CONSPECTE LEC

SUBIECTUL 1
Define and discuss the following concepts:
a Universal grammar: a set of p!inciples and !ules co""on to all hu"an languages # a set of pa!a"ete!s whose $alue is set %& e'pe!ience and
which can $a!& f!o" a language to anothe!
( P!inciple: st!uctu!e dependenc& ) the !elations %etween wo!ds *e'+ S,I Su%-ect ,u'ilia!& In$e!sion .Can &ou spea/ Englih01
( Pa!a"ete!s: ha$e diffe!ent $alues set %& e'pe!ience and can $a!& f!o" a language to anothe! *e'+ Null2o$e!t su%-ect ) subiectul subn eles 3
head(di!ectionalit& ) the "ost i"po!tant wo!d in a sentence
% Lexicon: s&ste" of o!gani4ing g!a""a! *functional catego!ies 5 $oca%ula!& *le'ical catego!ies+
c Projection principle: all info!"ation found in the le'icon should %e p!o-ected in a sentence+ Both LE6IC,L and 7UNCTION,L catego!ies
e'pand acco!ding to the sa"e gene!al fo!"at: 6(B,8 SC9E:,

d The Innateness hypothesis: child!en a!e %o!n with so"e innate /nowledge which guides the" in the p!ocess of ac;uisition+
SUBIECTUL <
Define and illust!ate with the e'a"ple of &ou! own:
a) Simple sentence: an independent clause containing a subject and a verb+
E': So"e students li/e to stud& in the "o!nings+
b) Compound sentence: contains two independent clauses -oined %& a coo!dinato!: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.
E': I t!ied to spea/ Spanish3 and "& f!iend t!ied to spea/ English+
P ) ph!ase *e'p!esie3 locu iune
6
=
) p!o-ection *usuall& the head of the sentence
6
1
) fi!st p!o-ection
Spec ) specifie! *DETE8:INE8S the, a, this3 >U,NTI7IE8S no, some, every3 and POSSESSI?ES @ohns and my mothers)
6P ) "a'i"al p!o-ection *e'tended p!o-ection of the head
c) Complex sentence: independent clause -oined %& one o! "o!e dependent clauses %& the "eans of a su%o!dinato! such as because, since, after,
although, or when o! a !elati$e p!onoun such as that, who, or which+
E': The students a!e stud&ing %ecause the& ha$e a test to"o!!ow+
d) inite clause: its $e!% is "a!/ed fo! tense
E': @ohn studies English+ *indicati$e3 p!esent tense
e) !on"#inite clause: dependent clause whose $e!% is non(finite
E': To live is to su##er in silence+ 2 To learn is to $no%+ *infiniti$e
#) Small clause: a!e subject(predicate st!uctu!es
E': @ane "a!!&0 O$e! "& dead %od&A
@i" called "e a liar &to be a liar)'
SUBIECTUL B
Identif& the %olded sentences %elow3 whethe! the& a!e si"ple2co"pound2co"ple'+
SUBIECTUL C
Discuss the "ain p!ope!ties of le'ical and functional catego!ies3 and p!o$ide e'a"ples+
LE6IC,L C,TEDO8IES *PE8 ILE DE ?O8BI8E: open class with an inc!easing nu"%e! of ent!ies
a) !oun
( dete!"ine! *a, an, the, this, thatF
( nu"%e!
( gende!
( case *No"inati$e3 Deniti$e3 ,ccusati$e3 Dati$e3 ?ocati$e
b) (djective
( deg!ee of co"pa!ison
( gende! *sa"e with noun
( p!eceded %& othe! wo!ds *$e!&3 too3 ;uite3 !athe!++
c) (dverb
( deg!ee of co"pa!ison
( :odif& a $e!%
d) )erb
( :ood
( Tense
( Su%-ect(?e!% ag!ee"ent
( ?oice
( ,spect
e) Prepositions
( Can %e followed %& a dete!"ine!2noun
( Can %e p!eceded %& right o! straight
7UNCTION,L C,TEDO8IES: close class with a definite nu"%e! of ent!ies *the glue that holds sentences togethe!
