1

EVOLUSI MAGMA
1. Diferensiasi magma
Fraksinasi kristalisasi (gravity settling, filter pressing)
Liquid immiscibility
2. Magma mixing
3. Asimilasi
EVOLUSI MAGMA
1. Diferensiasi magma
Fraksinasi kristalisasi (gravity settling, filter pressing)
Liquid immiscibility
2. Magma mixing
3. Asimilasi
2
Fractional crystallization in the Palisades Sill (200 Ma) on theHudson
River Fm. Fractionation from an initial homogeneous magma resulted
from the settling of early-formed crystals of olivine and then pyroxene
from the residual melt.
3
X
1. For bulk composition X, liquid cools to liquidus at 1600C
P = 1 atm
2. Fo begins to crystallize
3. Liquid composition moves
directly away from Fo
4. Liquid composition reaches cotectic;
Di begins to crystallize with Fo
5. Co-precipitation of Fo + Di causes
liquid composition to move down
cotectic curve
6. Liquid composition
reaches ternary eutectic at
1270C; An begins to
crystallize with Di + Fo
7. Liquid is consumed;
An + Di + Fo cool
below 1270C
4
Gravity settling
Cool point a olivine layer at
base of pluton if first olivine sinks
Next: ol + cpx layer
Finally: ol + cpx + plag
Cumulate texture:
Mutually touching
phenocrysts with
interstitial crystallized
residual melt
12
17
22
Al
2
O
3
0
5
10
MgO
0
5
10
FeO*
0
2
4
6
Na
2
O
0
5
10
15
CaO
45 50 55 60 65 70 75
0
1
2
3
4
K
2
O
SiO
2
45 50 55 60 65 70 75
SiO
2
Bivariate
(x-y) diagrams
Harker Diagram
major elements
for Crater Lake.
From Winter (2001) An
Introduction to Igneous and
Metamorphic Petrology.
Prentice Hall.
5
40 50 60 70 80
0
100
200
300
Ni
SiO
2
0
100
200
300
Zr
ppm
wt. %
Note magnitude of trace
element changes
Harker Diagram trace elements
for Crater Lake.
From Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and
Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
Bivariate
(x-y) diagrams
Ophiolite suite of rocks - range from peridotites (mantle) to gabbro
(deeper ocean crust) to basalt (sheeted dikes and pillows - upper
oceanic crust) to deep-sea sediments.
6
7
Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC),
South Africa
(65,000 km
2
, max thickness 7 km) Catatan: Luas Bandung: 1,676 km
2
Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC),
South Africa
(65,000 km
2
, max thickness 7 km)
http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/geolsci/dlr/301s/bv_field/bv37.jpg
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9
EVOLUSI MAGMA
1. Diferensiasi magma
Fraksinasi kristalisasi (gravity settling, filter pressing)
Liquid immiscibility
2. Magma mixing
3. Asimilasi
Fo-SiO
2
system
Liquid Immiscibility
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Some Examples
Late silica-rich immiscible droplets in
Fe-rich tholeiitic basalts
Sulfide-silicate immiscibility (massive
sulfide deposits)
EVOLUSI MAGMA
1. Diferensiasi magma
Fraksinasi kristalisasi (gravity settling, filter pressing)
Liquid immiscibility
2. Magma mixing
3. Asimilasi
11
MAGMA MIXING
A scoriaceous basalt with bands of rhyolite pumice
incomplete mixing of 2 magmas due to density and viscosity contrasts
12
Basalt pillows accumulating at
the bottom of a in granitic
magma chamber, Vinalhaven
Island, Maine
Comingled basalt-Rhyolite Mt.
McLoughlin, Oregon
From Winter (2001) An Introduction to
Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology.
Prentice Hall
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EVOLUSI MAGMA
1. Diferensiasi magma
Fraksinasi kristalisasi (gravity settling, filter pressing)
Liquid immiscibility
Gaseous transfer
2. Magma mixing
3. Asimilasi
Assimilation
Incorporation of wall rocks
(diffusion, xenoliths)
Assimilation by melting is limited by the heat
available in the magma
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ASIMILASI MAGMA
Inclusion of metamorphic rock in lava (xenolith). El Joyazo, SE Spain.
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A gabbro xenolith in a granite body. Donner Pass in the high Sierras.
Gabbro xenoliths in a granite body
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