1.

The "Black codes"

A) restricted emigration of freedmen to the north
B) provided political and social opportunities unknown under slavery
C) stopped lees invasion of the north
D) stopped the way for the Union to take Richmond
E) prevented blacks from migrating to the West

2. The main purpose of the Freedmen's Bureau was to
A) oversee relations between former masters and slaves
B) implement the process of land redistribution
C) deny access to legal redress for white southerners
D) punish former slave holders
E) get the fourteenth amendment passed

3. All of the following were part of the Fourteenth Amendment except it
A) gave all citizens equal protection of the law
B) funded the Confederate war debt
C) created a constitutional definition of citizenship
D) gave Congress broad powers to enforce the amendment
E) provided for equal protection under the law

4. The Tenure of Office Act
A) angered congressmen by limiting their terms to two years
B) stated that a president could only hold office while in good standing
C) required Senate approval before the president could remove a cabinet
member
D) was designed to implement the spoils system
E) limited the president to two term in office

5. The impeachment of Andrew Johnson
was
A) because of crimes and misdemeanors
committed while he was president
B) the first time a president was forced
to resign
C) in retaliation for his opposition to
congressional reconstruction
D) because of his failure to appoint a
vice president
E) because of his affair with an office
worker










6. All of the following statements
regarding the Fifteenth Amendment are
true except it
A) prohibited states from denying the
right to vote on grounds of race or color
B) was popular among northern women
C) encountered much resistance in the
white south
D) was part of the congressional
reconstruction plan
E) was required by Congress that
southern states ratify it

7. The main purpose of the Ku Klux Klan
during the Reconstruction was to
A) destroy the Republican Party in the
South
B) deny freedmen equal protection
under the law
C) return black Americans to slavery
D) dismantle the Democratic Party
E) take the South out of the Union

8. By the mid-1870s, northern Americans
had grown increasingly
A) supportive of the governments
efforts to restructure the South
B) convinced that black Americans
needed further protection from racist
southern governments
C) weary of the turmoil of southern
politics
D) weary of the federal government's
failure to restructure the South
E) supportive of black immigration to
the North to meet their labor needs and
to stop the upheaval in the south

9. Which of the following was not a part
of the Compromise of 1877?
A) removal of federal troops from
southern states
B) appointment of a southern vice
president
C) federal aid for a southern railroad
D) federal appropriations to rebuild
war-destroyed levees
E) appointment of a southern
postmaster general

10. Scalawags were
A) northerners who attempted to
finance economic enterprises in the
postwar South
B) southern blacks attempting to exert
their newly acquired political power
C) white, southern-born Republicans
D) white southerners who opposed
reconstruction policies
E) criminals who stole public funds
during Reconstruction

11. Radical Republicans objected to
Lincoln's initial Reconstruction plan
because it
A) offered a presidential pardon to
former Confederate political and
military leaders
B) did not require the establishment of
educational opportunities for freed
people
C) restored the political rights of white
men who had fought against the Union
D) was too difficult to enforce
E) gave too many rights to freedmen

12. Andrew Johnson was all of the
following except
A) a southern democrat
B) the only senator from a confederate
state who did not support the
Confederacy
C) a supporter of yeoman farmers
D) a white supremacist
E) a strong supporter of the planter
aristocracy

13. Which of the following is a
characteristic of the post-Civil War
southern labor system
A) black workers preferred working in
gangs as they had done under slavery
B) the new system of sharecropping
evolved
C) foreign immigrants were brought in
to replace slave laborers
D) most ex-slaves purchased land and
often employed their former masters
E) the economy quickly recovered from
the ravishes of war

14. The Compromise of 1877
signified
A) a renewal of federal
support for the civil rights
of all Americans
B) the end of
Reconstruction
C) the beginning of the
Industrial Revolution in the
United States
D) the decline of
Democratic Party control
of congress
E) the end of the spoils
system

The ones pushing for more reforms in
the South in favor of African Americans
were the: Radical Republicans

The election of 1868: witnessed the
election of southerners to important
congressional positions

During the Reconstruction Period: the
illiteracy rate among southern blacks
was reduced significantly

The majority of southern republican
voters were: black

Southern whites regarded
carpetbaggers as: agents of an army
of occupation

Ulysses S. Grant was guilty of: unwise
appointments of public officials.