a Dete!"ine!s *definite2indefinite a!ticles3 de"onst!ati$es3 possessi$es3 nu"%e!s3 ;uestion wo!ds3 etc
% >uantifie!s *a few, a little, much, many, a lot of, most, some, any, enough3 etc
c Con-unctions *and3 %ut3 so3 etc
d ,u'ilia!ies *be, do, have
SUBIECTUL G
Discuss and illust!ate the I::EDI,TE2ULTI:,TE CONSTITUENTS of a sentence+
( The I::EDI,TE constituents of a sentence a!e P98,SES *e'p!esii3 locu iuni *e': a book of biology; drink water; on the desk)
( The ULTI:,TE constituents of a sentence a!e HO8DS *e': car, covered, discover, incredibly
P98,SE I a g!oup of wo!ds !elated to each othe! *e': an expensive book
( , ph!ase is the p!o-ection of a 9E,DJ
( Ph!ases a!e %uilt a!ound thei! head
*at an apple ) $e!% ph!ase ?P *the $e!% .eat1 is the do"inant ele"ent ) T9E 9E,D
+ead a %oo/ ) $e!% ph!ase ?P *the $e!% .read1 is the do"inant ele"ent ) T9E 9E,D
,oring lectu!e ) noun ph!ase NP *the noun .lecture1 is the do"inant ele"ent ) T9E 9E,D
, girl ) noun ph!ase NP *the noun .girl1 is the do"inant ele"ent ) T9E DE,D
(bove the s/& ) p!epositional ph!ase PP *the p!eposition .above1 is the do"inant ele"ent ) T9E 9E,D
>uite dramatically ) ad$e!%ial ph!ase ,P *the ad$e!% .dramatically1 is the do"inant ele"ent ) T9E 9E,D
SUBIECTUL K
Identif& the head and the t&pe of the following ph!ases:
a Par$ a ca! ) $e!% ph!ase ?P *the $e!% .par$1 is the do"inant ele"ent ) T9E 9E,D
% E't!e"el& polite ) ad-ecti$al ph!ase ,P *the ad-ecti$e .polite1 is the do"inant ele"ent ) T9E 9E,D
c This %!eath(ta/ing and "ind(%lowing tale of lo$e ) noun ph!ase NP *the noun .tale1 is the do"inant ele"ent ) T9E DE,D
d -hether the state"ent is t!ue o! false ) CO:PLE:ENTILE8 P98,SE *whethe! ) T9E 9E,D
e That !oo" was e"pt& ) CO:PLE:ENTILE8 P98,SE *that ) T9E 9E,D
f or hi" to %e the winne! ) CO:PLE:ENTILE8 P98,SE *fo! ) T9E 9E,D
SUBIECTUL M
:ention and illust!ate K p!ope!ties that distinguish au'ilia!ies f!o" le'ical $e!%s+
(U.ILI(+I*S &be/ do/ have/ modals) L*.IC(L )*+,S &jump/ love/ see0)
1' Do not denote e$ents
I am !eading a %oo/+ *am nu e'p!i"N o
ac iune3 ci este au'ilia! pent!u $% read
Denote e$ents
I read a %oo/ e$e!& wee/+ *read e'p!i"N o
ac iune
<+ ,llow S,I *Su%-ect ,u'ilia!& In$e!sion
he will come soon.
Will she come soon!
DonOt allow S,I *DO inse!tion
he speaks "nglish.
Does she speak "nglish!
B+ Can occu! in T,DS and COD,S
#ary speaks "nglish, and so do $.
Cannot occu! in T,DS and COD,S
#ary speaks "nglish, and so speak $+ *D8E IT
C+ ,llow NED,TION
he will not/wont come soon.
DonOt allow NED,TION *DO NOT inse!tion
he doesnt speak "nglish.
G+ Cannot assign a P(!ole *the& a!e
se"anticall& light I DO NOT SELECT
T9EI8 CO:PLE:ENT
Nu poate Qndeplini niciunul din !olu!ile tip
T9ET,+
Can assign a P(!ole I SELECT T9EI8
CO:PLE:ENT
*,gent2Patient2E'pe!ience!2Benefecti$e
%gent& I speak "nglish very well.
'atient& $ speak English very well.
"xperiencer& You are happy.*state
(enefective: Rou pla& the piano for me+
*%eneficia!
