Green Energy Course-

Renewable Energy Systems

Bin san: Nguyn Hu Phc
Khoa in-in T-i Hc Bch Khoa TPHCM
Energy Storage Systems For
Advanced Power Applications
Paulo F. Ribeiro, Ph.D., MBA
PRIBEIRO@CALVIN.EDU
Calvin College
Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
Energy Storage
Energy is a Life Sustainable Business
Sustainability
Efficiency
Performance
Conservation
Renewable Sources
Present socio-economic realities limits developments
Better Understanding of Performance Issues is Needed
Abstract
Energy storage technologies do not represent energy sources
Provide valuable added benefits to improve:
stability, power quality and security of supply.
Battery Technologies
Flywheel Technologies
Advanced / Super Capacitors
Superconducting Energy Storage Systems
Introduction
Electric Power Systems - Experiencing Dramatic Changes
Electric load growth and higher regional power transfers in a largely interconnected
network: >>complex and less secure power system operation.
Power generation and transmission facilities - unable to meet these new demands
Growth of electronic loads has made the quality of power supply a critical issue.
Power system engineers facing these challenges - operate the system in more a
flexible.

In face of disturbances - generators unable to keep the system stable.

High speed reactive power control is possible through the use of flexible ac
transmission systems (FACTS) devices.
Better solution: rapidly vary real power without impacting the system through power
circulation.

Recent developments and advances in energy storage and power electronics

technologies
Energy Storage Systems for Advanced Transmission and Distribution
Applications
Energy Storage Technology Power Convert
Factors:
The amount of energy that can be stored in the device.
The rate at which energy can be transferred into or out of the storage
device.
Power/Energy ranges for near to mid-termtechnology have projected
Integration of energystorage technologies with Flexible AC Transmission
Systems (FACTS) and custom power devices are among the possible
advanced power applications utilizing energy storage.
10 100 1000 1
Energy (MWsec)
P
o
w
e
r

(
M
W
)
Capacitor
SMES
Flywheel Batteries
Power vs. Energy Ranges
for Near to Midterm Technology
Benefits: transmission enhancement, power oscillation damping,
dynamic voltage stability, tie line control, short-term spinning
reserve, load leveling, under-frequency load shedding reduction,
circuit break reclosing, sub-synchronous resonance damping, and
power quality improvement.
1
10
100
Storage Technologies
Main Advantages
(Relative to others)
Disadvantages
(Relative to others)
Power
Appli cati on
Energy
Application
Pumped Storage High Capacity, Low Cost Special Site Requirement

Compressed Air High Capacity, Low Cost Special Site Requirement,
Need Gas Fuel

Flow Batteries:
Regenesys
Vanadium Redox
Zinc Bromine

High Capacity,
Independent Power and
Energy Ratings
Low Energy Densit y

Metal-Air Batteries Very High Energy
Density
Electric Charging is Difficul t

Sodium Sulfur (NAS)
Battery
High Power & Energy
Densities,
High Efficiency
Production Cost,
Safety Concerns
(addressed in design)

Li-ion Batteries High Power & Energy
Densities, High Efficiency
High Producti on Cost,
Requires Special Charging
Circuit.

Ni-Cad Batteries High Power & Energy
Densities,
Efficiency


Other Advanced Batteries High Power & Energy
Densities,
High Efficiency
High Producti on Cost

Lead-Acid Batteries Low Capital Cost Limited Cycle Life when
Deeply Discharged

Flywheels High Power Low Energy density

SMES, DSMES High Power Low Energy Density, High
Production Cost

Double Layer Capacitors
(SuperCapaci tors)
Long Cycle Life, High
Efficiency
Low Energy Densit y


