or
b. when the oCen/e/ >at& !s
/e>!@e/ of eason or otherwise
%n$ons$!o%s or
$. !# means o" fa%/%lent
"a$0!nat!on o #a@e ab%se of
a%t0o!t& or
/. when the oCen/e/ >at& !s %n/e
1* #ears o" age or is /e"ente/.
LEWD ) is de5ned as o!scene l$st"$l indecent
or lechero$s. 0t signi5es the "orm o" immoralit#
which has relation to moral imp$rit#; or that
which is carried on a wanton manner.
NO ATTEMPTED OR 9RUSTRATED ACTS O9
LASCIBIOUSNESS
Grom the standpoint o" law there can !e no
"r$stration o" acts o" lascivio$sness. 6o matter
how "ar the ofender ma# have gone towards the
realization o" his p$rpose i" his participation
amo$nts to per"orming all acts o" e-ec$tion the
"elon# is necessaril# prod$ced as a
conse+$ence.
ACTS O9
LASCIBIOUSNESS
UNGUST BEOATION
%here is lewd design
which ma# !e in"erred
"rom the
circ$mstances
s$rro$nding the
commission o" the
crime s$ch as the
place time other
%he element o" lewd
design is not present.
e.g. the alleged
lascivio$s act was a
mere incident o" the
em!race or the act
was 9$st committed
merel# to satis"# a sill#
people1s presence and
the acts complained o".
whim.
ACTS O9
LASCIBIOUSN
ESS
ATTEMPTED RAPE
Ofender1s lascivio$s
acts do not indicate
intent to have se-$al
interco$rse.
'cts per"ormed !#
ofender clearl#
indicate that his
p$rpose was to lie with
the ofended part#.
%he lascivio$s acts are
the 5nal o!9ective
so$ght !# the ofender.
%he lascivio$s acts are
!$t preparator# acts to
the commission o"
rape.
3anner o" commission is the same
%he per"ormance o" lascivio$s character is
common to !oth
Ofended part# is a person o" either se-
ACTS O9
LASCIBIOUSN
ESS
ERABE COERCION
%he comp$lsion is
incl$ded in the
constr$ctive element
o" "orce.
%he comp$lsion is the
ver# act constit$ting
the ofense o" grave
coercion.
ACTS O9
LASCIBIOUSN
ESS
ABUSES AEAINST
CHASTITY
'ART. *(.,
%he ofender is in a
ma9orit# o" cases a
private individ$al.
%he ofender is a p$!lic
o/cer
0t is necessar# that
some act$al act o"
lascivio$sness sho$ld
have !een e-ec$ted.
' mere immoral or
indecent proposal
made earnestl# .
persistentl# is
s$/cient.
CASES ON ACTS O9 LASCIBIOUSNESS
1. 0n the a!sence o" convincing proo" that the
penis had slid into the "emale organ rape
was not committed. Hhere the victim merel#
stated that she was carried aro$nd the sala
with appellantSs penis Tto$chingT her vagina
it wo$ld not !e right to concl$de that the act
o" the penis Tto$chingT the vagina was an
entr# or penetration even slightl# o" the
la!ia ma9ora or the la!ia minora o" the
p$dend$m. %he appellant is g$ilt# o" acts o"
lascivio$sness and not rape.
77
2. %he appellant1s act o" directing 'nal#n to
remove her lower apparel constit$tes an act
o" lascivio$sness $nder 'rticle 33> o" the
44
People v. Palma, .!. "o. ($..1&#)$, 7ecember ((,
/%%'
(evised Penal Code and not rape.
78
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C0a>te +I Se/%$t!on< Co%>t!on of
M!nos an/ W0!te Sla@e Ta/e
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SEDUCTION - :nticing a woman to $nlaw"$l
se-$al interco$rse !# promise o" marriage or !#
other means o" pers$asion witho$t the $se o"
"orce.
ART. ++7. LUALI9IED SEDUCTION
* CLASSES O9 LUALI9IED SEDUCTIONI
1. ;ed$ction o" a virgin over 12 and $nder 1@
#ears o" age !# certain persons s$ch as a
person in a$thorit# priest teacher etc.; and
2. ;ed$ction o" a sister !# her !rother or
sed$ction o" a descendant !# her ascendant
regardless o" her age or rep$tation.
&0ncest$o$s ;ed$ction)
ELEMENTS O9 D9A&IFIED SED9CTION OF A
AIRGIN"
1. %hat the ofended part# is a virgin which is
pres$med i" she is $nmarried and o" good
rep$tation;
2. %hat she m$st !e over 12 and $nder 1@
#ears o" age;
3. %hat the ofender has se-$al interco$rse
with her; and
7. %hat there is a!$se o" a$thorit# con5dence
or relationship on the part o" the ofender
&person entr$sted with ed$cation or c$stod#
o" victim; person in p$!lic a$thorit# priest;
servant).
PERSONS LIABLEI
ABUSED
AUTHORITY
ABUSED
CON9IDENC
E
ABUSED
RELATIONSHIP
1. P$!lic 1. Priest 1.4rother who
45
People v. 3Fuino, .!. "o. ('&(.(, October /), /%%'
a$thorit#
2. G$ardi
an
3. %eache
r
7. Person
who in an#
capacit# is
entr$sted
with the
ed$cation or
c$stod# o"
the woman
sed$ced.
2. Co$s
e servant
3. <ome
stic &Person
living in the
same roo"
ma# !e
temporar#
or
permanent
as long as
in the same
ho$se.)
sed$ced his
sister.
2.'scendant
who sed$ced
his
descendant.
%heir
relationship
m$st !e !#
consang$init#
!$t need not
!e legitimate.
6O%:,
Penalt# "or +$ali5ed sed$ction o" a sister or
descendant is higher than +$ali5ed
sed$ction o" a virgin.
<eceit is not an element o" +$ali5ed
sed$ction !$t it is an element o" simple
sed$ction.
0n '!$se o" Con5dence acts are p$nished
!eca$se o" the character o" the person
committing the same and e-cess o" power
or a!$se o" con5dence.
' virgin is a virt$o$s woman o" good
rep$tation.
- %he ofended part# need not !e
virgin in the case o" incest$o$s
sed$ction.
'cc$sed charged with rape cannot !e
convicted o" +$ali5ed sed$ction $nder the
same in"ormation.
- 0" an# o" the circ$mstances in the
crime o" rape is present then
crime is not to !e p$nished $nder
this article.
0" no se-$al interco$rse the crime wo$ld
onl# !e acts o" lascivio$sness.
ART. ++:. SIMPLE SEDUCTION
ELEMENTS,
1. %hat the ofended part# is over 12 . $nder
1@ #Bo;
2. %hat she m$st !e o" good rep$tation single
or widow;
3. %hat the ofender has se-$al interco$rse
with her; and
7. %hat it is committed !# means o" deceit.
NOTESI
Mirginit# o" the victim is not re+$ired.
<eceit generall# ta2es the "orm o" an
$n"$l5lled promise to marr#.
%here is no contin$ing ofense o" sed$ction.
0" there is no se-$al interco$rse the crime
committed is onl# acts o" lascivio$sness.
%he man ma# !e willing and read# to marr#
the girl !$t simple sed$ction is still
committed when the man 2nows that the
ofended part# cannot legall# consent to
marriage !eca$se o" her minorit#.
THE 9OLLOWINE DO NOT CONSTITUTE
DECEITI
Promise o" material things.
Promise o" marriage !# a married man
whom the victim 2new to !e married.
Promise o" marriage a"ter se-$al interco$rse.
ART. ++8. ACTS O9 LASCIBIOUSNESS WITH
THE CONSENT O9 THE O99ENDED PARTY
ELEMENTS,
1. %hat the ofender commits acts o"
lascivio$sness or lewdness;
2. %hat the acts are committed $pon a woman
who is a virgin or single or a widow o" good
rep$tation $nder 1@ #ears o" age !$t over
12 #ears or a sister or descendant
regardless o" her rep$tation or age.
3. %hat the ofender accomplishes the acts !#
a!$se o" a$thorit# con5dence relationship
or deceit.
NOTESI
' male cannot !e the ofended part#.
0t is necessar# that the crime !e committed
$nder circ$mstances which wo$ld ma2e it
+$ali5ed or simple sed$ction had there !een
se-$al interco$rse.
Consent is o!tained !# a!$se o" a$thorit#
con5dence or relationship or !# means o"
deceit.
ACTS O9
LASCIBIOUSNESS WITH
CONSENT O9
O99ENDED PARTY
'ART. ++8,
ACTS O9
LASCIBIOUSNESS
'ART. ++.,
'cts are committed $nder 'cts are committed
circ$mstances which had
there !een carnal
2nowledge wo$ld
amo$nt to either +$ali5ed
or simple sed$ction.
_%here ma# !e consent
!$t there is a!$se o"
a$thorit# relationship
con5dence or deceit.
$nder
circ$mstances
which had there
!een carnal
2nowledge wo$ld
amo$nt to rape.
ART. +(3. CORRUPTION O9 MINORS
NOTESI
%he act p$nisha!le is the promotion or
"acilitating the prostit$tion or corr$ption o"
persons $nder age &$nder 1@) to satis"# the
l$st o" another.
' mere proposal will cons$mmate the
ofense. 0t is not necessar# that the $nchaste
acts shall have !een done to the minor.
Mictim m$st !e o" good rep$tation not a
prostit$te or a corr$pted person.
R.A. 7.13 PUNISHES CHILD PROSTITUTION
COMMITTED BYI
1. %hose who engage in or promote "acilitate
or ind$ce child prostit$tion which incl$de the
"ollowing,
a. 'cting as a proc$rer o" a child
prostit$te;
!. 0nd$cing a person to !e a client o" a
child prostit$te !# means o" written
or oral advertisements or other
similar means;
c. %a2ing advantage o" inK$ence or
relationship to proc$re a child as a
prostit$te;
d. %hreatening or $sing violence
towards a child to engage him as a
prostit$te;
e. Giving monetar# consideration
goods or other pec$niar# !ene5t to a
child with the intent to engage s$ch
child in prostit$tion.
2. %hose who commit the act o" se-$al
interco$rse or lascivio$s cond$ct with a child
e-ploited in prostit$tion or s$!9ected to
other se-$al a!$se;
3. %hose who derive pro5t or advantage
there"rom.