K+ DOESNST INCLUDE ,U6ILI,8R 23
IN E:P9,SIS
)ou havent written the homework, but $
have.
E:P9,SIS ) INCLUDES ,U6ILI,8R 23
IN E:P9,SIS
)ou dont write your homework, but $ do.
SUBIECTUL T
Is DET an ,U6ILI,8R o! a LE6IC,L ?E8B in the following sentences0
a @ohn got a!!ested fo! theft when he was &oung+
% @ohn often got a!!ested fo! theft when he was &oung+
c Did @ohn get a!!ested fo! theft when he was &oung0
d @ohn didnOt get a!!ested fo! theft+
DET ) le'ical $e!% %ecause it cannot do the in$e!sion with the su%-ect3 so it needs the au'ilia!& DID+
SUBIECTUL U
Show that :UST2:,R2C,N a!e au'ilia!ies *ta/ing into account thei! p!ope!ties+
, "odal au'ilia!& has the following cha!acte!istics: NICE P8OPE8TIES
N NED,TION Ta/es negation di!ectl& *canSt3 "ustnSt+
*e cant have done it.
I IN?E8SION Ta/es in$e!sion without DO *can I0 "ust I0+
May $ ask you a +uestion!
C COD, ,ohn can swim and so can (ill.
E E:P9,SIS %nn cant solve the problem, but $ can+
SUBIECTUL 1=
Co"pa!e the p!ope!ties of:
Copula .BE1 ,U6ILI,8IES ) BE3 DO3 9,?E
LINVIND ?E8B ) -oins SUB@ECT to
,D@ECTI?E2NOUN CO:PLE:ENT
*e is fast. *WisW lin/s the su%-ect W9eW to the
ad-ecti$e WfastW+
*e is a driver. *WisW lin/s the su%-ect W9eW to the
noun co"ple"ent Wd!i$e!W+
9ELPIND ?E8BS ) adds g!a""atical info!"ation 5 "a!/ tense
*e was running.
Did you come to school yesterday!
Have you finished!

Copula(li/e ?E8BS LE6IC,L ?E8BS
( Connect the SUB@ECT to the CO:PLE:ENT+ The& a!e ( Denote e$ents *watch, play, sing
so"eti"es called lin$ing verbs+
( Do not denote e$ents3 onl& states and results+
( Se"anticall& select thei! co"ple"ents
( The& do not need au'ilia!& DO
( Cannot assign an E6TE8N,L ,8DU:ENT *Su%-ect )
UNN,CUS,TI?ES ) the& select a s"all clause as an
INTE8N,L ,8DU:ENT
BE3 8E:,IN3 SEE:3 ,PPE,8
Desc!i%e the ST,TE of a thing 2pe!son !efe!!ed to %& the su%-ect+
he seems happy.
$t was good.
BECO:E3 TU8N3 D8OH3 DET
Desc!i%e the 8ESULT of so"e change affecting the thing2pe!son !efe!!ed to
%& the su%-ect+
he became a teacher.
-he soup smelled more delicious than ever.
( Se"anticall& select thei! co"ple"ents *play the piano, sing a
song, watch a film
( Can assign a P(!ole I SELECT T9EI8 CO:PLE:ENT
*,gent2Patient2E'pe!ience!2Benefecti$e
%gent& I speak "nglish very well.
'atient& $ wrote the letter.
"xperiencer& You are happy.*state
(enefective: Rou pla& the piano for me+ *%eneficia!
SUBIECTUL 11
T!anslate into English+
SUBIECTUL 1<
Define and illust!ate B theta(!oles+
T9ET, 8OLES I SE:,NTIC 8OLES I denote the pa!ts that a!gu"ents pla& in the e$ent+
,DENT Initiate the action
I speak "nglish. *I I agent
P,TIENT Unde!goes the action of the agent+
$ wrote the letter. .the letter I patient)
E6PE8IENCE8 E'pe!iences a state+
You are happy.*state
BENE7ECTI?E ItOs the %eneficia!& of an action+
)ou play the piano for me+ *%eneficia!&
INST8U:ENT The o%-ect used to do the action+
*e wrote the letter with a pen.
LOC,TI?E2LOC,TION The place whe!e so"ething is situated+
he put the book on the self
DO,L Location towa!ds so"ething "o$es+
-hey went to the cinema.