Source ASA
A. Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)
Controller
Coil Protection
Cryogenic
System
V
Coil
I
Coil
Dewar
Power Conversion System
CSI
or
VSI +dc-dc chopper
Transformer
Bypass
Switch Coil
AC
Line
A. Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)
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Solenoid Configuration
(100 MJ 4kA - 96MW System)
A. Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)
SMES efficiency and fast response capability (MW/millisecond) have
been, and can be further exploited in applications at all levels of
electric power systems. Potential applications have been studied since
1970s.
a) load leveling,
b) frequency support (spinning reserve) during loss of generation,
c) enhancing transient and dynamic stability,
d) dynamic voltage support (VAR compensation),
e) improving power quality,
f) increasing transmission line capacity, thus enhancing overall security
and reliability of power systems.
Further development continues in power conversion systems and control
schemes, evaluation of design and cost factors, and analyses for
various SMES system applications..
A. Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)
Energy-power characteristics for potential SMES
applications for generation, transmission, and
distribution.
10
100
1,000
10,000
1
0.1
1 10 100 1,000 1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Energy
MWs
MWhr
P ower (MW)
Vol t age/VAR
Tr ansmi ssi on
St abi l i t y
Tr ansmi ssi on
Fr equency
Cont r ol
Spi nni ng
Reser ve
Dynami c Response
Gener at i on
Load Level i ng
Gener at i on
C
y
c
l
e
s
M
i n
u
t e
s
t o
H
o
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r
s S
e
c
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M
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n
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t
e
s
S
e
c
o
n
d
s
H
o
u
r
s
H
o
u
r
s
Load Level i ng
Tr ansmi ssi on
Load Level i ng
Di st r i but i on
Cust om
Power
Power
Qual i t y
C
y
c
l e
s
S
e
c
o
n
d
s
M
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u
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s
t o
H
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r
s
A. Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)
B. Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS)
Batteries are one of the most cost-effective energy storage
technologies available, with energy stored electrochemically.
Key factors in battery for storage applications include: high
energy density, high energy capability, round trip efficiency,
cycling capability, life span, and initial cost.
Battery technologies under consideration for large-scale
energy storage.
Lead-acid batteries can be designed for bulk energy storage
or for rapid charge/discharge.
Mobile applications are favoring sealed lead-acid battery
technologies for safety and ease of maintenance.
Valve regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries have better cost
and performance characteristics for stationary applications.
Photo Source: UP Networks
BESS Example Transmission/Distribution Application
Lead-acid batteries,
have been used in a
few commercial and
large-scale energy
management
applications.
The largest one is a
40 MWh system in
Chino, California,
built in 1988. The
table below lists and
compares the lead-
acid storage
systems that are
larger than 1MWh.
C. Advanced / Super / Capacitors
CV q
=
d
A
C
c
=
2
2
1
CV E
=
tot
tot
R i
C
dt
i dV
- + - =
The amount of energy a capacitor is capable of storing
can be increased by either increasing the capacitance or
the voltage stored on the capacitor.
The stored voltage is limited by the voltage withstand
strength of the dielectric.
As with batteries, the turn around efficiency when
charging/discharging capacitors is also an important
consideration, as is response time.
The effective series resistance of the capacitor has a
significant impact on both. The total voltage change
when charging or discharging capacitors is shown in
equation
NESSCAP 10F/2.3V
C. Advanced / Super / Capacitors
Advantages Disadvantage
Power (higher density) Energy Density
Energy Efficiency (higher)
Maintenance
Discharge
Parameters Electrostatic Cap Ultra-Cap Battery
Discharge 10E-3-6 sec 1-30 sec 0.3-3 hours
Charge 10E-3-6 sec 1-30 sec 1-5 hours
Energy Density <0.1 Wh/kg 1-10Wh/kg 20-100Wh/kg
Power Density >10E4Wh/kg 10-20E4Wh/kg 5-200Wh/kg
Charge Eff. ~1.0 0.9-0.95 0.7-0.85
Cycle life infinite >500,000
Ness Caps
C. Advanced Capacitors
D. Flywheel Energy Storage (FES)
Flywheels can be used to store energy for power systems