- eg. managerBowner o" the
esta!lishment where child
prostit$tion ta2es place;
7. 'n# person not !eing a relative o" the child
is "o$nd alone with the said child in a hidden
or secl$ded area $nder circ$mstances which
lead a reasona!le person to !elieve that the
child is a!o$t to !e e-ploited in prostit$tion
and other se-$al a!$se; and
8. 'n# person who receives services "rom a
child in a sa$na parlor or !ath massage
clinic health cl$! and other similar
esta!lishments.
CHILD TRA99ICKINE ) 0t is the act o" !$#ing
and selling a child "or mone# or "or an# other
consideration or !arter.
ART. +(1. WHITE SLABE TRADE
ACTS PENALISEDI
1. :ngaging in the !$siness o" prostit$tion;
2. Pro5ting !# prostit$tion; and
3. :nlisting the service o" women "or the
p$rpose o" prostit$tion.
NOTEI
One o" those a!ove*mentioned acts is
s$/cient to constit$te the ofense
Ca!it$alit# is not a necessar# element o" this
crime.
Ofender need not !e owner o" ho$se and
need not !e present at time o" raid; it
s$/ces that he maintains or engages in
!$siness
NInder an# prete-tO i" the real p$rpose is
prostit$tion it does not matter i" one
engages the services o" a woman ostensi!l#
as maid "or e-ample.
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C0a>te (I Ab/%$t!on
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ABDUCTION ) %he ta2ing awa# o" a woman
"rom her ho$se or the place where she ma# !e
"or the p$rpose o" carr#ing her to another place
with the intent to marr# or to corr$pt her.
ART. +(*. 9ORCIBLE ABDUCTION
ELEMENTS,
1. %hat the person a!d$cted is an# woman
regardless o" her age civil stat$s or
rep$tation;
2. %hat the a!d$ction is against her will; and
3. %hat the a!d$ction is with lewd designs.
6O%:;,
0" child is $nder 12 #ears the crime is
"orci!le a!d$ction even i" she vol$ntaril#
goes with her a!d$ctor.
%a2ing awa# m$st !e against the will o" the
woman. %his ma# !e accomplished !#
means o" deceit 5rst and then !# means o"
violence and intimidation.
'ct$al interco$rse is not necessar#. Eewd
designs ma# !e shown !# cond$ct o" the
acc$sed. 0ntent to sed$ce the girl is
s$/cient. Eewd design is present in a
h$rried marriage ceremon# !# "orce where
the marriage is merel# an arti5ce !# which
the acc$sed so$ght to escape the criminal
conse+$ences o" his acts.
%he h$s!and ma# not !e held lia!le "or the
a!d$ction o" his wi"e as lewd design is
wanting.
0" there are several de"endants it is eno$gh
that one o" them had lewd designs and the
others 2new a!o$t it.
6at$re o" crime, against li!ert# honor and
rep$tation and p$!lic order.
%here m$st !e onl# one comple- crime o"
"orci!le a!d$ction with rape. ;$!se+$ent
rapes committed sho$ld !e considered
independent o" the a!d$ction.
Conviction o" 'cts o" Eascivio$sness is not a
!ar to conviction o" "orci!le a!d$ction.
9ORCIBLE ABDUCTION B. ERABE COERCION
B. KIDNAPPINE
1. Presence o" lewd design ma2es it "orci!le
a!d$ction.
2. Hhen there is no lewd design it is coercion
provided that there is no deprivation o"
li!ert#.
3. %he crime is 2idnapping and serio$s illegal
detention i" there was deprivation o" li!ert#
with no lewd design.
7. 0" there was violent ta2ing o" the woman
motivated !# lewd design and the victim
was raped the crime committed is "orci!le
a!d$ction with rape instead o" 2idnapping
with rape. 'ttempt to rape is a!sor!ed in the
crime o" "orci!le a!d$ction.
9ORCIBLE ABDUCTION B. CORRUPTION O9
MINORS
1. 0" the minor was a!d$cted !# the acc$sed
with lewd design on his part he is lia!le "or
"orci!le a!d$ction.
2. 0" the p$rpose o" a!d$ction is to lend her to
illicit interco$rse with others the crime is
corr$ption o" minors.
9ORCIBLE ABDUCTION B. RAPE
1. 0" there was a!d$ction !$t the resistance o"
the woman to the alleged rape was not
tenacio$s the acc$sed wo$ld !e g$ilt# onl#
o" a!d$ction.
2. (ape ma# a!sor! "orci!le a!d$ction i" the
main o!9ective was to rape the victim.
CASE ON 9ORCIBLE ABDUCTION
1. %he Co$rt has previo$sl# r$led that i" the
victimSs consent was o!tained thro$gh
deceit and there was there"ore no valid
consent the crime is "orci!le a!d$ction as
the deceit ma# !e considered as
constr$ctive "orce. %he second element
lewd design was esta!lished !# the act$al
rapes.
7>
AEE AND REPUTATION O9 THE BICTIM IS
NOT NECESSARY INI
1. (ape
*. 'cts o" lascivio$sness against the will or
witho$t the consent o" the ofended part#
+. W$ali5ed sed$ction o" sister or
descendant
(. Gorci!le '!d$ction
ART. +(+. CONSENTED ABDUCTION
ELEMENTS,
1. %hat the ofended part# m$st !e a @!#!n
'not ne$essa!l& !n a "ate!al sense<
!n$l%/es @!t%o%s 1o"an of #oo/
e>%tat!on,;
*. %hat she m$st !e o@e 1* an/ %n/e 1:
#ears o" age;
+. %hat the ta2ing awa# o" the ofended part#
m$st !e 1!t0 0e $onsent< afte
sol!$!tat!on o $a5ole& "rom the ofender;
and
(. %hat the ta2ing awa# o" the ofended part#
m$st !e 1!t0 le1/ /es!#ns.
NOTEI
0" the virgin is $nder 12 #ears o" age the
crime committed is "orci!le a!d$ction even
i" the girl consented to the elopement.
%he a!d$ction o" the victim need not !e with
some character o" permanence.
Mictim need not !e ta2en "rom her ho$se. 0t
is s$/cient that the a!d$ctor was
instr$mental to her escape.
Re=%!es sol!$!tat!on o $a5ole&.
%here can !e consented a!d$ction with rape
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
46
People v. Caraang, .!. "o. ($.$/$#/), 7ecember
((, /%%'
C0a>te 2I Po@!s!ons elat!@e to t0e
>e$e/!n# $0a>te of T!tle Ele@en
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
ART. +((. PROSECUTION O9 ADULTERY<
CONCUBINAEE< SEDUCTION< ABDUCTION<
AND ACTS O9 LASCIBIOUSNESS
1. 'd$lter# and conc$!inage m$st !e
prosec$ted $pon $o">la!nt s!#ne/ b& t0e
oCen/e/ s>o%se.
2. ;ed$ction a!d$ction or acts o"
lascivio$sness m$st !e prosec$ted $pon
complaint signed !#,
a. ofended part#
!. !# her parents
c. grandparents or
d. legal g$ardians
_ 0n the order in which the# are named
a!ove.
E99ECT O9 MARRIAEE
EENERAL RULEI 3arriage in good "aith o"
the ofender with the ofended part#
e-ting$ishes the criminal action or remits
the penalt# alread# imposed $pon him. %his
applies as well to accomplices and
accessories*a"ter*the*"act.
EOCEPTIONI 0n case o" rape marriage
e-ting$ishes the criminal action onl# against
the principal !$t not to the accomplices and
accessories. %his r$le also does not appl# to
parties g$ilt# o" conc$!inage and ad$lter#.
NOTEI
(ape is now a crime against persons and
th$s ma# !e prosec$ted de o5cio or $pon
complaint o" an# person.
0n ad$lter# and conc$!inage !oth ofenders
m$st !e incl$ded in the complaint even i"
onl# one is g$ilt#.
Hhen the ofended part# is o" age and is in
complete possession o" her mental and
ph#sical "ac$lties she alone can 5le the
complaint &applies to crimes against
chastit#). Complaint m$st !e 5led in co$rt
and not in the 5scal.
PARDON IN CRIMES AEAINST CHASTITY
E?>ess o !">l!e/ >a/on !# the
ofended part# is a !ar to >ose$%t!on fo
a/%lte& o $on$%b!na#e. Cowever
pardon m$st e-tend to !oth ofenders and
m$st come !e"ore the instit$tion o" the
criminal action.
E?>ess >a/on !# the ofended part# or
other persons named in the law as the case
ma# !e is a !ar to >ose$%t!on fo
se/%$t!on< ab/%$t!on< a>e o a$ts of
las$!@!o%sness. Pardon in sed$ction m$st
also come !e"ore the instit$tion o" criminal
action.
PARDON BY PARENTS< ERANDPARENTS OR
EUARDIAN MUST BE ACCOMPANIED BY THE
EOPRESS PARDON O9 THE EIRL HERSEL9
- Pardon m$st !e granted directl# !# the
ofended part# and it is onl# when she is
dead or otherwise incapacitated to grant it
that her parents grandparents or g$ardian
ma# do so "or her.
7?
ART. +(2. CIBIL LIABILITY O9 PERSONS
EUILTY O9 CRIMES AEAINST CHASTITY.
PERSON EUILTY O9 RAPE< SEDUCTION OR
ABDUCTION< SHALL ALSO BE SENTENCEDI
1. %o indemni"# the ofended woman.
2. %o ac2nowledge the ofspring $nless the law
sho$ld prevent him "rom so doing.
3. 0n ever# case to s$pport the ofspring.
NOTESI
%he a/%ltee an/ $on$%b!ne in the case
provided "or in 'rticles 333 and 337 ma#
also !e sentenced in the same proceeding
or in a separate civil proceeding to
indemni"# "or damages ca$sed to the
ofended spo$se.
%here is no civil lia!ilit# "or 'cts o"
Eascivio$sness.
3oral damages ma# !e awarded to the
ofended part# and her parents "or
sed$ction a!d$ction rape other lascivio$s
acts &'rt. 221A Civil Code).
0n m$ltiple rapes !# m$ltiple ofenders all o"
them m$st s$pport ofspring. 6o one ma# !e
made to ac2nowledge his ofspring.
%he ofender in a rape case who is married is
no longer prohi!ited "rom ac2nowledging his
ofspring !eca$se since the child is
illegitimate the Gamil# Code a$tomaticall#
con"ers parental a$thorit# to the mother. Ce
can onl# !e sentenced to indemni"# the
victim and s$pport his ofspring. 'mo$nt and
terms o" s$pport sho$ld !e determined onl#
a"ter d$e notice . hearing.