SOU8CE Location f!o" which so"ething "o$es+
-hey came from the cinema.
SUBIECTUL 1B
Define and illust!ate
SRNT,CTIC 7UNCTION E!"M#$E%
E6TE8N,L ,8DU:ENT SUB@ECT %he speaks "nglish very well.
INTE8N,L ,8DU:ENT DI8ECT OB@ECT he speaks English very well.
INDI8ECT(INTE8N,L ,8DU:ENT P8EPOSITION,L OB@ECT *on2fo! he waited for him.
,D@UNCT ItOs not an a!gu"ent of the $e!% and it can
%e o"itted+
he reached home at & ocloc'
SUBIECTUL 1C
Identif& the a!gu"ents and ad-uncts in the sentences %elow+
%he had bought the most sophisticated I(#hone at the fair two wee's ago.
She I E6TE8N,L ,8DU:ENT
the "ost sophisticated I(Phone I INTE8N,L ,8DU:ENT
two wee/s ago I ,D@UNCT
SUBIECTUL 1G
Co"pa!e the p!ope!ties of UNE8D,TI?ES with those of UN,CCUS,TI?ES+
UN,CCUS,TI?ES UNE8D,TI?ES
( Intransitive verbs desc!i%ing TELIC situations *ha$e a natu!al
endpoint3 $isi%le !esults3 change of state
( Intransitive verbs desc!i%ing ,TELIC situations *without a
natu!al endpoint3 no $isi%le !esults3 no change of state
( The a!gu"ent is the Patient ( The a!gu"ent is the ,gent
( The a!gu"ent doesnOt ha$e cont!ol o$e! the action ( The a!gu"ent has cont!ol o$e! the action
-he snow melts.
-he lake fro)e.
-he vase bro'e into pieces+ *so"e%od& %!o/e itJ it cannot %!ea/
%& itself
,ohn spea's "nglish.
-he boys run for / hours.
SUBIECTUL 1K
Define and illust!ate
INT8,NSITI?E ?E8BS UNE8D,TI?ES UN,CCUS,TI?ES
( 9a$e onl& 1 ,!gu"ent: Patient o! ,gent
( Do not ta/e Di!ect O%-ect
( The& can %e
UNE8D,TI?ES2UN,CCUS,TI?ES
SUBIECT 1M
Define and illust!ate a COPUL,TI?E(P8EDIC,TE
COPUL,TI?E P8EDIC,TE I copula(li/e ?E8B # P8EDIC,TI?E
he became a teacher.
*e is happy.
SUBIECT 1T
Discuss G p!ope!ties of copula(li/e ?E8BS
Copula(li/e ?E8BS
1 Connect the SUB@ECT to the CO:PLE:ENT+ The& a!e
so"eti"es called lin$ing verbs+
< Do not denote e$ents3 onl& states and results+
B Se"anticall& select thei! co"ple"ents
C The& do not need au'ilia!& DO
G Cannot assign an E6TE8N,L ,8DU:ENT *Su%-ect )
UNN,CUS,TI?ES ) the& select a s"all clause as an
INTE8N,L ,8DU:ENT
BE3 8E:,IN3 SEE:3 ,PPE,8
Desc!i%e the ST,TE of a thing 2pe!son !efe!!ed to %& the su%-ect+
he seems happy.
$t was good.
BECO:E3 TU8N3 D8OH3 DET
Desc!i%e the 8ESULT of so"e change affecting the thing2pe!son !efe!!ed to
%& the su%-ect+
he became a teacher.
-he soup smelled more delicious than ever.
SUBIECTUL 1U
Identif& the ung!a""atical sentences %elow3 and account fo! thei! ung!a""aticalit&+
SUBIECTUL <=
Discuss C9,NDE O7 ST,TE(?E8BS *to &ellow2to f!ee4e2to "elt2to e$apo!ate2to !edden2to %lush with !espect to thei! co"pati%ilit& with .the!e1
sentences+ Di$e e'a"ples of &ou! own+
C9,NDE O7 ST,TE(?E8BS
( Cannot occu! in UN,CCUS,TI?ES2UNE8D,TI?ES
( The& a!e not co"pati%le with .the!e1 sentences+
E'a"ples of w!ong sentences:
0. -here yellow some leaves.
