Problem solving:

Perspectives- how to re-present the problem, how

you encode the problem how you create landscape,
heuristic is how you move on the landscape,
random finding the points on landscape
If team is solving the problem due to many
landscape perspectives and heuristic we reach to a
better problem solving, therefore team is more
important.
Recombination: when two people have 2 different
solutions of the same problem by recombining the
solutions we reach to a better solution. Actually,
that results in to innovations.
Innovation is a big tool for the growth.
So diversity, perspective, heuristic n
recombinations of solutions results in better
innovation that actually drives the growth.
Perspective n innovation
When we try to understand a problem we have to
represent it by using a landscape that is
perspective.
Perspective: it is representation of all the possible
solutions.
Like suppose we want to represent a point in the
globe we have two ways to do it: 2 ways either
Cartesian coordinate (need only distance from
axes) or polar coordinate (radius and angle) if we
have to represent a line better we will prefer a
Cartesian coordinate over polar but for representing
an arch sure will have a polar coordinate. Why
because like or not a line is difficult to be
represented by a polar coordinate and so is the arc
by Cartesian.
Therefore, perspective depends on the problem.
A right perspective helps us to solve the problem
better.
Periodic table is right example for a good
perspective, by arranging based on the alphabet he
would have reached nowhere; however by doing
based on the atomic weight it gives a good
structure which was never thought of before. Not
only that some missing elements were found later
and got place in the periodic table like Scandium
(1879) Gallium (1875) Germanium (1886).
Whatever we do, we have to organize or represent
in some way.
Local Optima : perspectives in landscape have
local optima and better perspective is one that have
fewer local optima.

In the pics above the first one is having Local
optima whereas second one is having just one.
Known as Mt Fuji landscape.
Shovel landscape is very good example of the Mt
Fuji landscape.

See below





This is the way of finding solution by
engineering/scientific management ways.

Sum of fifteen
Person holding 3 card sum of fifteen will win.
4+6+2
5+8
Savant Existence Theorem :- for any problem there
exists a perspective that creates a Mt Fuji
Landscape.

Value
Size
Bad Perspective- with N alternatives there are N!
Ways to create one dimensional landscape.

Heuristic
It is way to look for solutions
Local optima create problems.
Do the opposite you tell them price rather they
ask for the price. If somebody is filling cheese in the
between the bread we put it on the top. Put a
higher price and tell people that it is because of
quality so as people prefer to buy it.
Big rocks first- meaning is that if you want be
successful do the important things first.
No Free Lunch Theorem (NFL) unless you know
something about the problem being solved, no
algorithm or heuristic performs better than any
other.
Let us see two heuristics for a problem:





















2 different heuristic provide perspectives.
Team n Problem solving
A collection of people find better solutions, here
team does not people working with each other in a
company or workplace to make it clear take a
example of toaster somebody invented it some put
the switch some thermo-state and someone
ceramic heating system by replacing coils.
Take example of candy. If we represent by the
calorific value B gets the Peak and if we represent
based on the masticity B also again gets peak.
Calorific_ A,B,C (Fewer local optima)
Masticity- A,B,C,D,E,F (more local optima)
B is peak in both.
Let give value to the local optima
Peak A,B,C in Calorific is given as 10,8,6. Ability is
10+8+6=24/3=8
Peak in masticity A,B,C,D,E,F is given value
10,8,6,4,2 and ability is 6
Lets take a case here:
Calorific A,B,C
Masticity- A,B,D,E,F
Intersection-A,B, peak of value is 10,8 and ability is
9, therefore team has a better ability than
individual.
Team can only get stuck on a solution thats a local
optimum for every member of the team.
Basically for better problem solving we need
different perspective and different heuristic so as it
can create many local optima from those local
optima we can get intersection that way we can
reach to possible solution/ Mt Fuji landscape.
What is missing-?
Communication- there is always a possibility of
miscommunication better to communicate with
artifact.
Error finding error in solution we assume no error
in any solution.
Recombination:
Perspective- representation of a problem.
Heuristic finding possible solutions.
Exaptation - Feather is not for flying means that
something which is developed for the other purpose
can also be used for any other purpose.
Sharing of idea and recombining help solving
problems and innovations.