Onl# indemnit# is allowed in rape o" a
married woman. %he de"endant cannot !e
sentenced to ac2nowledge and s$pport the
ofspring.
ART. +(.. LIABILITY O9 ASCENDANTS<
47
+.,. v. Luna, ( Phil. '1%
EUARDIANS< TEACHERS< OR OTHER
PERSONS ENTRUSTED WITH CUSTODY O9
O99ENDED PARTY
PERSONS WHO COOPERATE AS
ACCOMPLICES BUT ARE PUNISHED AS
PRINCIPALS IN RAPE< SEDUCTION<
ABDUCTION< ETCI
1. 'scendants;
2. G$ardians;
3. C$rators;
7. %eachers; and
8. 'n# other person who cooperates as
accomplice with a!$se o" a$thorit# or
con5dential relationship.
OTHER INSTANCE WHEN ACCOMPLICE IS
PUNISHED AS PRINCIPALI
;light illegal detention
R.A. 8882
ANTI)PHOTO AND BIDEO BOYEURISM ACT
*338
DE9INITION O9 TERMS 'Se$. +,
1. BROADCAST * to ma2e p$!lic !# an#
means a vis$al image with the intent that it
!e viewed !# a person or persons.
2. CAPTURE WITH RESPECT TO AN IMAEE *
means to videotape photograph 5lm record
!# an# means or !roadcast.
3. 9EMALE BREAST * means an# portion o"
the "emale !reast.
7. PHOTO OR BIDEO BOYEURISM * means
the a$t o" ta2ing photo or @!/eo coverage o"
a person or gro$p o" persons per"orming
se-$al a$t or an# similar activit# or o"
capt$ring an image o" the private area o" a
person or persons witho$t the latterSs
consent $nder circ$mstances in which s$ch
personBs hasBhave a reasona!le e-pectation
o" privac# or the a$t o" selling cop#ing
reprod$cing !roadcasting sharing showing
or e-hi!iting the photo or @!/eo coverage or
recordings o" s$ch se-$al a$t or similar
activit# thro$gh MC<B<M< internet cell$lar
phones and similar means or device witho$t
the written consent o" the personBs involved
notwithstanding that consent to record or
ta2e photo or @!/eo coverage o" same was
given !# s$ch persons.
8. PRIBATE AREA O9 A PERSON * means the
na2ed or $ndergarment clad genitals p$!lic
area !$ttoc2s or "emale !reast o" an
individ$al.
>. UNDER CIRCUMSTANCES IN WHICH A
PERSON HAS A REASONABLE
EOPECTATION O9 PRIBACY * means !elie"
that heBshe co$ld disro!e in privac# witho$t
!eing concerned that an image or a private
area o" the person was !eing capt$red; or
circ$mstances in which a reasona!le person
wo$ld !elieve that a private area o" the
person wo$ld not !e visi!le to the p$!lic
regardless o" whether that person is in a
p$!lic or private place.
PROHIBITED ACTS 'Se$. (,
1. %o ta2e photo or video coverage o" a person
or gro$p o" persons per"orming se-$al act or
an# similar activit# or to capt$re an image o"
the private area o" a personBs s$ch as the
na2ed or $ndergarment clad genitals p$!lic
area !$ttoc2s or "emale !reast witho$t the
consent o" the personBs involved and $nder
circ$mstances in which the personBs
hasBhave a reasona!le e-pectation o"
privac#;
*. %o cop# or reprod$ce or to ca$se to !e
copied or reprod$ced s$ch photo or @!/eo
or recording o" se-$al a$t or an# similar
activit# with or witho$t consideration;
+. %o sell or distri!$te or ca$se to !e sold or
distri!$ted s$ch photo or @!/eo or recording
o" se-$al a$t whether it !e the original cop#
or reprod$ction thereo"; or
(. %o p$!lish or !roadcast or ca$se to !e
p$!lished or !roadcast whether in print or
!roadcast media or show or e-hi!it the
photo or @!/eo coverage or recordings o"
s$ch se-$al a$t or an# similar activit#
thro$gh MC<B<M< internet cell$lar phones
and other similar means or device.
NOTEI
%he prohi!ition $nder paragraphs &2) &3) and
&7) shall appl# notwithstanding that consent
to record or to ta2e a photo or video
coverage o" the same was given !# s$ch
personBs. 'n# person who violates these
provision shall !e lia!le "or photo or video
vo#e$rism as de5ned herein.
EOEMPTIONS 'Se$. .,
- 6othing contained in this A$t however shall
render it $nlaw"$l or p$nisha!le "or an#
peace o/cer who is a$thorized !# a written
order o" the co$rt to $se the record or an#
cop# thereo" as evidence in an# civil
criminal investigation or trial o" the crime o"
photo or @!/eo @o&e%!s", Provided %hat
s$ch written order shall onl# !e iss$ed or
granted $pon written application and the
e-amination $nder oath or a/rmation o" the
applicant and the witnesses heBshe ma#
prod$ce and $pon showing that there are
reasona!le gro$nds to !elieve that photo or
@!/eo @o&e%!s" has !een committed or is
a!o$t to !e committed and that the
evidence to !e o!tained is essential to the
conviction o" an# person "or or to the
sol$tion or prevention o" s$ch crime.
INADMISSIBILITY O9 EBIDENCE 'Se$. 7,
- 'n# record photo or @!/eo or cop# thereo"
o!tained or sec$red !# an# person in
violation o" the preceding sections shall not
!e admissi!le in evidence in an# 9$dicial
+$asi*9$dicial legislative or administrative
hearing or investigation.
SPECIAL PROTECTION O9 CHILDREN
AEAINST CHILD ABUSE< EOPLOITATION
AND DISCRIMINATION ACT 'R.A. 7.13< AS
AMENDED,
CHILD PROSTITUTION AND OTHER ACTS O9
ABUSE
PUNISHABLE ACTS
1. CHILD PROSTITUTION AND OTHER
SEOUAL ABUSE 'Se$. 2,
WHO ARE LIABLEI
a. %hose who engage in or promote
"acilitate or ind$ce child
prostit$tion which incl$de !$t are
not limited to the "ollowing,
i. 'cting as a proc$rer o" a child
prostit$te;
ii. 0nd$cing a person to !e a client o" a
child prostit$te !# means o" written
or oral advertisements or other
similar means;
iii. %a2ing advantage o" inK$ence or
relationship to proc$re a child as
prostit$te;
iv. %hreatening or $sing violence
towards a child to engage him as a
prostit$te; or
v. Giving monetar# consideration goods
or other pec$niar# !ene5t to a child
with intent to engage s$ch child in
prostit$tion.
!. %hose who commit the act o"
se-$al interco$rse or lascivio$s
cond$ct with a child e-ploited in
prostit$tion or s$!9ect to other
se-$al a!$se; Po@!/e/< T0at
10en t0e @!$t!" !s %n/e 1*
&eas of a#e< t0e >e>etatos
s0all be >ose$%te/ %n/e
At. ++2< >aa#a>0 +< fo
a>e an/ At. ++. of A$t No.
+:12< as a"en/e/< t0e RPC<
fo a>e o las$!@!o%s $on/%$t<
as t0e $ase "a& beI Po@!/e/<
T0at t0e >enalt& fo
las$!@!o%s $on/%$t 10en t0e
@!$t!" !s %n/e 1* &eas of
a#e s0all be e$l%s!on
te">oal !n !ts "e/!%"
>e!o/; and
c. %hose who derive pro5t or
advantage there"rom whether as
manager or owner o" the
esta!lishment where the
prostit$tion ta2es place or o" the
sa$na disco !ar resort place o"
entertainment or esta!lishment
serving as a cover or which
engages in prostit$tion in
addition to the activit# "or which
the license has !een iss$ed to
said esta!lishment.
2. ATTEMPT TO COMMIT CHILD
PROSTITUTION 'Se$. .,
a. %here is an attempt to commit
child prostit$tion $nder ;ection 8
paragraph &a) hereo" when an#
person who not !eing a relative
o" a child is "o$nd alone with the
said child inside the room or
c$!icle o" a ho$se an inn hotel
motel pension ho$se apartelle
or other similar esta!lishments
vessel vehicle or an# other
hidden or secl$ded area $nder
circ$mstances which wo$ld lead a
reasona!le person to !elieve that
the child is a!o$t to !e e-ploited
in prostit$tion and other se-$al
a!$se.
!. %here is also an attempt to
commit child prostit$tion $nder
paragraph &!) o" ;ection 8 hereo"
when an# person is receiving
services "rom a child in a sa$na
parlor or !ath massage clinic
health cl$! and other similar
esta!lishments.
3. CHILD TRA99ICKINE 'Se$. 7,
'n# person who shall engage in trading and
dealing with children incl$ding !$t not
limited to the act o" !$#ing and selling o" a
child "or mone# or "or an# other
consideration or !arter.
7. ATTEMPT TO COMMIT CHILD
TRA99ICKINE 'Se$. :,
THERE IS AN ATTEMPT TO COMMIT
CHILD TRA99ICKINE UNDER SECTION 7
O9 THIS ACTI
a. Hhen a child travels alone to a
"oreign co$ntr# witho$t valid
reason there"or and witho$t
clearance iss$ed !# the
<epartment o" ;ocial Hel"are and
<evelopment or written permit or
9$sti5cation "rom the childSs
parents or legal g$ardian;
!. Hhen a person agenc#
esta!lishment or child*caring
instit$tion recr$its women or
co$ples to !ear children "or the
p$rpose o" child tra/c2ing;
c. Hhen a doctor hospital or clinic
o/cial or emplo#ee n$rse
midwi"e local civil registrar or
an# other person sim$lates !irth
"or the p$rpose o" child
tra/c2ing; or
d. Hhen a person engages in the
act o" 5nding children among low*
income "amilies hospitals clinics
n$rseries da#*care centers or
other child*d$ring instit$tions
who can !e ofered "or the
p$rpose o" child tra/c2ing.
COMPARE PROSECUTION 9OR ACTS O9
LASCIBIOUSNESS UNDER ART. ++. O9 THE
RPC AND RA 7.13< AS AMENDED
- Inder (' ?>1J the penalt# "or lascivio$s
cond$ct when the victim is $nder 12 #ears o"
age shall !e recl$sion temporal in its
medi$m period. On the other hand 'rt. 33>
o" the (PC provides a lighter penalt# o"
prision correctional "or acts o" lascivio$sness.