when the flywheel is coupledto an electric machine.
Stored energy depends on the moment of inertia of the rotor
and the square of the rotational velocity of the flywheel..
Energy is transferred to the flywheel when the machine
operates as a motor (the flywheel accelerates), charging the
energy storage device. The flywheel is discharged when the
electric machine regenerates through the drive (slowing the
flywheel).
E =
2
1
I
2
I =
2
r
2
mh
The energy storage capability of flywheels can be
improved either by increasing the moment of inertia of
the flywheel or by turning it at higher rotational
velocities, or both.
Active Power, Inc.
The moment
of inertia (I)
depends on
the radius,
mass, and
height
(length) of the
rotor
=
=
FW
D. Flywheel Energy Storage (FES)
Flywheel energy storage coupled
to a dynamic voltage restorer.
Manufacturer Technology Capacity (kW) Capacity (time)
A Flywheel 120 kW 20 sec
B Flywheel/Battery 160 kW 15-30 min
C Battery 3.1 - 7.5 kVA 15 min
Battery 0.7 - 2.1 kVA 10 min
Battery 700 - 2100 kVA 13 min
Battery 7.5 - 25 kVA 17 min
D Battery 1250 kVA 15 min
Flywheel 700 kW 10 min
E Battery 450 - 1600 kVA 6-12 min
F Flywheel/Battery 5-1000 kVA 5-60 min
G Battery 0.14 - 1.2 kVA 5-59 min
H Battery 0.28 - 0.675 kVA 15 min
Source: EPRI
Example End-User Application
Energy Storage / UPS Systems
Advanced Power Systems Applications
SMES can inject and absorb power rapidly, but battery and flywheel systems are modular
and more cost effective. Advanced flywheels and advanced capacitor technologies are still
beingdeveloped andare emergingas promisingstorage technologies as well.
Performance \ ESS
SMES BESS FES Advanced
capacitor
Dynamic Stability
Needs to be
explored Transient Stability
Voltage Support
Area Control/ Frequency
Regulation
Transmission Capability
Improvement
Power Quality Improvement
A. Integration of Energy Storage Systems into FACTS Devices
FACTS controllers are power electronics based devices that can rapidly influence the
transmission system parameters such as impedance, voltage, and phase to provide fast
control of transmission or distribution system behavior.
FACTS controllers that can benefit the most from energy storage are those that utilize a
voltage source converter interface to the power system with a capacitor on a dc bus. This
class of FACTS controllers can be connected to the transmission system in parallel
(STATCOM), series (SSSC) or combined (UPFC) form, and they can utilize or redirect the
available power and energy from the ac system.
Without energy storage, FACTS devices are limited in the degree of freedom and
sustained action
Device
MVA
FACTs Device
Reactive Power (Q)
Real Power
from SMES
Converter Losses
A. Integration of Energy Storage Systems into FACTS Devices
Advanced Solutions
Transmission
Link
Enhanced
Power
Transfer and
Stability
Line
Reconfiguration
Fixed
Compensation
FACTS
Energy
Storage
Better
Protection
Increased
Inertia
Breaking
Resistors
Load
Shedding
FACTS
Devices
Traditional Solutions
SVC
STATCOM
TCSC, SSSC
UPFC
Steady State
Issues
Voltage Limits
Thermal Limits
Angular Stability Limits
Loop Flows
Dynamic
Issues
Transient Stability
Damping Power
Swings
Post-Contingency
Voltage Control
Voltage Stability
Subsynchronous Res.
Generation Transmission Distribution End-User
Energy Storage for
Spinning
Reserve
Load Leveling
Spinning
Reserve
Load Leveling
Transmission Cap.
Reliability
Stability
Continuity
Reliability
Power Quality
Power Quality
Functions
Configurations
Shunt Comp. Shunt / Series Comp. Shunt / Series Comp. Shunt Comp.
Applications
Statcom
PQ Parks
Arc Furnace
FACTS Devices
A. Integration of Energy Storage Systems
STATCOM with SMES
The performance of a power-electronics -
energy-storage-enhanced device is very
sensitive to the location with regard to
generation and loads, topology of the
supply system, and configuration and
combination of the compensation device.
STATCOM with SMES
STATCOM/SMES dynamic
response to ac system
oscillations
2 STATCOMs 1 STATCOM + SMES
Voltage and Stability Control
Enhanced Voltage and Stability Control
60.
8
59.
2
time (sec)
time (sec)
(2 x 80 MVA Inverters)
( 80 MVA Inverter +100Mjs SMES)
60.
8
59.
2
60.
8
59.
2
time (sec)
No Compensation
STATCOM with SMES
Location and Configuration Type Sensitivity
FACTS with BESS
+_
External
Power
Bus 2
External
Power
Bus 1
R
1
R
2
S
1
S
S
S
2
3
C
C C
filter
dc1 dc2
C
filter
Lfilter
4
1 2
Battery
PC - DSP - based
control system
Reference
Values
Six Control
Signals
Six Control
Signals
Measured
Values
(a) active power from 50W to 400 W
(b) reactive power from 755Var to 355Var