1. -here evaporates the air.
SUBIECTUL <1
Discuss INT8,NSITI?E ?E8BS with !espect to LOC,TI?E IN?E8SION+ Di$e e'a"ples of &ou! own+
LOC,TI?E IN?E8SION I Location # P!edicate # Su%-ect
Can appea! in UN,CCUS,TI?E *The a!gu"ent is the Patient Cannot appea! in UNE8D,TI?E *The a!gu"ent is the ,gent
2nce upon a time there was a beautiful princess.
a beautiful princess 3 'atient
$n the kitchen ate #ary an apple.
#ary 3 %gent
UNN,CUS,TI?E that denote a change of state cannot fo!" this
const!uctionAAA
2n the streets melted a lot of snow.
SUBIECTUL <<
T!anslate into English using 8ESULT,TI?ES whene$e! possi%le+
, "o!"Nit pXnN s(a cal"at I 9e g!u"%led hi"self cal"+
SUBIECTUL <B
Define and illust!ate
T8,NSITI?E ?E8BS DIT8,NSITI?E ?E8BS P98,S,L T8,NSITI?E
( !e;ui!e one o! "o!e o%-ects in a sentence+ ( two o%-ects *di!ect5indi!ect o%-ects The o%-ect is placed %etween the $e!% and the
p!eposition+
$ eat apples.
)ou want some coffe.
%licia wrote a love poem.
9e gave :a!& ten dolla!s+
9e passed Paul the %all+
@ean read hi" the %oo/s+
She is ba'ing hi" a ca/e+
9e! coat was $e!& wet+ She too$ it o##+
SUBIECTUL <C
Hhich classes of $e!%s ente!s the D,TI?E ,LTE8N,TION0 *POC 5 DOC Di$e at least 1 e'a"ple fo! each class+
POC I P!epositional O%-ect Const!uction *-he girl gave milk to the cat+
DOC I Dou%le O%-ect Const!uction *-he girl gave the cat milk+
P3C 23C
DI?E($e!%s -he girl gave milk to the cat -he girl gave the cat milk
T98OHIND($e!%s *e threw the ball to #ike. *e threw #ike the ball.
?e!%s of 7UTU8E 9,?IND he promised a dictionary to me. he promised me a dictionary.
?e!%s of
SENDIND2CO::UNIC,TON
he sent a letter to him. he sent him a letter.
B8IND2T,VE *e brought some flowers to her. *e brought her some flowers.
SUBIECTUL <G
Hhich classes a!e not co"pati%le with D,TI?E ,LTE8N,TION0 Di$e at least 1 e'a"ple fo! each class+
P3C 23C
?e!%s with L,TIN,TE o!igin
*cannot occu! in DOC3 onl& in
POC
9e donated the house to his son+ 9e donated his son the house+
?e!%s of 7UL7ILLIND I p!o$ided &ou all details !e;ui!ed+ I p!o$ided all details !e;ui!ed to &ou+
:,NNE8 O7 SPE,VIND
$e!%s
9e whispe!ed so"ething to he!+ 9e whispe!ed he! so"ething+
SUBIECTUL <K
Hhich classes of $e!%s a!e co"pati%le with the BENE7,CTI?E ,TE8N,TION0
( ?e!%s wich denote C8E,TION:
BUILD($e!%s 9e %uilt this house #or he! I 9e %uilt he! this house+
P8EP,8E($e!%s 9e p!epa!ed lunch #or he! I 9e p!epa!ed he! lunch+
DET($e!%s 9e %ought the icec!ea" #or he! I 9e %ought he! the icec!ea"+
C8E,TE($e!%s 9e designed this d!ess #or he! I 9e designed he! this d!ess+
SUBIECTUL <M
Hhich classes of $e!%s a!e inco"pati%le with the BENE7,CTI?E ,TE8N,TION0
STE,L($e!%s 9e stole the ca! fo! he! I 9e stole he! the ca!+
?e!%s of SELECTION 9e selected the the"e fo! he! I 9e selected he! the the"e+
DET($e!%s 9e %o!!ow the %oo/ fo! he! I 9e %o!!ow he! the %oo/+
C8E,TE($e!%s 9e co"posed the poe" fo! he! I 9e co"posed he! the poe"+
SUBIECTUL <T
E'plain wh& the following sentences a!e ung!a""atical+
Y9e %hispered he! the answe!+
-hispered 4 manner"o#"spea$ing verb incompatible %ith 23C
CO8ECT ( 9e %hispered the anwe! to he! *co"pati%le with POC+
SUBIECTUL <U
Decide which of the following sentences a!e g!a""atical2ung!a""atical+
SUBIECTUL B=
Define and illust!ate :IDDLE CONST8UCTION in English
:IDDLE CONST8UCTION ) $e!%s acti$e in fo!" *de!i$ed %& t!ansiti$e3 %ut passi$e in "eaning+
,CTI?E in fo!" P,SSI?E in "eaning
The "an sca!ed the wo"an+ The wo"an sca!es easil&+
@ohn !ead the %oo/+ The %oo/ !eads easil&+
She opened the doo! easil&+ The doo! opens easil&+
SUBIECTUL B1
Discuss the "ain p!ope!ties of ENDLIS9 :IDDLES+
a The ,gent is phonologicall& NULL3 %ut se"anticall& P8ESENT+
-hese shirts wash well.
