INTERPRETATION

In our experiment 3, the first part was the circuit given, then we set
the function generator to 20V pk-pk and 100Hz sine wave.After that we
connect ch1 to the input terminal and ch2 to the output terminal. We were
able to compare the wave produce with the use of oscilloscope. The graphs
produce by the oscilloscope shows a wave form but they are not the same
exactly. The results of the graphs are both sine wave but the other sine
wave which is connected to the oscilloscope was been cut by limiter and
has a smaller amplitude compared to the wave form of the input. Since the
wave-form is being cut on the above the X-axis, it is in forward bias
connection that is why its also called as positive limiter while the other is
being cut at the bottom and it is identify as a negative limiter.
We remove the CR1 and V1 and we connect the diode 2. We also see
the same results but the only difference is that it is the inverse of the
original wave-form of the diode 1 results. The cut is below the X-axis;
therefore it is a negative limiter because the diode 2 is connected in
reverse-bias.
After changing the V1 or V2 from 0 to maximum voltage, as the
voltage V1 and V2 are zero, the output wave approaches the reference axis
and it will result to the increase in the amplitude of the wave and therefore
the clipping level is also increasing. The clipper serves as the limiter because
the diode limiter limits the voltage entering the circuit from going higher to
the limit voltage. It clips the voltage level at a certain point that will serve
as the maximum voltage it will produce. Another thing is that as V1 and V2
are in maximum, the output wave approaches the inputs wave.



Conclusion:
In this experiment, we were able to study the output of a clipper
using actual connections by following the procedures and we were able to
demonstrate the operation of a diode clipper or limiter. The diode limiting
is removing highest peak of an input wave by electronic means. It is where
the input waveform is being cut or limited in a certain voltage peak
depending on the built-in voltage provider. The demonstration is being
represented as a graph produced by the oscilloscope wherein the positive
limiter has a wave form with a cut above the X-axis; the negative limiter has
a wave-form like the positive limiter but the inverse view, the cut is below
the X-axis.
When we were observing, we saw how voltage affects the clipper in
identifying the maximum voltage it can produce. An increase in voltage will
result into an increase in amplitude.







Interpretation of Results:
In this experiment 4, The diode clamper. After connecting the circuit
given, We adjusted the function generator as required for the circuit to be
test. We set the function generator 10V
pk-pk
, 100Hz and sine wave and
connect it to the oscilloscope; we can see a wave for as a full sine wave in
the device.
As the voltage increases, we observed that the positive part of the
sine wave is slowly increasing in amplitude and it will stop until it forms the
complete sine wave. The upper portion turns to be slanted down to the
left.
Replacing the diode 1 into diode 2 in which a reverse bias is
occurring, it is just the opposite output waveform, the upper part of the
wave is complete and the lower part is cut. Still the effect is the same if you
increase the voltage to maximum.
The output of a circuit that is a clamper circuit produces an output
voltage waveform higher or lower that the original input waveform. The
voltage peak-to-peak wont change but the voltage would have a greater
value or lower value than the actual circuit connection. We are using a
capacitor in a clamper circuit.





Conclusion:
After we finished the experiment, We have demonstrated how a
diode clamper or dc restorer operates by the use of oscilloscope. The diode
clamper converts the ac supply into a dc supply wherein it separates the
positive from negative source or vice versa. It is called a dc restorer because
it add a dc level to the ac input voltage.
The diodes position whether a forward or a reverse bias will identify
if it is a positive clamper or a negative clamper and changing the V from 0
to maximum will increase the amplitude of the cut region until it forms a
complete sine wave.
The diode clipper gives a limit to the voltage it produce while the
clamper vary the reference signal either positive or negative voltage.