Predicted and experimental response of the SSSC/BESS
FACTS with BESS
(a) STATCOM vs
STATCOM/BESS
(b) SSSC vs SSSC/BESS (c) STATCOM/BESS vs
SSSC/BESS vs UPFC
Active power flow between areas
FACTS with BESS
Voltage at Area 2 bus
(a) STATCOM vs
STATCOM/BESS
(b) SSSC vs
SSSC/BESS
(c) STATCOM/BESS
vs SSSC/BESS vs
UPFC
FACTS with BESS
B. Advanced HVDC Transmission and
Distribution
Improvements in power electronic device
technologies have led to significant
improvements in the flexibility of dc
transmission systems through the ability to use
voltage source converters.
Traditional direct current systems see limited
use as high power, high voltage dc (HVdc)
transmissionsystems.
Advanced dc systems allows lower voltage dc
transmission system capable of supporting a
large number of standard off the shelf
inverters.
Energy storage can be added to the dc system,
providing improved response to fast load
changes drawn by the inverters.
Bus
LOAD
AC
LOAD
AC
LOAD
AC
LOAD
AC
Infeeds
DC
=
=
Each 10kW -1.5 MW
AC
DC system with capacitive energy storage
added to the dc system through a dc to dc
converter.
C. Power Quality Enhancement with Energy Storage
Custom power devices address problems found at distribution level,
such as voltage sags, voltage swells, voltage transients and
momentary interruptions.
The most common approaches to mitigate these problems focus on
customer side solutions such as Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)
systems based on battery energy storage.
Alternative UPS systems based on SMES and FESS are also available.
=
=
=
Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) with capacitor storage
STATCOM
Reactive Power Only
Operates in the
vertical axis only
STATCOM + SMES
Real and Reactive Power
Operates anywhere within the
PQ Plane / Circle (4-Quadrant)
P
Q
The Combination or Real
and Reactive Power will
typically reduce the Rating of
the Power Electronics front
end interface.
Real Power takes care of
power oscillation, whereas
reactive power controls
voltage.
The Role of Energy Storage: real
power compensation can
increase operating control and
reduce capital costs
P - Active Power
Q - Reactive Power
MVA Reduction
FACTS + Energy Storage
VSI CSI
Natural
Forced
Synchronous PWM
Hard Soft
Two-Level
Multi-Level
SCR GTO IGBT MCT MTO
System
Commutation
Approach
Switching
Technology
Transition
Approach
Circuit
Topology
Device
Type
Power Electronics - Semiconductor Devices
Decision-Making Matrix
X
E1 / o1
E2 / o2
I
P&Q
Plus Energy Storage
Regulating Bus Voltage +Injected
Voltage +Energy Storage
Can Control Power Flow
Continuously, and Support Operation
Under Severe Fault Conditions
(enhanced performance)
Universal Topology + Energy Storage Implementation
Cost Considerations
Energy storage system costs for a transmission application are driven by
the operational requirements.
The costs of the system can be broken into three main components:
The energy storage system,
The supporting systems (refrigeration for SMES is a big item) and
The Power Conversion System.
The cost of the energy storage system is primarily determined by the amount of
energy to be stored. The configuration and the size of the power conversion system
may become a dominant component for the high-power low-energy storage
applications. For the utility applications under consideration, estimates are in the
range of $10-100K per MJ for the storage system.
Cost Considerations
In order to establish a realistic cost estimate, the following steps are
suggested:
identify the system issue(s) to be addressed;
select preliminary system characteristics:
define basic energy storage, power, voltage and current requirements;
model system performance in response to system demands to establish
effectiveness of the device;
optimize system specification and determine system cost;
determine utility financial benefits from operation;
compare systems cost and utility financial benefits to determine
adequacy of utilitys return on investment,
compare different energy storage systems performance and costs
Technology & Cost Trends
I
$$$
$
I
additional cost savings possible
$
Conclusions
Potential performance benefits produced by advanced energy storage
applications:
improved system reliability
dynamic stability
enhanced power quality
transmission capacity enhancement
area protection, etc..
FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) devices which handle both
real and reactive power to achieve improved transmission system
performance are multi-MW proven electronic devices now being
