In this experiment students are introduced to design and study the behavior of,
Differentiator Circuit Integrator Circuit
EQUIPMENTS:
Hardware 1. Breadboard 2. Oscilloscope (Dual Channel) 3. Function Generator 4. DMM 5. LM74i Op-Amp IC 6. Dual Power Supply 7. Few Resistors and connecting wires Software 1. Proteus v7.8 or higher
THEORY:
Differentiator Circuit:
A circuit whose output voltage waveform is the derivative of the input waveform is called differentiator or differentiation amplifier. Such a circuit is obtained by using a basic invert ing amplifier configuration if the R 1 is replaced by a capacitor C 1 . The output voltage of a differentiator circuit is given by Vout = - RfC1dVin/dt Figure1. Op-amp Different iator LAB#3 Figure2. Pract ical Differentiator Circuit
The low frequency response is given by:
fc= 1/2RC
If the input frequency (fin) is less than cut off frequency (Fc), then the circuit acts as different iator, whereas when fin is greater than f c, then the circuit behaves as an inverting amplifier.
Practical Differentiator Circuit:
In designing practical differentiator, it is noted that:
1. For proper differentiation, RC has to be much smaller than the time period of the input signal. 2. At high frequencies a differentiator may become unstable and breaks into oscillation. Also, the input impedance of the differentiator decreases with increase in frequency, thereby making the circuit sensitive to high frequency noise. So, in order to limit the gain of the differentiator at high frequencies, the input capacitor is connected in series with a resistance R1 and hence avoiding high frequency noise and stability problems. A practical differentiator circuit is shown in fig. 2
Integrator Circuit:
An op-amp integrator simulates mathematical integration which is basically a summing process that determines the total area under the curve of a function i.e. the integrator does integration of the input voltage waveform. Here the input element is resistor and the feedback element is capacitor as shown in fig3. The output voltage of an integrator is given by:
Vout = - 1/R1Cf Vindt
The low frequency response is given by:
fc= 1/2RC Figure3. Op-amp Integrator LAB#3 Figure4. Pract ical Integrator Circuit If the input frequency (fin) is less than cut off frequency (Fc), then the circuit acts as an inverting amplifier, whereas when finis greater than; fc, then the circuit behaves as an integrator.
Practical Integrator Circuit:
In designing practical Integrator, it is noted that:
1. RC has to be much greater than the time period of the input signal. 2. The gain of the integrator decreases with the increasing frequency so, the integrator circuit does not have any high frequency problem unlike a differentiator circuit. However, at low frequencies such as at dc, the gain becomes infinite. Hence the op-amp saturates (i.e. the capacitor is fully charged and it behaves like an open circuit). In order to limit the gain of the integrator at low frequencies, usually the feedback capacitor is shunted by a resistance Rf, and hence saturation problems can be avoided. A practical integrator circuit is shown in Fig. 4.
LAB TASKS:
Design the practical circuits of Integrators and Differentiators.
Design Steps:
1. Set the values of R and C in figures and 2 and 4. Manually calculate the frequency f c and output voltage V out of Differentiator, shown in figure 3. 2. Then design the circuit using Proteus. Set the same resistors as you used in your calculation. 3. In order to apply inputs at V in , set the function generator to the following settings: i. Output waveform = Square ii. Output voltage= 1 Vp-p 4. Adjust the frequency of function generator to 500 Hz. 5. Set the DSO for the following approximate settings: i. Channel 1 and 2: 0.5 V/division, ac coupling ii. Time base: 1 ms 6. Repeat step 1 to 5 for integrator (figure 4) by applying triangular wave at input. 7. Simulate and Attach waveforms, also verify the calculated gain with the measured gain in Proteus VSM. 8. Finally, construct the same circuit in Hardware. 9. Verify the manual, simulated and hardware results. LAB#3 EXERCISES:
1. Design the following configurations of Differentiators,
I. Low noise Differentiator II. Stop Differentiator III. Augmented Differentiator
2. Design the following configurations of Integrators,
I. Summing Integrator II. Double Integrator III. Augmented Integrator
Note: Depending on the value of resistors, attach the manual calculations of frequency and output voltage of the circuits using mentioned equations. (computerized form) Verify the same calculated result in Proteus. Attach Proteus Schematic Diagram and VSM simulations. Design the same amplifier in Hardware. Attach DSO emulations for both channels.