Which of the following is characteristic
of the post- Civil War southern labor
system: the new system of
sharecropping evolved.

One of the major political scandals of
the Grant presidency involved:
Credit Mobilier.

The idea of redistributing plantation
land to freedmen was tried first by:
William T. Sherman.

The primary purpose of the Ku Klux
Klan was to: prevent blacks from
voting.

Congressional laws in 1870 and 1871
did all of the following except: give
the president the power to suspend
the writ of habeas corpus.

The new state constitutions drawn up
in the South from 1867 to 1868:
included universal male suffrage.

Ulysses S. Grant's presidency is
known as an era of: scandal and
corruption at all levels of
government.

Members of Abraham Lincoln's own
party opposed his Proclamation of
Amnesty and Reconstruction
because: it left the door open to
restrictive Southern measures to
control former slaves.

Which of the following is true of
Andrew Johnson's impeachment
trial: The Senate sat as a court to try
Johnson on charges drawn up by the
House.

Andrew Johnson was all of the
following except: a strong supporter
of the planter aristocracy.

Which of the following is not true of
black political activity during
Reconstruction: More than 50
percent of high state and federal
offices were held by blacks.

The main issue addressed by the 15th
Amendment was: voting

The Fourteenth Amendment did all
of the following except: guarantee the
Confederate debt.


The last battle between the US Army and the America Indians,
often recognized symbolically as the death of Plains Indian
culture, was fought at
A) Little Big Horn
B) Sand Creek
C) Wounded Knee
D) Big Creek
E) Pine Ridge
C
By the 1870s, the major mineral being mined in the West was
A) gold
B) silver
C) copper
D) lead
E) platinum
B

The biggest boost to the cattle industry in the late nineteenth
century was the
A) breeding of longhorn cattle
B) movement of the railroad westward
C) arrival of the cowboy
D) decline of open-range grazing
E) the invention of barbed wire
B

The "New South" probably can best be described as a society
of
A) cotton fields, plantations, and agriculture
B) tobacco, slavery, and planters
C) commerce, cotton mills, and steel
D) trading firms and shipbuilders
E) small farmers and day laborers
C

"Jim Crow" laws
A) disenfranchised black Americans
B) extended the naturalization period for foreigners
C) prevented women from voting
D) mandated labor unions
E) mandated racial segregation in public facilities
E

The Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson stated that
A) the right of blacks to vote was not constitutionally
protected
B) black Americans could be prevented from running for
office
C) Jim Crow laws were illegal
D) black and white Americans could be segregated by race,
but must be supplied with equal facilities
E) the Fourteenth amendment did not apply to private acts of
discrimination
D

In the fight for equal rights, black leader Booker T Washington
adopted a strategy that emphasized
A) segregation
B) political equality and freedoms
C) self-help and education
D) government assistance to blacks
E) violent resistance
C

All of the following statements regarding homesteading on the
Great Plains are not true except
A) most homes were simple wooden cabins made out of oak or
pine
B) the northern Plains were heavily populated by foreign-born
residents
C) Plains communities were notable in their lack of ethnic
diversity
D) most immigrants who settled there were from southern Italy
and Russia
E) the largest segment of settlers came from the American
South
B

In the mining frontier
A) the largest and most profitable mines were owned by large
mining corporations
B) small independent miners controlled production and set
prices
C) labor/management relations were peaceful due to high pay
and industry profits
D) environmental concerns prevented the use of wasteful and
destructive technologies
E) Native Americans supplied more of the labor force
A

Most cowboys in the Old West were
A) men who led solitary lives marked by personal freedom
B) gunfighters who rode oversized horses
C) laborers who worked for industrial corporations
D) similar to the handsome romantic heroes depicted in
western movies
E) black, Indian, and Mexican American
C