8. OBSCENE PUBLICATIONS AND INDECENT
SHOWS
'n# person who shall hire emplo# $se
pers$ade ind$ce or coerce a child to
per"orm in o!scene e-hi!itions and indecent
shows whether live or in video or model in
o!scene p$!lications or pornographic
materials or to sell or distri!$te the said
materials.
>. OTHER ACTS O9 NEELECT< ABUSE<
CRUELTY OR EOPLOITATION AND OTHER
CONDITIONS PREGUDICIAL TO THE
CHILD[S DEBELOPMENTI
a. 'n# person who shall commit an#
other acts o" child a!$se cr$elt#
or e-ploitation or to !e
responsi!le "or other conditions
pre9$dicial to the childSs
development incl$ding those
covered !# 'rticle 8A o"
Presidential <ecree 6o. >J3 as
amended !$t not covered !# the
(evised Penal Code as amended.
!. 'n# person who shall 2eep or
have in his compan# a minor 12
#ears or $nder or who in 1J #ears
or more his 9$nior in an# p$!lic or
private place hotel motel !eer
9oint discothe+$e ca!aret
pension ho$se sa$na or massage
parlor !each andBor other to$rist
resort or similar places. Provided
%hat this provision shall not appl#
to an# person who is related
within the "o$rth degree o"
consang$init# or a/nit# or an#
!ond recognized !# law local
c$stom and tradition or acts in
the per"ormance o" a social
moral or legal d$t#.
c. 'n# person who shall ind$ce
deliver or ofer a minor to an#
one prohi!ited !# this 'ct to 2eep
or have in his compan# a minor
as provided in the preceding
paragraph.
d. 'n# person owner manager or
one entr$sted with the operation
o" an# p$!lic or private place o"
accommodation whether "or
occ$panc# "ood drin2 or
otherwise incl$ding residential
places who allows an# person to
ta2e along with him to s$ch place
or places an# minor herein
descri!ed.
e. 'n# person who shall $se coerce
"orce or intimidate a street child
or an# other child to,
!. 4eg or $se !egging as a means o"
living;
!!. 'ct as cond$it or middlemen in dr$g
tra/c2ing or p$shing; or
!!!. Cond$ct an# illegal activities.
GURISPRUDENCE
1. %he implementing r$les ela!orated on this
de5nition when it de5ned a N$0!l/U as one
10o !s belo1 1: &eas of a#e o o@e
sa!/ a#e 10o< )1on eval)ation of a
6)ali8ed 15!ician= 1!c5ologit or
1!c5iatrit< !s fo%n/ to be !n$a>able of
ta6!n# $ae of 0eself f%ll& be$a%se of a
>0&s!$al o "ental /!sab!l!t& o
$on/!t!on or o" protecting hersel" "rom
a!$se.
7@
2. Inder ;ection 8&!) 'rticle 000 o" (.'. ?>1J in
relation to (.'. @383 i" the victim o" se-$al
a!$se is !elow 12 #ears o" age the ofender
sho$ld not !e prosec$ted "or se-$al a!$se !$t
"or stat$tor# rape $nder 'rt. 2>>*'&1)&d) o" the
(PC and penalized with recl$sion perpet$a.
0" the victim is 12 #ears or older the ofender
sho$ld !e charged with either se-$al a!$se
$nder ;ection 8&!) o" (.'. ?>1J or rape
$nder 'rt. 2>>*' &e-cept paragraph 1XdY) o"
the (PC.
COH:M:( the ofender cannot !e acc$sed
o" !oth crimes "or the same act !eca$se his
right against do$!le 9eopard# will !e
pre9$diced.
Ei2ewise rape cannot !e comple-ed with a
violation o" ;ection 8&!) o" (.'. ?>1J. Inder
48
People v. 3bello, .!. "o. (-(&-/, March /-, /%%&
;ection 7@ o" the (PC &on comple- crimes) a
"elon# $nder the (PC &s$ch as rape) cannot
!e comple-ed with an ofense penalized !# a
special law.
(8
R.A. 8*.*
ANTI)BIOLENCE AEAINST WOMEN AND
THEIR CHILDREN ACT O9 *33(
PSYCHOLOEICAL BIOLENCE re"ers to acts or
omissions ca$sing or li2el# to ca$se mental or
emotional s$fering o" the victim s$ch as !$t not
limited to intimidation harassment stal2ing
damage to propert# p$!lic ridic$le or
h$miliation repeated ver!al a!$se and mental
in5delit#. 0t incl$des ca$sing or allowing the
victim to witness the ph#sical se?%al o
>s&$0olo#!$al ab%se of a "e"be of t0e
fa"!l& to which the victim !elongs or to
1!tness >ono#a>0& !n an& fo" or to
witness a!$sive in9$r# to pets or to $nlaw"$l or
$nwanted deprivation o" the right to c$stod#
andBor visitation o" common children.
PUNISHABLE ACTS UNDER SEC 2 INCLUDEI
&g) Ca$sing or attempting to ca$se the woman
or her child to engage in an# se-$al activit#
which does not constit$te rape !# "orce or
threat o" "orce ph#sical harm or thro$gh
intimidation directed against the woman or her
child or herBhis immediate "amil#
R.A. NO. 7:77
ANTI)SEOUAL HARASSMENT ACT
WORK< EDUCATION OR TRAININE)RELATED<
SEOUAL HARASSMENT< DE9INED
- <emanding re+$esting or otherwise
re+$iring an# se-$al "avor "rom the other
regardless o" whether the demand re+$est
or re+$irement is accepted !# the o!9ect o"
the act.
PUNISHABLE ACTS 'Se$. +,I
1. IN A WORK)RELATED OR EMPLOYMENT
ENBIRONMENT< SEOUAL HARASSMENT IS
COMMITTED WHENI
a. %he se?%al fa@o !s "a/e as a
$on/!t!on in the hiring or in the
emplo#ment re*emplo#ment or
contin$ed emplo#ment o" said
individ$al or in granting said individ$al
"avora!le compensation terms o"
conditions promotions or privileges; or
t0e ef%sal to #ant the se-$al "avor
7A
People v. 3bay .!.. "o. ()))-/, Debruary /$, /%%&
res$lts in limiting segregating or
classi"#ing the emplo#ee which in an#
wa# 1o%l/ /!s$!"!nate< deprive or
diminish emplo#ment opport$nities or
otherwise adversel# afect said
emplo#ee;
!. '!ove acts wo$ld !">a! t0e
e">lo&ee[s !#0ts o >!@!le#es
%n/e e?!st!n# labo la1s; or
c. '!ove acts wo$ld res$lt in an
!nt!"!/at!n#< 0ost!le< o oCens!@e
en@!on"ent "or the emplo#ee.
2. IN AN EDUCATION OR TRAININE
ENBIRONMENT< SEOUAL HARASSMENT IS
COMMITTEDI
a. 'gainst one who is $nder the care
c$stod# or s$pervision o" the ofender;
!. 'gainst one whose ed$cation training
apprenticeship or t$torship is entr$sted
to the ofender;
c. Hhen the se-$al "avor is made a
condition to the giving o" a passing
grade or the granting o" honors and
scholarships or the pa#ment o" a
stipend allowance or other !ene5ts
privileges or consideration; or
d. Hhen the se-$al advances res$lt in an
intimidating hostile or ofensive
environment "or the st$dent trainee
or apprentice.
An& >eson 10o /!e$ts o !n/%$es
anot0e to $o""!t an& a$t of se?%al
0aass"ent as 0ee!n /e4ne/< o 10o
$oo>eates !n t0e $o""!ss!on t0eeof
b& anot0e 1!t0o%t 10!$0 !t 1o%l/ not
0a@e been $o""!tte/< s0all also be 0el/
l!able %n/e t0!s A$t.
PERSONS PENALISED
1. :mplo#ers emplo#ees managers
s$pervisors teachers pro"essors
instr$ctors coaches trainors and other
persons who have a$thorit# inK$ence or
moral ascendanc# over another in a wor2
ed$cation or training*related environment.
2. %he emplo#er or head o" o/ce ed$cational
or training instit$tion shall !e solidaril# lia!le
"or damages arising "rom the acts o" se-$al
harassment committed in the emplo#ment
ed$cation or training environment i" the
emplo#er or head o" o/ce ed$cational or
training instit$tion is in"ormed o" s$ch acts
!# the ofended part# and no immediate
action is ta2en.
GURISPRUDENCE
1. 0n Do"!n#o @. Ra&ala it was held. N0t is
tr$e that this provision calls "or a demand
re+$est or re+$irement o" a se-$al "avor !e
artic$lated in a categorical oral or written
statement. 0t ma# !e discerned with e+$al
certit$de "rom the acts o" the ofender.O
8J
END O9 DISCUSSIONO ON TOPIC
11. CRIMES AEAINST CHASTITY
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
1*. C!"es A#a!nst t0e C!@!l
Stat%s of Pesons
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
TOPICS UNDER THE SYLLABUSI
C0a>te 1I S!"%lat!on of B!t0s an/
Us%>at!on of C!@!l Stat%s
C0a>te *I Ille#al Ma!a#es
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
C0a>te 1I S!"%lat!on of B!t0s an/
Us%>at!on of C!@!l Stat%s
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
ART. +(7. SIMULATION O9 BIRTHS<
SUBSTITUTION O9 ONE CHILD 9OR
ANOTHERH AND CONCEALMENT OR
ABANDONMENT O9 A LEEITIMATE CHILD
ACTS PUNISHABLEI
1. S!"%lat!on o" !irths
Ele"entsI
a. %he child is ba>t!Fe/ o e#!stee/
in the (egistr# o" !irth as t0e
oCen/eAs;
!. %h$s the child loses !ts eal stat%s
and ac+$ires a new one; and
50
7omingo v. !ayala, .!. "o. (--.'(, Debruary ., /%%%
c. %he ofender1s p$rpose was to $a%se
t0e loss of an& ta$e as to t0e
$0!l/As t%e 4l!at!on.
*. S%bst!t%t!on o" one child "or another or
+. Con$eal!n# o aban/on!n# an# legitimate
child wB the intent to ca$se s$ch child to lose
its civil stat$s.