introduced in the utility industry. In this environment, energy storage is a
logical addition to the expanding family of FACTS devices.
Conclusions
As deregulation takes place, generation and transmission resources
will be utilized at higher efficiency rates leading to tighter and moment-
by-moment control of the spare capacities.
Energy storage devices can facilitate this process, allowing the utility
maximum utilization of utility resources.
The new power electronics controller devices will enable increased
utilization of transmission and distribution systems with increased
reliability.
This increased reliance will result in increased investment in devices
that make this asset more productive.
Energy storage technology fits very well within the new environment by
enhancing the potential application of FACTS, Custom Power and
Power Quality devices.
Storage batteries for solar and wind systems
Application of the wind turbine system
Brief state of art of storage solutions
Battery technologies: Lead Acid, NiMH and Lithium ion
Energetic models via Bond-Graph of electrochemical components
Quasi-static energetic model of fuel cell
Simple battery models: Lithium-ion and lead acid batteries
Stationary batteries for wind and solar applications: technology & simple models
Simple application examples:
A remote site
Solar pumping
Application of the studied wind turbine system: Hybridization of the DC bus with an
accumulator
2/19/2012 44
Energy
Storage+Smart Grid
Energy Storage
Solutions
Energy
and
transport
2/19/2012 45
Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Designs and
Their Impact on Energy
P. T. Krein
Director, Grainger Center for Electric Machinery
and Electromechanics
Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
Overview
Early electric cars and advantages
Energy and power issues
The modern hybrid
Energy and environment motives for hybrids
and electrics
Near-term; myths and trends
Early Electric Cars
Electric vehicles are clean and easy to use.
Low maintenance, available infrastructure.
Electric motors were easy to control.
Motors have
high power-to-
weight ratio.
1914 Detroit
Electric car.
Limited range.
Source: I. Pitel.
Early Hybrid Cars
The advantages of electric drives are
substantial, but range is a challenge.
Hybrids can deliver energy for long intervals.
Retain the reliability
and ease-of-use
advantages of
electric cars.
The 1900 Porsche
hybrid.
www.hybridvehicle.org
Gasoline Car Culture
The Ford Model T in 1909 made cars
affordable. Original list price: US$290.
Gasoline was a waste product of oil refining.
Low-cost mass production, low fuel costs,
and performance limits helped fuel-driven
cars overtake electric cars by 1920.
Reliability has been improving
continuously for fuel vehicles.
There was little change in
electriccar technology until
the 1960s.
www.xtec.es
The relative decline of electric vehicles after 1910
2/19/2012 51
The reasons for the greater success to date of IC
engine vehicles are easily understood when one
compares the specific energy of petroleum fuel to
that of batteries.
The specific energy of fuels for IC engines varies,
but is around 9000 Whkg1, whereas the specific
energy of a lead acid battery is around 30
Whkg1.
Once the efficiency of the IC engine, gearbox and
transmission (typically around 20%) for a petrol
engine is accounted for, this means that 1800
Whkg1 of useful energy (at the gearbox shaft)
can be obtained from petrol.
Specific energy means the energy stored per kilogram. The
normal SI unit is Joule per kilogram (Jkg1).
However, this unit is too small in this context, and so the
Watthour per kilogram (Whkg1) is used instead. 1Wh =
3600 J.
2/19/2012 52
To illustrate the point further, 4.5 litres (1 gallon) of petrol with a mass of around 4 kg will give a
typical motor car a range of 50 km.
To store the same amount of useful electric energy requires a lead acid battery with a mass of
about 270 kg.
To double the energy storage and hence the range of the petrol engine vehicle requires storage
for a further 4.5 litres of fuel with a mass of around 4 kg only, whereas to do the same with a lead
acid battery vehicle requires an additional battery mass of about 270 kg.
With an electric motor efficiency of 90% only 27Whkg1 of useful energy (at the motor shaft)
can be obtained from a lead acid battery.
Inpracticethis will not double the electric vehicle
range, as a considerable amount of the extra
energyis neededto accelerateanddecelerate
the270kgof batteryandto carryit uphills.
Some of this energy may be regained through
regenerative breaking, a system where the motor