The "ghost dance" was
A) a religious movement that promised the destruction of the
white man and the return of the Indian land
B) a Halloween celebration popular among Czech and German
immigrants on the plains
C) the only indian cultural activity permitted by indian agents
on the reservations in the 1890s
D) introduced by christian missionaries as a means of
undermining pagan rituals
E) a funeral ritual practiced by the Pueblo indians
A

All of the following statements regarding the Chinese in
California are true except they
A) were overwhelmingly male
B) were unable to develop communities owing to a shortage of
women
C) were actively recruited to come to the region as laborers
D) were subject to the foreign miners' tax
E) refereed to California as "Gold Mountain"
B

By 1890 the Sioux and other reservation indians
A) were rapidly adapting to a capitalist agrarian lifestyle
B) had achieved full US citizenship and equal rights
C) were reduced to lives of poverty
D) were profiting from the discovery of oil on their ancestral
lands
E) were working in large numbers for the mining industry
C

The Dawes Severalty Act
A) protected tribal ownership of land and separate nation
status
B) offered each Indian head of family 160 acres of farmland or
320 acres of grazing land
C) resulted in the addition of millions of acres to tribal
holdings
D) only affected the five "civilized tribes"
E) led to the revival of traditional cultures
B

The economy of the "New South" was colonial in that
A) it had not changed since the colonial period of the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
B) it depended on raw materials imported from Caribbean
colonies
C) many major industries were financed and controlled by
northern businessmen
D) southern leaders invested more capital in agriculture than in
manufacturing
E) European investors controlled much of the land and the
industry
C

All of the following statements regarding race relations during
the New South period are true except
A) most black southerners were denied the right to vote
B) ninety percent of the convicts in southern prisons were
black
C) most southern blacks lived as tenant farmers of
sharecroppers
D) reform groups agitated for elimination of the convict
leasing system
E) lynching and racial violence declined significantly
E

Charles Guiteau is noted as the
A) paranoid schizophrenic who assasinated James A Garfield
B) Mugwump leader who ran as the vice presidential candidate
in 1892
C) congressman who led the civil-service reform movement
D) major northern Democratic leader of the 1880s
E) a writer whose work inspired significant reforms in the
Gilded Age
A

In 1880, the Bureau of Census announced that
A) sixty percent of the US population lived west of the
Mississippi River
B) a majority of Americans were foreign born
C) the frontier which had separated the settled from unsettled
areas of the continent no longer existed
D) the number of immigrants coming to the US was at its
lowest point in history
E) most americans now lived in urban areas rather than on
farms
C

According to Frederick Jackson Turner, American character
and culture were primarily influenced by
A) the spanish and the french traditions
B) the development of civilized cities and towns
C) the spread of the plantation system
D) the existence of the frontier and the westward movement
E) war
D

Which of the following best describes the Mugwumps,
Stalwarts, and Half-Breeds?
A) they were conflicting groups within the Democratic Party
B) both the Mugwumps and Half-Breeds supported reforms
while the Stalwarts opposed reform
C) only the Stalwarts advocated civil-service reform
D) All three groups favored extension of the spoils system
E) they were three fledgling political parties who supported
"clean" politics
B

The McKinley Tariff of 1890
A) established the first income tax
B) has a reform measure that reduced the price of American
manufactured products
C) was vetoed by President Benjamin Harrison
D) was responsible for the decisive Republican victory in the
election of 1892
E) had a protective tax that raised import duties to an average
of 50 percent
A

The "Battle" of Wounded Knee
A) was the worst defeat in the history of the US Army
B) was a shoot out between sheep herders and cattlemen in
Wyoming
C) revitalized Plains Indian culture
D) symbolized the death of the Plains Indian's way of life
E) defeated the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico
D