ELEMENTSI
a. %he child m$st !e legitimate= f)ll!
develo1ed and a living being;
!. %he ofender $on$eals o aban/ons
s%$0 $0!l/; and
c. %he ofender has the !ntent to
$a%se t0e $0!l/ to lose !ts $!@!l
stat%s.
NOTEI
SIMULATION crime m$st alter the
person1s civil stat$s.
;im$lation ta2es place when the woman
pretends to !e pregnant when in "act she
was not; woman who sim$lates !irth and the
woman who "$rnishes the child are !oth
responsi!le as principals
%he "act that child will !e !ene5ted !#
sim$lation o" !irth is not a de"ense since it
creates a "alse stat$s to the detriment o"
mem!ers o" "amil# to which the child is
introd$ced.
' "ather who sells his child is not lia!le $nder
this article since there is no a!andonment.
ABANDONINE A
CHILD UNDER ART.
+(7
ABANDONINE A
MINOR UNDER ART.
*7.
%he ofender is an#
person.
%he ofender m$st !e
one who has c$stod# o"
the child.
%he p$rpose is to
ca$se the child to lose
its civil stat$s.
%he p$rpose is to avoid
the o!ligation o" rearing
and caring "or the child.
ART. +(:. USURPATION O9 CIBIL STATUS
HOW COMMITTEDI
- %his "elon# is committed !# a person who
ass%"es t0e 4l!at!on< o t0e >aental o
$on5%#al !#0ts o" another.
NOTEI
Criminal intent to en9o# the civil rights o"
another !# the ofender 2nowing he is not
entitled thereto is necessar# to constit$te
this crime.
LUALI9YINE CIRCUMSTANCE, P$rpose o"
the impersonation is to de"ra$d the ofended
part# or his heirs.
0ncl$des $s$rpation o" pro"ession
0t is a!sol$tel# necessar# that there is intent
to en9o# the rights arising "rom the civil
stat$s o" the person impersonated.
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
C0a>te *I Ille#al Ma!a#es
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
ART. +(8. BIEAMY
ELEMENTS,
1. %hat the ofender has !een le#all&
"a!e/;
2. %hat the marriage has not been le#all&
/!ssol@e/ or in case his or her spo$se is
a!sent the absent s>o%se $o%l/ not &et
be >es%"e/ /ea/ according to the Civil
Code;
3. %hat he contracts a se$on/ o s%bse=%ent
"a!a#e; .
7. %hat the second or s$!se+$ent marriage has
all t0e essent!al e=%!s!tes fo @al!/!t&.
NOTEI
%he crime o" !igam# does not "all within the
categor# o" private crimes. Cence it can !e
prosec$ted even witho$t the initiative o" the
ofended part#.
%he "act that the 1st marriage is void "rom
the !eginning is not a de"ense in a !igam#
charge. %here is a need "or 9$dicial
declaration o" the n$llit# o" the 1st marriage.
;imilarl# there m$st also !e a s$mmar#
proceeding to declare the a!sent spo$se
pres$mptivel# dead "or p$rposes o"
remarriage.
Bal!/!t& of se$on/ "a!a#e !s a
>e5%/!$!al =%est!on to l!ab!l!t& fo
b!#a"&
One convicted "or !igam# ma# !e
prosec$ted "or conc$!inage as !oth are
distinct ofenses. Cowever the second
spo$se is not necessaril# lia!le "or !igam#.
One who "alsel# vo$ches "or the capacit# o"
the either o" the contracting parties 2nowing
that one o" the parties is alread# married is
an accomplice.
Gail$re to e-ercise d$e diligence to ascertain
the wherea!o$ts o" the 1st wi"e and the
h$s!and1s remarriage is b!#a"& t0o%#0
e$6less !">%/en$e.
' pardon !# the ofended part# does not
e-ting$ish criminal action considering that a
crime is committed against the ;tate and
the crime o" 4igam# is a p$!lic ofense
which can !e deno$nced not onl# !# the
person afected there!# !$t even !# a civic*
spirited citizen who ma# come to 2now the
same.
E99ECT O9 DIBORCE
D!@o$e #ante/ b& a foe!#n $o%t 0as
no eCe$t. (esidence there is not s$/cient
to con"er 9$risdiction on the co$rt o" that
state. %his applies to those domiciled in the
Philippines altho$gh the# contracted
marriage elsewhere.
D!@o$e obta!ne/ aboa/ b& al!en
s>o%se s0all l!6e1!se estoe t0e
9!l!>!no s>o%seAs $a>a$!t& to e"a&
%n/e P0!l!>>!ne La1.
BURDEN O9 PROO9 IN BIEAMY
Once the prosec$tion has esta!lished that
the de"endant was alread# married at the
time he contracted the 2
nd
marriage the
!$rden o" proo" to show the dissol$tion o"
the 5rst marriage is $pon the de"ense.
Hhen a person marries twice the second
marriage is pres$med valid and the "ormer
one is pres$med to have !een dissolved !#
death or divorce. 4$t this pres$mption ma#
#ield to circ$mstances.
GURISPRUDENCE
1. %he mere private act o" signing a marriage
contract !ears no sem!lance to a valid
marriage and th$s nee/s no 5%/!$!al
/e$laat!on of n%ll!t&. ;$ch act alone
witho$t more cannot !e deemed to
constit$te an ostensi!l# valid marriage "or
which petitioner might !e held lia!le "or
!igam# $nless he 5rst sec$res a 9$dicial
declaration o" n$llit# !e"ore he contracts a
s$!se+$ent marriage.
81
2. Gor the acc$sed to !e held g$ilt# o" !igam#
the prosec$tion is !$rdened to prove the
"elon#, &a) heBshe has !een legall# married;
and &!) heBshe contracts a s$!se+$ent
marriage witho$t the "ormer marriage
having !een law"$ll# dissolved. %he "elon# is
cons$mmated on the cele!ration o" the
second marriage or s$!se+$ent marriage. 0t
is essential in the prosec$tion "or !igam#
that the alleged second marriage having all
the essential re+$irements wo$ld !e valid
were it not "or the s$!sistence o" the 5rst
51
Morigo v. People, .!. "o. ($-//1, Debruary %1, /%%$
marriage.
82
ART. +23. MARRIAEE CONTRACTED
AEAINST PROBISIONS O9 LAWS
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat the ofender $onta$te/ "a!a#e;
and
2. %hat he 6ne1 at the time that,
a. Re=%!e"ents o" law were not
complied with or
!. %he marriage was in disregard o" a
le#al !">e/!"ent.
LUALI9YINE CIRCUMSTANCEI 0" either o" the
contracting parties o!tains the consent o" the
other !# means o" @!olen$e< !nt!"!/at!on o
fa%/.
RELUIREMENTS O9 THE LAW 9OR BALID
MARRIAEEI
'ARTS. * AND + O9 THE 9AMILY CODE,
1. Eegal capacit# o" the contracting parties
who m$st !e male and "emale;
2. Consent "reel# given in the presence o"
the solemnizing o/cer;
3. '$thorit# o" the solemnizing o/cer;
7. ' valid marriage license e-cept in
marriages o" e-ceptional character; and
8. ' marriage ceremon# which ta2es place
with the appearance o" the contracting
parties !e"ore the solemnizing o/cer
and their personal declaration that the#
ta2e each other as h$s!and and wi"e in
the presence o" not less than 2 witnesses
o" legal age.
NOTEI
Conviction "or violation o" 'rt. 38J involves
moral t$rpit$de. %he respondent is
dis+$ali5ed "rom !eing admitted into the
4ar.
%he ofender m$st not !e g$ilt# o" !igam#.
ART. +21. PREMATURE MARRIAEES
PERSONS LIABLEI
1. ' widow who married 1!t0!n +31 /a&s "rom
the date o" the death o" her h$s!and o
befoe 0a@!n# /el!@ee/ i" she is pregnant
at the time o" his death.
2. ' woman 10ose "a!a#e 0a@!n# been
/!ssol@ed or ann$lled married !e"ore her
deliver# o 1;!n +31 /a&s a"ter the date o"
the legal separation.
52
Manuel v. People, .!. "o. (1-.$/. "ovember /&, /%%-
NOTEI
Period ma# !e disregarded i" the 5rst
h$s!and was impotent or sterile or i" the
woman was pregnant !e"ore the death o" the
5rst h$s!and and gave !irth within the said
period.
%he period o" 3J1 da#s is important onl# in
cases where the woman is not pregnant or
does not 2now that she is pregnant at the
time she !ecomes a widow. 0" she is
pregnant at s$ch time the prohi!ition is
good onl# $p to deliver#.
PURPOSE O9 THE LAW
- ;ince the p$rpose o" p$nishing
the "oregoing acts is to >e@ent
$ases of /o%btf%l >aten!t&
the woman will not !e lia!le
there$nder i", &a) she has alread#
delivered; and &!) she has
concl$sive proo" that she was not
pregnant !# her 5rst spo$se
since he was permanentl#
sterile.
83
ART. +2*. PER9ORMANCE O9 ILLEEAL
MARRIAEE CEREMONY
ACT PUNISHED
- Per"ormance or a$thorization !#
a priest or minister o" an#
religio$s denomination or sect or
!# civil a$thorities o" an# illegal
marriage ceremon#.
EOCEPTION
- ' clerg#man who per"ormed a
marriage ceremon# 'it5o)t
Cno'ledge o" the minorit# o"
one o" the parties is not liable.
NOTEI Ofender m$st !e a$thorized to
solemnize marriages.
END O9 DISCUSSION ON TOPIC
11. CRIMES AEAINST CIBIL STATUS
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
1+. C!"es A#a!nst Hono
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
TOPICS UNDER THE SYLLABUSI
C0a>te 1I L!bel
53
People v. Masinsin, C.3., $& O.. '&%.
Se$. 1 ) De4n!t!on< fo"s an/
>%n!s0"ent of t0e $!"e
Se$. * ) Eeneal Po@!s!ons
C0a>te *I In$!"!nato&
Ma$0!nat!ons
A.M. 3.)*33:
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
C0a>te 1I L!bel
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
SECTION 1. K DE9INITION< 9ORMS< AND
PUNISHMENT O9 THIS CRIMES
ART. +2+. DE9INITION O9
LIBEL;DE9AMATION
ELEMENTS,
0- %hat there m$st !e an !">%tat!on o" a
crime or o" a vice or de"ect real or
imaginar# or an# act omission condition
stat$s or circ$mstance &de"amator#
imp$tation);
*- %hat the imp$tation m$st !e made >%bl!$l&;
/- %hat it m$st !e "al!$!o%s;
7- %hat the imp$tation m$st !e /!e$te/ at a
nat%al o 5%!/!$al >eson< o one 10o
!s /ea/;
B- %hat the imp$tation m$st tend to ca$se the
/!s0ono< /!s$e/!t o $onte">t o" the
person de"amed.