-his door opens easily+
% The& donOt apea! in i"pe!ati$e o! p!og!essi$e fo!"s
4'olicemen are bribing easily.
4*ribe easily, policemenA
'olicemen bribe easily. .526"5-)
c DonOt e'p!ess specific e$ents3 %ut !ules3 featu!es o! laws fo! the patient and the& a!e usuall& used in the SI:PLE P8ESENT+
-his book reads easily.
-he book sells well.
d The :IDDLE sentences a!e inco"pati%le with by(ph!ase+
47all paints easily by *arry.
-he wall was painted by *ary.
e English :IDDLES gene!all& appea! with ad$e!%s that "odif& the p!edicates+
-his book reads easily.
4-his book reads.
SUBIECTUL B<
Hhat classes of $e!%s a!e co"pati%le2unco"pati%le with :IDDLE ENDLIS9ES0 Di$e B e'a"ples of each class+
C35P(TI,L* CL(SS*S I!C35P(TI,L* CL(SS*S
CUT($e!%s: cut3 sc!atch PE8CEPTION($e!%s: see3 feel3 hea!
?e!%s of :OTION: !otate3 spin @UDDE:ENT($e!%s: applaude3 c!itici4e
:I6($e!%s: %lend3 -oin3 "i' DEST8OR($e!%s: dest!o&3 de$astate3 !uin
Eggs "i' easil&+ Y9ouses dest!o& easil&+
SUBIECTUL BB
Discuss the ,77ECTEDNESS CONST8,INT as !elated to :iddles in English+
:iddles can %e fo!"es onl& with $e!%s that ha$e an ,77ECTED ,8DU:ENT *Patient2The"e2Locati$e2E'pe!ience!
T9E ,CTION O7 T9E ?E8B ,77ECTS T9E OB@ECT *,77ECTI?ENESS
C35P(TI,L* CL(SS*S I!C35P(TI,L* CL(SS*S
CUT($e!%s: cut3 sc!atch PE8CEPTION($e!%s: see3 feel3 hea!
:I6($e!%s: %lend3 -oin3 "i' @UDDE:ENT($e!%s: applaude3 c!itici4e
Eggs "i' easil&+ YHei!d noises hea!d al"ost all night+
SUBIECTUL BC
E'plain wh& the following sentences a!e ung!a""atical+
SUBIECTUL BG
T!anslate into English+
SUBIECTUL BK
Discu!ss the condition of P,SSI?IL,TIONS in English+
The ,D@,NCR CONST8,INT ) onl& the OB@ECT wich is ad-acent to the ?E8B can %eco"e the SUB@ECR of a passi$e sentence+
@ohn will in$ite :a!&+ *,CTI?E
:a!& will %e in$ited %& @ohn+ *P,SSI?E
SUBIECTUL BM
Discuss DET(passi$e $s+ BE(passi$e
BE(au'ilia!& BE(le'ical $e!%
he was killed.
Was she killed!
he got killes.
Did she get killed! *needs DID inse!tion
SUBIECTUL BT
The following sentences a!e ung!a""atical+