The US Army encouraged the slaughter of millions of buffalo
A) because the buffalo limited the grazing range for cattle
B) in order to feed hungry industrial workers in the North
C) to stop the spread of disease among cattle herds in the
Plains
D) because the great herds interfered with the building of the
transcontinental railroad
E) in order to weaken the Plains Indians by depriving them of
their source of food, clothing, and shelter
E

Most of the New South's iron and steel industry was
concentrated in
A) central Georgia
B) northern Alabama
C) southern Mississippi
D) eastern Tennessee
E) Texas
B

The Homestead Act began under the administration of
President
A) Rutherford B Hayes
B) Grover Cleveland
C) Ulysses S Grant
D) James A Garfield
E) Abraham Lincoln
E

The most environmentally destructive type of mining in
California's gold rush was
A) strip
B) placer
C) pan
D) stamping
E) hydraulic
E

Ida Wells was an advocate for
A) copper miners
B) Chinese women in California
C) southern blacks
D) civil reform in government
E) Mexican Americans
C

Open-range grazing declined in the West because
A) the range had become overstocked
B) record cold killed thousands of free range cattle
C) scientific breeding proved more profitable
D) ranchers began fencing their land
E) all of the above
E

Under the Dawes Act
A) millions of acres of reservation lands were opened to white
settlement
B) most Indians readily adapted to the new agricultural
economy
C) the reservation system emerged stronger than ever
D) Indians actually ended up controlling more land
E) Indians religious practices were revived
A

Southern cotton mills had a competitive advantage over
northern mills because of
A) cheap energy sources
B) cheap labor, made up mostly of former slaves
C) cheap labor, made up mostly of poor native southern whites
D) cheap labor, made up of immigrants
E) better weather conditions
C

In the years following the Civil War the southern agricultural
economy
A) depended on food production
B) depended on the crop lien system
C) recovered quickly from the devastation of the war years
D) received extensive government subsidies
E) depended on investments from England and Europe
B

In the 1880s, James B Duke industrialized the ___ industry
A) cotton
B) coffee
C) mining
D) tobacco
E) meatpacking
D

The Interstate Commerce Act
A) outlawed unfair pricing activities on the part of railroads
B) outlawed the restraint of trade between states
C) attempted to control business trusts
D) extended subsidies to railroads
E) none of the above
A

In the late 1890s, farmers experienced
A) a new era of prosperity
B) the adoption of the silver standard
C) a steady drop in the prices that lasted until WWI
D) an increase in the deflation trend
E) success in seeing "one of their own" elected president
A

The issue that caused the Populist Party to be absorbed by the
Democratic Party was
A) income tax
B) the coinage of silver
C) government control of railroads
D) direct election of senators
E) women's suffrage
B

The winner of the 1896 presidential election was
A) William McKinley
B) William Jennings Bryan
C) Theodore Roosevelt
D) Mark Hanna
E) Benjamin Harrison
A

"Granger Laws"
A) helped destroy the Patrons of Husbandry
B) established state railroad commissions to determine fair
transportation rates and warehouse charges
C) never actually went into effect until the twentieth century
D) regulated farm cooperatives and land banks
E) led to the creation of the Populist party
B

In the landmark decision of Munn v. Illinois (1877) the
Supreme Court
A) declared state railroad regulations unconstitutional
B) upheld the right of states to regulate public businesses
including railroads
C) established federal guidelines for agricultural production
D) outlawed segregation in companies engaged in interstate
commerce
E) outlawed child labor
B

In the late nineteenth century, the railroads
A) employed more workers than any other industry
B) established the four standard time zones still used in the US
today
C) were the major means of transporting people and products
across the country
D) employed unfair pricing practices
E) all of the above
E

The Greenback and "free silver" movements supported
A) a sound money policy to strengthen the dollar on the
international market
B) the complete reorganization of the US banking system
C) a free enterprise approach to establishing interest rates
D) increasing the amount of currency in circulation
E) overthrowing the us government

The Interstate Commerce Act
A) outlawed unfair pricing activities on the part of railroads
B) outlawed the restraint of trade between states
C) attempted to control business trusts
D) extended subsidies to railroads
E) none of the above
A