DE9INITION O9 TERMS
1. LIBEL is a p$!lic and malicio$s imp$tation
o" a crime or a vice or de"ect real or
imaginar# or an# act commission condition
stat$s or circ$mstances tending to ca$se the
dishonor discredit or contempt o" a nat$ral
or 9$ridical person or to !lac2en the memor#
o" one who is dead. 0t m$st !e committed
thro$gh an# o" the acts en$merated in 'rt.
388
2. DE9AMATION ma# !e li!el or slander.
<e"amation is the proper term "or li!el as
$sed in 'rt. 383.
3. PUBLICATION is the comm$nication o" the
de"amator# matter to some third personBs.
KINDS O9 MALICE
1. MALICE IN LAW is pres$med "rom a
de"amator# imp$tation. Proo" o" malice is not
re+$ired; ma# !e ta2en "or granted in view
o" the grossness o" the imp$tation.
2. MALICE IN 9ACT is malice or ill*will which
m$st !e proved.
WHEN DO MALICE IN 9ACT APPLYZ
3alice in "act m$st !e proved whenever the
de"amator# imp$tation appears in a privileged
comm$nication.
WHEN DOES PRESUMPTION O9 MALICE O9
LAW DISAPPEARZ
Ipon proo" o" good intention and 9$sti5a!le
motive.
NOTEI
%here is no distinction !etween cal$mn#
ins$lt and li!el. 'll 2inds o" attac2 against
honor and rep$tation is p$nished.
3alice is pres$med to e-ist in in9$rio$s
p$!lications.
<e"amator# remar2s directed at a gro$p o"
persons are not actiona!le $nless the
statements are all em!racing or s$/cientl#
speci5c "or each victim to !e identi5a!le.
%he meaning o" the writer is immaterial.
0n li!el the "alse acc$sation need not !e
made $nder oath. 0t is per9$r# which re+$ires
that the "alse acc$sation is made $nder
oath.
;editio$s li!el is p$nished $nder 'rticle 172
0mp$tation o" criminal intention is not
li!ello$s
%here are as man# co$nts o" li!el as there
are persons de"amed.
EENERALLY< THE PERSON LIBELED MUST BE
IDENTI9IED.
4$t the p$!lication need not re"er !# name to
the li!eled part#. 0" not named it m$st !e shown
that the description o" the person re"erred to in
the de"amator# p$!lication was s$/cientl# clear
so that at least a +/ >eson 1o%l/ 0a@e
!/ent!4e/ t0e oCen/e/ >at&.
PRESUMPTION O9 PUBLICATION
%o pres$me p$!lication there m$st !e a
easonable >obab!l!t& that the alleged
li!elo$s matter was there!# e?>ose/ to be
ea/ o seen b& +/ >esons.
CRITERIA TO DETERMINE WHETHER
STATEMENTS ARE DE9AMATORYI
1. 0n determining whether a statement is
de"amator# the words $sed are constr$ed in
their entiret# and ta2en in their plain nat$ral
and ordinar# meaning as the# wo$ld
nat$rall# !e $nderstood !# persons reading
them $nless it appears that the# were $sed
and $nderstood in another sense.
87
54
"ovicio v. 3ggabao, .!. "o. ($(''/, 7ecember ((,
2. Hords are calc$lated to ind$ce the hearers
to s$ppose and $nderstand that the person
against whom the# are $ttered were #%!lt&
of $eta!n oCenses or are s$/cient to
impeach their 0onest&< @!t%e o
e>%tat!on or to hold the person $p to
>%bl!$ !/!$%le;
88
and
3. Hords are constr$ed not onl# as to the
e-pression $sed !$t also with respect to the
whole scope and apparent o!9ect o" the
writer.
8>
ART. +2(. RELUIREMENT 9OR PUBLICITY.
KINDS O9 PRIBILEEED COMMUNICATIONI
(. ABSOLUTELY PRIBILEEED not actiona!le
even i" the actor has acted in !ad "aith;
/. LUALI9IEDLY PRIBILEEED those which
altho$gh containing de"amator# imp$tations
are not actionable unless made with malice
or bad faith.
EENERAL RULE, E@e& /efa"ato&
!">%tat!on !s >es%"e/ "al!$!o%s< e@en !f
!t be t%e i" no good intention and 9$sti5a!le
motive "or ma2ing it is shown.
- Ho1e@e< t0e >es%">t!on of "al!$e !s
eb%tte/< !f !t !s s0o1n b& t0e a$$%se/
t0atI
a. %he de"amator# imp$tation is tr$e in
case the law allows proo" o" the tr$th
o" the imp$tation.
!. 0t is p$!lished with good intention;
and
c. %here is 9$sti5a!le motive "or ma2ing
it..
EOCEPTION TO THE RULE '10en "al!$e !s
NOT >es%"e/,I
1. P!@ate comm$nication in per"ormance o"
le#al< "oal o so$!al /%t&.
RELUISITESI
a. %hat the person who made the
comm$nication had a legal moral or social
d$t# to ma2e the comm$nication or at least
he had an interest to !e $pheld; Le#al /%t&
pres$pposes a provision o" law con"erring
$pon the acc$sed the d$t# to comm$nicate.
b. %hat the comm$nication is addressed to an
o/cer or a !oard or s$perior having some
interest or d$t# on the matter; and
$. %hat the statements in the comm$nication
are made in good "aith witho$t malice in
"act.
/%%'
55
+.,. v. O6Connell, ') Phil.)1)
56
People v. 2ncarnacion, C.3., $. O.. (.()
- T0e /efense of >!@!le#e/
$o""%n!$at!on 1!ll be e5e$te/ !f !t
s0o1n b& t0e >ose$%t!on o t0e
>la!nt!CI
a. %hat the de"endant acted with malice in "act
or
!. %hat there is no reasona!le gro$nd "or
!elieving the charge to !e tr$e.
2. 9a! an/ t%e e>ot of oD$!al
>o$ee/!n#s made in #oo/ fa!t0 1!t0o%t
an& $o""ents and remar2s
RELUISITESI
a. %hat the p$!lication o" a report o" an o/cial
proceeding is a "air and tr$e report o" a
9$dicial legislative or other o/cial
proceedings which are not o" con5dential
nat$re or o" a statement report or speech
delivered in said proceedings or o" an#
other act per"ormed !# a p$!lic o/cer in the
e-ercise o" his "$nctions;
!. %hat it is made in good "aith; and
c. %hat it is made witho$t an# comments or
remar2s
DOCTRINE O9 9AIR COMMENT
- Gair commentaries on matters o" p$!lic
interest are privileged and constit$te a valid
de"ense in an action "or li!el or slander.
MALICE IN 9ACT ) is the rivalr# or ill*"eeling
e-isting at the date o" p$!lication. 0t is the
intention to in9$re the rep$tation o" the ofended
part# motivated !# hate and revenge.
MALICE IN 9ACT MAY BE PROBED OR
SHOWN BYI
1. :-trinsic evidence that the de"endant !ore a
gr$dge against the ofended part#; or
2. %hat there was rivalr# or ill*"eeling !etween
them which e-isted at the date o" the
p$!lication o" the de"amator# imp$tation; or
3. %hat the de"endant had an intention to in9$re
the rep$tation o" the ofended part# as
shown !# the words $sed and the
circ$mstances attending the p$!lication o"
the de"amator# imp$tation.
NOTEI
Prosec$tion m$st prove malice in "act to
convict the acc$sed in case o" +$ali5ed
privileged comm$nication
Absol%te P!@!le#e/ Co""%n!$at!on are
not actiona!le even i" done in !ad "aith. %his
covers statements made !# mem!ers o"
Congress in discharge o" "$nctions and
9$dicial proceedings when pertinent and
relevant to s$!9ect o" in+$ir#
Innecessar# p$!licit# destro#s good "aith.
<e"ense o" privileged comm$nication in
paragraph 1 will !e re9ected i" it is shown
that acc$sed acted with malice and there is
no reasona!le gro$nd "or !elieving the
charge to !e tr$e.
%he mental moral and ph#sical 5tness o" a
candidate "or p$!lic o/ce ma# !e s$!9ect to
criticism. 0t does not "ollow a p$!lic man into
his private li"e and domestic concerns.
Privileged Comm$nication ma# !e "o$nd in
p$!lic doc$ment
%hat the statement is a privileged
comm$nication is a matter o" de"ense
STATEMENTS MADE IN SEL9)DE9ENSE ARE
O9TEN PRIBILEEED
;tatements made in sel" de"ense or in m$t$al
controvers# are o"ten privileged. %he person
li!eled is 9$sti5ed to hit !ac2 with another li!el.
Cowever retaliation and vindictiveness cannot
!e the !asis o" sel"*de"ense in de"amation. ;el"*
de"ense m$st !e on matters related to
imp$tations made on the person invo2ing the
de"ense.
COMMENTS ON THE CONDUCT O9 PUBLIC
O99ICERS DO NOT CONSTITUTE LIBEL
<e"amator# remar2s and comments on the
cond$ct or acts o" p$!lic o/cers which are
related to the discharge o" their o/cial d$ties
will not constit$te li!el i" de"endant proves the
tr$th o" imp$tation. Cowever an# attac2 $pon
private character on matters not related to the
discharge o" o/cial d$ties ma# !e li!elo$s.
GURISPRUDENCE
' p$!lic 5g$re has !een de5ned as a person
who !# his accomplishments "ame or mode o"
living or !# adopting a pro"ession or calling
which gives the p$!lic a legitimate interest in his
doings his afairs and his character has
!ecome a Sp$!lic personage.S Ce is in other
words a cele!rit#. O!vio$sl# to !e incl$ded in
this categor# are those who have achieved some
degree o" rep$tation !# appearing !e"ore the
p$!lic as in the case o" an actor a pro"essional
!ase!all pla#er a p$gilist or an# other
entertainer. %he list is however !roader than
this. 0t incl$des p$!lic o/cers "amo$s inventors
and e-plorers war heroes and even ordinar#
soldiers an in"ant prodig# and no less a
personage than the Grand :-alted ($ler o" a
lodge. It !n$l%/es< !n s0ot< an&one 10o 0as
a!@e/ at a >os!t!on 10ee >%bl!$
attent!on !s fo$%se/ %>on 0!" as a
>eson.
27
ART. +22. LIBEL BY MEANS O9 WRITINES
OR SIMILAR MEANS
THE MEANS BY WHICH LIBEL MAY BE
COMMITTED ARE BYI
1. writing;
2. printing;
3. lithograph#;
7. engraving;
8. radio;
>. phonograph;
?. painting;
@. theatrical e-hi!itions;
A. cinematographic e-hi!itions; or
1J. an# similar means.
NOTES
%he law provides Nor an# similar meansO
which easil# +$ali5es television is s$ch
species or categor#. <e"amation made in a
television program is li!el. 'lso incl$des
pict$res.
<e"amation thro$gh an ampli5er is not li!el
!$t oral de"amation &slander).
%he penalt# prescri!ed is in addition to civil
lia!ilit#.
Ei!el ma# !e a!sor!ed in crime o" threats i"
intent to threaten is the principal aim and
o!9ect.
ART. +2.. THREATENINE TO PUBLISH LIBEL
AND O99ER TO PREBENT SUCH
PUBLICATION 9OR A COMPENSATION
ACTS PUNISHABLEI
1. 4# t0eaten!n# another to p$!lish a li!el
concerning him or his parents spo$se
child or other mem!ers o" his "amil#; or
2. 4# oCe!n# to >e@ent the p$!lication o"
s$ch li!el "or compensation or mone#
consideration.
BLACKMAIL ) 'n# $nlaw"$l e-tortion o" mone#
!# threats o" acc$sation or e-pos$re. 0t is
possi!le in the crimes o" light threats &'rt. 2@3)
and in threatening to p$!lish li!el &'rt.
38>).
ART. +27. PROHIBITED PUBLICATION O9
ACTS RE9ERRED TO IN THE COURSE O9
O99ICIAL PROCEEDINES
57
uingguing v. C3, .!. "o. (/.&-&, ,eptember '%,
/%%-
ELEMENTS,
1. %hat the ofender is a e>ote< e/!to o
"ana#e of a ne1s>a>e< /a!l& o
"a#aF!ne;
2. %hat he >%bl!s0es "acts connected with the
>!@ate l!fe o" another; and
3. %hat s$ch "acts are oCens!@e to t0e 0ono<
@!t%e an/ e>%tat!on o" said person.
NOTESI
%he prohi!ition to p$!lish applies even s$ch
p$!lication !e made in connection wB or
$nder the prete-t that it is necessar# in the
narration o" an# 9$dicial or administrative
proceedings wherein s$ch "acts have !een
mentioned.
'rt. 38? constit$tes the NGag lawO which
!ars "rom p$!lication news reports on cases
pertaining to ad$lter# divorce iss$es a!o$t
the legitimac# o" children etc.
;o$rce o" news report ma# not !e revealed
$nless co$rt or Congress 5nds s$ch
revelation is demanded !# the sec$rit# o"
the ;tate
ART. +2:. SLANDER; ORAL DE9AMATION
KINDS O9 ORAL DE9AMATIONI
1. ERABE SLANDER * de"amation is o" a
serio$s and ins$lting nat$re;
2. SIMPLE SLANDER * light ins$lt or
de"amation.
9ACTORS THAT DETERMINE ERABITY O9
THE O99ENSEI
1. e-pressions $sed
2. personal relations o" the acc$sed . the
ofended part#
3. circ$mstances s$rro$nding the case and
7. social standing and position o" the victim.
NOTEI
Hords $ttered in the heat o" anger constit$te
light oral de"amation.
0" the $tterances were made p$!licl# and
were heard !# man# people and the acc$sed
at the same time pointed his 5nger at the
complainant oral de"amation is committed.
Ittering de"amator# words in the heat o"
anger with some provocation on the part o"
the ofended part# constit$tes onl# a light
"elon#.
8@
ART. +28. SLANDER BY DEED
ELEMENTSI
8@
4illanueva v. People, .!. "o. (1%'-(, 3pril (%, /%%1
1. %hat the ofender per"orms an& a$t not
!n$l%/e/ !n an& ot0e $!"e a#a!nst
0onoH
2. %hat s$ch act is per"ormed in the presence
o" other person or persons; and
3. %hat s$ch act casts dishonor discredit or
contempt $pon the ofended part#.
NOTEI
;lander ma# either !e s!">le or #a@e
depending $pon the nat$re o" the deed.
Pointing a dirt# 5nger constit$tes simple
slander !# deed it appearing "rom the
"act$al milie$ o" the case that the act
complained o" was emplo#ed Tto e-press
anger or displeas$reT at complainant. Hhile
it ma# have cast dishonor discredit or
contempt $pon complainant said act is not
o" a serio$s nat$re.
8A
SERIOUSNESS O9 SLANDER BY DEED
DEPENDS ONI
1. %he so$!al stan/!n# o" ofended part#
2. %he circ$mstances s$rro$nding the act
3. %he occasion
DISTINCTIONSI
1. UNGUST BEOATION * irritation or
anno#ance; an#thing that anno#s or irritates
witho$t 9$sti5cation.
2. SLANDER BY DEED * irritation or
anno#ance ` attendant p$!licit# and
dishonor or contempt.
3. ACTS O9 LASCIBIOUSNESS * irritation or
anno#ance ` an# o" the 3 circ$mstance
provided in 'rt. 338 on rape &i.e. $se o" "orce
or intimidation; deprivation o" reason or
rendering the ofended $nconscio$s; or i"
ofended part# was $nder 12 #ears old
together with lewd designs)
SECTION *. K EENERAL PROBISIONS
ART. +.3. PERSONS RESPONSIBLE 9OR
LIBEL
1. %he person who >%bl!s0es< e?0!b!ts o
$a%ses the p$!lication or e-hi!ition o" an#
de"amation in writing or similar means;
2. %he a%t0o o e/!to o" a !oo2 or
pamphlet;
3. %he e/!to o b%s!ness "ana#e o" a dail#
newspaper magazine or serial p$!lication;
and
7. %he o1ne of t0e >!nt!n# >lant which
p$!lishes a li!elo$s article with his $onsent
59
Ed.
an/ all ot0e >esons< 10o !n an& 1a&
>at!$!>ate in or have connection with its
p$!lication.
BENUE O9 CRIMINAL AND CIBIL ACTION
9OR DAMAEES IN CASES O9 WRITTEN
DE9AMATION 'PROBIDES 9OR EOCLUSIBE
GURISDICTION,I
1. where the li!elo$s article is printed . 1st
>%bl!s0e/< or
2. where an# o" the ofended parties act$all#
resides at the time o" the commission o" the
ofense or
3. where one o" the ofended parties is a p$!lic
o/cer,
a. i" his o/ce is in the Cit# o" 3anila
with the (%C o" 3anila otherwise
with the (%C o" the cit#Bprovince
10ee 0e 0el/ oD$e at the time o"
ofense;
!. or the cit#Bprovince where the article
was 1
st
p$!lished
7. where one o" the ofended parties is a
>!@ate !n/!@!/%al with the (%C o"
provinceBcit# where he a$t%all& es!/es at
the time o" the crime or where the article
was printed or 1st p$!lished.
NOTEI
Complaint "or de"amation imp$ting a private
crime &i.e. ad$lter# conc$!inage sed$ction
a!d$ction and acts o" lascivio$sness) m$st
!e 5led !# the ofended part#.
0" the li!el imp$tes a vice or de"ect and not a
crime it is alwa#s prosec$ted $pon
in"ormation signed and 5led !# the 5scal
%he person who p$!lishes a li!elo$s letter
written !# the ofended part# is lia!le
&p$!lishing and not composing is the prime
re+$isite o" crime).
Eia!ilit# o" the editor is same as the a$thor.
Eimitations o" ven$e, 0n order to minimize
inter"erence with p$!lic "$nction when the
case involves a p$!lic o/cer and also to
avoid $nnecessar# harassment o" the
acc$sed !# limiting o$t*o"*town li!el s$its.
'ction "or e-emplar# damages ma# !e
awarded i" action is !ased on +$asi*delict.
Civil and criminal actions m$st !e 5led in
same co$rt.
6o remed# "or damages "or slander or li!el
in case o" a!sol$tel# privileged
comm$nication.
ART. +.1. PROO9 O9 THE TRUTH
PROO9 O9 TRUTH IS ADMISSIBLE WHENI
1. %he act or omission imp$ted $onst!t%tes a
$!"e regardless o" whether the ofended
part# is a private individ$al or a p$!lic
o/cer or
*. %he oCen/e/ >at& !s a #o@en"ent
e">lo&ee even i" the act or omission
imp$ted does not constit$te a crime
provided it is elate/ to t0e /!s$0a#e of
0!s oD$!al /%t!es.
RELUISITES 9OR ACLUITTAL 9ROM A LIBEL
CHAREEI
1. 0t appears that the "atte charged as
li!elo$s is TRUE &"or sit$ations &1) and &2)
a!ove); and
2. 0t was p$!lished with #oo/ "ot!@es and "or
a 5%st!4able en/ &"or sit$ation &1) onl#).
NOTESI
%he proo" o" the tr$th o" the acc$sation
cannot !e made to rest $pon mere hearsa#
r$mors or s$spicion !$t $pon positive direct
evidence $pon which a de5nite 5nding ma#
!e made !# the co$rt.
'n imp$tation that a person has contagio$s
disease might $nder ordinar# circ$mstances
!e de"amator# !$t loses s$ch character
when made with good intention and
9$sti5a!le motive.
%here is no li!el when there is no malice.
(etraction ma# mitigate the damages; i"
article is li!elo$s per se p$!lication d$e to
honest mista2e is onl# mitigating.
ART. +.*. LIBELOUS REMARKS
NOTESI
Ei!elo$s remar2s or comments on privileged
matters &$nder 'rt. 387) i" made with
malice in "act will not e-empt the a$thor
and editor.
%his article is a limitation to the de"ense o"
privileged comm$nication. :ven i" matter is
privileged and malice in "act is proved
a$thor and editor is lia!le
'$thorBeditor o" p$!lication who distorts
m$tilates or discolors o/cial proceedings
reported !# him or add comments thereon
to cast aspersion on character o" parties
concerned is g$ilt# o" li!el
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C0a>te *I In$!"!nato&
Ma$0!nat!ons
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ART. +.+. INCRIMINATINE INNOCENT
PERSON
ELEMENTS,
1. %hat the ofender per"orms an a$t;
2. %hat !# s$ch act he /!e$tl& !n$!"!nates
o !">%tes to an !nno$ent person the
$o""!ss!on of a $!"e; and
3. %hat s$ch act doe not contit)te
1er2)r!.