Which union was hurt irrevocably by the Haymarket Square
protest?
A) Congress of Industrial Organizations
B) National Labor Union
C) Industrial Workers of the World
D) American Federation of Labor
E) Knights of Labor
E

The strike at the Homestead plant in Pennsylvania is famous
for the
A) assassination of Henry Frick
B) federal governments criticism of Andrew Carnegie
C) armed resistance by striking steel workers
D) intercession by the president on behalf of the strikers
E) arrest of Eugene Debs
C

The head of the American Railway Union involved in the
Pullman strike was
A) William Bryan
B) Terence Powderly
C) Eugene Debs
D) James Blaine
E) James Duke
C

Which of the following was not a nineteenth century
innovation?
A) radio
B) motion pictures
C) telephone
D) electric lights
E) typewriters
A

During the nineteenth century, the Sherman Antitrust Act
A) successfully dissolved the ten largest corporations in the
US
B) was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court
C) was never used at all
D) was used by big business to break up unions and strikes
E) failed to pass either house of congress
D

Andrew Carnegie created a monopoly in the ___ industry
A) oil
B) steel
C) railroad
D) textile
E) coal
B

In US v EC Knight Company, the Supreme Court ruled that
the
A) sugar refining monopoly was illegal
B) federal government had no authority over the economy
C) Interstate Commerce Act was unconstitutional
D) Sherman Antitrust Act regulated commerce but not
manufacturing
E) Sherman Antitrust Act was unconstitutional
D

The first labor union formed after the Civil War was the
A) Cigar Makers Union
B) National Labor Union
C) Knights of Labor
D) United Mine Workers Union
E) American Federation of Labor
B

The railroad strike of 1877
A) was a major victory for the union workers
B) led many cities to construct armories
C) saw the middle class side with railroad workers
D) was settled peacefully
E) has remained the worst labor violence in American history
B

The Pullman strike (1894) was significant because
A) President Grover Cleveland sent in federal troops to break
the strike
B) the US attorney general used a federal injunction against
the railroads
C) the Pullman Company compromised with the unions in
order to prevent violence
D) the strike leaders were honored in the naitonal capitol
E) all of the above
A

In comparison to other industrial nations, by 1890 the United
States was
A) just entering the industrial revolution phase of development
B) less productive than the three major powers
C) the world leader in manufacturing output
D) still basically an agricultural society
E) unable to compete because of high labor costs
C

The theory of "survival of the fittest" provided ideological
support for
A) social inequality
B) capitalism
C) the gap between the rich and poor
D) wage labor
E) all of the above
E

The Homestead Strike involved the
A) United Mine Workers
B) American Railway Association
C) Knights of Labor
D) Pullman workers
E) Amalgamated Association of Iron, steel, and tin workers
E

After 1885 the fastest growing industry was
A) steel
B) oil
C) railroads
D) clothing
E) coal mining
D

The nation's time zones
A) originally numbered 10
B) were created by Congress at the request of railroads
C) were violently opposed by farmers
D) were initially created by private industry
E) supported what Americans called "God's time"
B

One of the leading innovators in the production and marketing
of goods at the turn of the century was
A) Henry George
B) James Duke
C) Terence Powderly
D) John D Rockefeller
E) William McKinley
B

In 1901, JP Morgan handled the huge industrial merger that
formed the
A) Standard Oil Company
B) Northern Pacific Railroad
C) American Tobacco Company
D) Pullman Company
E) US Steel Corporation
E

The idea of scientific management is most closely associated
with
A) Andrew Carnegie
B) Frederick Taylor
C) James B Duke
D) John D Rockefeller
E) Thomas Edison
B

The first assembly line was introduced in the
A) steel industry
B) automobile industry
C) tobacco industry
D) textile industry
E) coal industry
B

For the most part, workers at Ford ___ the assembly line
A) favored
B) were indifferent to
C) intensely disliked
D) sabotaged
E) violently resisted
C