* KINDS O9 INCRIMINATINE AN INNOCENT
PERSONI
1. Ma6!n# a state"ent 10!$0 $onst!t%tesI
a. de"amation or
b. per9$r# &i" made $nder oath and is "alse)
2. Plant!n# e@!/en$e
NOTESI
'rt. 3>3 is limited to planting evidence and
the li2e which tend directl# to ca$se "alse
prosec$tion.
0ncriminator# machinations disting$ished
"rom de"amation does not avail himsel" o"
written or spo2en words.
%here is a comple- crime o" incriminating an
innocent person thro$gh $nlaw"$l arrest.
INCRIMINATINE AN
INNOCENT
PERGURY BY MAKINE
9ALSE ACCUSATION
Per"orms act to directl#
incriminate or imp$te
commission o" crime
0mp$tation "alsel#
made !e"ore an o/cer
'ct o" planting
evidence
Galse statement or
a/davit made $nder
oath
'rresto 3a#or 'rresto 3a#or ma- to
Prision Correccional
min
ART. +.(. INTRIEUINE AEAINST HONOR
HOW COMMITTEDI
- %his "elon# is committed !# an#
person who shall ma2e an#
!nt!#%e which has "or its
principal p$rpose to ble"!s0 t0e
0ono o e>%tat!on o" another
person. 0t is committed b&
sa&!n# to ot0es an
%natt!b%table t0!n# t0at !f !t
sa!/ to t0e >eson 0!"self<
slan/e !s $o""!tte/.
NOTEI
3$st !e committed !# means o" some tric2#
and secret plot and not gossiping which "alls
$nder de"amation.
Hhere the so$rce or a$thor o" derogator#
in"ormation cannot !e determined and
de"endant passes it to others de"endant1s
act is one o" intrig$ing against honor; i" it
came "rom a de5nite so$rce slander is
committed.
INTRIEUINE
AEAINST HONOR
INCRIMINATINE AN
INNOCENT PERSON
%he ofender resorts to
an intrig$e "or the
p$rpose o" !lemishing
the honor or rep$tation
o" another person.
%he ofender per"orms
an act !# which he
directl# incriminates or
imp$tes to an innocent
person the commission
o" a crime.
INTRIEUINE
AEAINST HONOR
SLANDER
%he so$rce or a$thor o"
the derogator#
in"ormation cannot !e
determined and the
de"endant !orrows the
same . witho$t
s$!scri!ing to the
tr$th thereo" passes it
to others.
%he so$rce o"
in"ormation can !e
pinpointed and
de5nitel# determined
and de"endant
adopting as his own
the in"ormation he has
o!tained passes the
same to another "or
the p$rpose o" ca$sing
dishonor to
complainant1s
rep$tation.
A.M. 3:)*33:
'RULE O9 PRE9ERENCE IN
IMPOSITION O9 PENALTIES IN LIBEL
CASES,
%here is an emergent r$le o" pre"erence "or the
imposition o" 4ne onl& at0e t0an
!">!son"ent in li!el cases.
All $o%ts an/ 5%/#es $on$ene/ s0o%l/
0en$efot0 ta6e note of t0e foe#o!n# %le
of >efeen$e set b& t0e S%>e"e Co%t on
t0e "atte of t0e !">os!t!on of >enalt!es
fo t0e $!"e of l!bel bea!n# !n "!n/ t0e
follo1!n# >!n$!>lesI
1. %his 'dministrative Circ$lar does not remove
imprisonment as an alternative penalt# "or
the crime li!el $nder 'rticle 388 o" the
(evised Penal Code;
2. %he =$dges concerned ma# in the e-ercise o"
so$nd discretion and ta2ing into
consideration the pec$liar circ$mstances o"
each case determine whether the imposition
o" a 5ne alone wo$ld !est serve the interests
o" 9$stice or whether "or!earing to impose
imprisonment wo$ld depreciate the
serio$sness o" the ofense wor2 violence on
the social order or otherwise !e contrar# to
the imperative o" 9$stice.
3. ;ho$ld onl# a 5ne !e imposed and the
acc$sed !e $na!le to pa# the 5ne there is
no legal o!stacle to the application o" the
!evised Penal Code provision on s$!sidiar#
imprisonment.
END O9 DISCUSSION ON TOPIC
1+. CRIMES AEAINST HONOR
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1(. L%as! OCenses
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CRIMINAL NEELIEENCE
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ART. +.2. IMPRUDENCE AND NEELIEENCE
LUASI)O99ENSES ARE COMMITTED IN (
WAYSI
1. 4# committing thro$gh rec2less impr$dence
an# act which had it !een intentional wo$ld
constit$te a grave or less grave "elon# or
light "elon#;
2. 4# committing thro$gh simple impr$dence
or negligence an act wBc wo$ld otherwise
constit$te a grave or a less serio$s "elon#;
3. 4# ca$sing damage to the propert# o"
another thro$gh rec2less impr$dence or
simple impr$dence or negligence; or
7. 4# ca$sing thro$gh simple impr$dence or
negligence some wrong which i" done
malicio$sl# wo$ld have constit$te a light
"elon#.
ELEMENTS O9 RECKLESS IMPRUDENCEI
1. %hat the ofender /oes o fa!ls to /o an
a$t;
2. %hat the doing o" or the "ail$re to do that act
is @ol%nta&;
3. %hat it !e 1!t0o%t "al!$e;
7. %hat material damage res$lts; and
8. %hat there is ine-c$sa!le lac2 o" preca$tion
on the part o" the ofender ta2ing into
consideration
a. his emplo#ment or occ$pation
!. degree o" intelligence ph#sical
condition and
c. other circ$mstances regarding
persons time and place.
ELEMENTS O9 SIMPLE IMPRUDENCE"
1. %hat there is la$6 of >e$a%t!on on the part
o" the ofender; and
2. %hat the /a"a#e impending to !e ca$sed is
not !""e/!ate or the /an#e is not
$leal& "an!fest.
NEELIEENCE IMPRUDENCE
<e5cienc# o"
Perception
<e5cienc# o" 'ction
Gail$re in 'dvertence Gail$re in Preca$tion
'voided !# pa#ing
proper attention and
$sing d$e diligence in
"oreseeing them
'voided !# ta2ing the
necessar# preca$tion
once "oreseen
NOTEI
0mpr$dence or 6egligence is not a crime in
itsel" !$t simpl# a wa# o" committing a
crime.
'rt. >7 on mitigating and aggravating
circ$mstances is not applica!le in +$asi*
ofenses.
0n the technical term N(ec2less 0mpr$dence
res$lting in ComicideO what is p$nished is
not the act itsel" !$t the mental attit$de or
condition !ehind the act.
6egligence is a +$asi*ofense. Hhat is
p$nished is not the efect o" the negligence
!$t the rec2lessness o" the acc$sed.
Contri!$tor# negligence o" ofended part# is
not a de"ense !$t onl# mitigates criminal
lia!ilit#.
Miolation o" a r$le or reg$lation or law is
proo" o" negligence.
6o criminal lia!ilit# "or death or in9$ries
ca$sed !# rec2lessl# negligent acts to
trespassers where the de"endant was not
aware o" their presence.
LUALI9YINE CIRCUMSTANCE IN LUASI
O99ENSES
%he ofender1s "ail$re to lend on*the*spot
assistance to the victim o" his negligence or
a!andoning one1s victim is $s$all# p$nisha!le
$nder 'rt. 2?8.
Ho1e@e< i" it is charged $nder 'rt. 3>8 it is
onl# a +$ali"#ing circ$mstance. 0" not alleged at
all it cannot even !e considered as an
aggravating circ$mstance.
TEST O9 NEELIEENCE
LI <id the de"endant in doing the alleged
negligent act $se the reasona!le care and
ca$tion which an ordinar# pr$dent person wo$ld
have $sed in the same sit$ationD 0" not then he
is g$ilt# o" negligence.
RECKLESS
IMPRUDENCE
9ORCE MAGEURE
%he immediate
personal harm or
damage to propert# is
perceiva!le and can !e
prevented !# the
e-ercise o" reasona!le
care. %he want o"
reasona!le care to
prevent harm or
damage constit$tes
rec2less impr$dence.
:vents which co$ld
not !e "oreseen or
which tho$gh
"oreseen were
inevita!le. 0t implies
an e-traordinar#
circ$mstance which
is independent o" the
will o" the actor.
LAST CLEAR CHANCE RULE
%he contri!$tor# negligence o" the in9$red part#
will not de"eat the action i" it !e shown that the
acc$sed might !# the e-ercise o" reasona!le
care and pr$dence have avoided the
conse+$ences o" the negligence o" the in9$red
part#.
DOCTRINE O9 PRE)EMPTION IN BEHICLE
COLLISIONS
'ltho$gh the driver o" a motor vehicle crossing a
thr$*street is s$pposed to wait along the
intersection "or the driver o" another vehicle
r$nning along said thr$*street i" the driver
crossing the street had alread# reached the
middle thereo" the other driver travelling along
the thr$*street altho$gh with a right o" pre*
emption has the d$t# to stop his motor vehicle
in order to avoid a collision.
EMEREENCY RULE
' person con"ronted with emergenc# ma# !e le"t
with no time "or tho$ght and m$st ma2e speed#
decision !ased on imp$lse or instinct and
cannot !e held lia!le "or same cond$ct as one
who had the opport$nit# to reKect. %his is
applica!le onl# when the sit$ation that arises is
s$dden $ne-pected and is s$ch as to deprive
him o" all opport$nit# "or deli!eration.
:g. 'n a$tomo!ile driver who !# the
negligence o" another is s$ddenl# placed in an
emergenc# and is $o">elle/ to a$t !nstantl&
to avoid a collision or in9$r# is not g$ilt# o"
negligence i" he ma2es a choice which a person
o" ordinar# pr$dence placed in s$ch a position
might ma2e e@en t0o%#0 0e /!/ not "a6e
t0e 1!sest $0o!$e.
NOTEI 3$st !e !ased on negligence o" another
with no proo" o" his own negligence.
END O9 DISCUSSON ON TOPIC
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