Most European immigrants who arrived between 1880 and
1914 came from
A) northern and western Europe
B) eastern and southern Europe
C) Africa
D) Asia
E) Mexico
B

For the most part, native-born American viewed the "new
immigrants" as
A) culturally sophisticated and racially fit
B) politically mature
C) groups who would enrich America's multicultural society
D) capable of assimilating to American traditions
E) racially inferior and culturally impoverished
E

The primary motivation for late-nineteenth century
immigration was
A) religious persecution
B) political persecution
C) economic hardship
D) forced migration
E) hardship caused by war
C

the quintessential force in the late-nineteenth-century city
government was
A) city hall
B) the political machine
C) the political party
D) the mayor
E) the wealthy private citizen
B

Ironically, labor was prevented from organizing because of the
government's use of the
A) interstate commerce clause
B) jim crow laws
C) sherman antitrust act
D) voting rights act
E) fourteenth amendment
C

The long-time president of the American Federation of Labor
was
A) Samuel Gompers
B) "Big Bill" Haywood
C) John L Lewis
D) Eugene Debs
E) Mark Hanna
A

William "Big Bill" Haywood was the leader of which of the
following unions?
A) AFL
B) CIO
C) IWW
D) K of L
E) NLU
C

the principle of "scientific management" included all of the
following except
A) training human laborers to work together like a machine
B) managing industry by reducing unskilled labor
C) producing as many goods as was scientifically possible
D) cutting cost and making windfall profits
E) eliminating waste
B...

By 1920, the majority of workers in American cities were
A) highly skilled and well paid
B) women
C) immigrants
D) highly skilled and poorly paid
E) migrants from America's farms
C

Henry Ford's Model-T revolutionized US society by
A) providing inexpensive, reliable transportation for working
class Americans
B) eliminating the railroads monopoly on transporting goods
C) reducing industrial dependence on coal for fuel
D) offering Americans choices and options
E) encouraging workers to be creative of the job
A

Corporate consolidations or mergers were prompted primarily
by a desire to
A) encourage competition
B) regulate expansion and insulate corporations from
fluctuations in the economic cycle
C) stimulate rate wars within the major markets
D) reduce the role of investment bankers in the economy
E) encourage government regulation of industry
B

The underlying goal of time-and-motion studies was to
A) understand the relationship between job satisfaction and
productivity
B) make work less physically demanding for the individual
worker
C) eliminate waste by making human efforts smoother and
more machine-like
D) reduce the number of supervisors and managers in the
workplace
E) eliminate the need for child labor
C

The introduction of the assembly line at Ford led to all of he
following except
A) lower consumer costs
B) increased productivity
C) increased worker pay
D) increased worker job satisfaction
E) increased profit
D

The "gospel of wealth"
A) encourages rich people to use this excess profits for the
benefit of society
B) was rejected by most Protestant denominations
C) was a philosophy created by JP Morgan
D) led to the first federal welfare program in US history
E) led to higher income taxes on the rich
A

Andrew Carnegie and John D Rockefeller were similar in that
they both
A) baptists
B) were partners in the creation of the US Steel Company
C) flouted their wealth
D) were widely beloved by the public as self-made men
E) gave tens of millions of dollars to philanthropic causes
E

Most of the "new immigrants"
A) intended to establish permanent homes and to become us
citizens
B) moved to the South to take advantage of industrial
development there
C) immediately joined labor unions
D) hoped to work and save money in the US and then to return
to their homelands
E) bought farms
D

the first industrialist to advocate the Gospel of Wealth was
A) Cornelius Vanderbilt
B) John D Rockefeller
C) Leland Stanford
D) Andrew Carnegie
E) Jay Gould
D

Andrew Carnegie provided money for the construction of
2,500 ___ throughout the country
A) playgrounds
B) public libraries
C) elementary schools
D) hospitals
E) labor union halls
B

The nation's first subways were constructed in
A) New York City
B) Boston
C) Philadelphia
D) Chicago
E) Trenton