acts as a generator, braking the vehicle and
converting the kinetic energy of the vehicle to
electrical energy, which is returned to battery
storage, fromwhere it canbe reused.
In practice, when the efficiency of generation,
control, battery storage and passing the electricity
back through the motor and controller is accounted
for, less than a third of the energy is likely to be
recovered.
2/19/2012 53
Another major problem that arises with
batteries is the time it takes to recharge them.
Even when adequate electrical power is
available there is a minimum time, normally
several hours, required to re-charge a lead acid
battery, whereas 45 litres of petrol can be put
into a vehicle in pproximately one minute.
The recharge time of some of the new batteries
has been reduced to one hour, but this is still
considerably longer than it takes to fill a tank of
petrol.
Yet another limiting parameter with electric
vehicles is that batteries are expensive, so that
any battery electric vehicle is likely not only to
have a limited range but to be more expensive
than an internal combustion engine vehicle of
similar size and build quality.
As a result regenerative breaking tends to be used as much as a convenient way of braking
heavy vehicles, which electric cars normally are, as for energy efficiency. For lead acid
batteries to have the effective energy capacity of 45 litres (10 gallons) of petrol, a staggering
2.7 tonnes of batteries would be needed!
Revival
Revival of hybrid
cars about 1970.
New electronics
attempted in the
1980s (GM Sunraycer).
Mature power electronics since early 1990s.
NiMH batteries matured
enough in the late 90s.
Li-ion almost there now.
eands.caltech.edu
www.treehugger.com
Revival
Maturing power electronics overcame major
performance barriers
in the 1990s.
2000 General Motors
EV1 high-performance
electric car prototype.
Limited range. Storage
problems unresolved.
Source: www.gmev.com
Hybrid Designs Continue
The advantages of hybrids (no mechanical
drive train) have long dominated for the
heaviest vehicles.
At the largest sizes
ships and
locomotives the
diesel-electric
hybrid has been
important since
the 1920s.
Energy and Power Needs
Electric motors have high power density and good control.
A car needs to store energy for range.
Alternatives:
Capacitors or inductors
Flywheels or springs
Compressed air tanks
Batteries
Liquid fuel
Figures of merit:
Useful storage per unit mass
Useful energy rate (power) per unit mass
A 90 HP electric motor
based on automotive duty.
Energy and Power Needs
Storage technology Storage technology Energy density Energy density
Lead Lead--acid batteries acid batteries 100 kJ/kg (30 W 100 kJ/kg (30 W--h/kg) h/kg)
Lithium Lithium--ion batteries ion batteries 600 kJ/kg 600 kJ/kg
Compressed air, 10 Compressed air, 10 MPa MPa 80 kJ/kg (not including tank) 80 kJ/kg (not including tank)
Conventional capacitors Conventional capacitors 0.2 kJ/kg 0.2 kJ/kg
Ultracapacitors Ultracapacitors 20 kJ/kg 20 kJ/kg
Flywheels Flywheels 100 kJ/kg 100 kJ/kg
Gasoline Gasoline 43000 kJ/kg 43000 kJ/kg
Energy and Power Needs
Lead-acid battery energy density is only about 1% of the
usable energy in gasoline.
Sample test car: 275 kg battery
pack equivalent to 4 L of gas!
Energy and Power Needs
Rate is a problem.
Example: refill a gas tank with 60 L in 5 min.
The energy rate is roughly that of 20 major
campus buildings!
It is costly and problematic to fill batteries
quickly.
The Modern Hybrid
Efficiency and emissions improvements motivate
modern hybrid designs.
Power electronics is nearly routine.
General types: series and parallel.
Series hybrid: energy assembled electrically.
2/19/2012 62
There are two basic arrangements for hybrid
vehicles, the series hybrid and the parallel hybrid,
which are illustrated in Figures .
In the series hybrid the vehicle is driven by one or
more electric motors supplied either from the
battery, or from the IC engine driven generator
unit, or from both. However, in either case the
driving force comes entirely from the electric
motor or motors.
In the parallel hybrid the vehicle can either be driven by
the IC engine working directly through a transmission
system to the wheels, or by one or more electric
motors, or by both the electric motor and the IC engine
at once.
In both series and parallel hybrids the battery can be
recharged by the engine and generator while moving,
and so the battery does not need to be anything like as
large as in a pure battery vehicle.
Also, both types allow for regenerative braking, for the
drive motor to work as a generator and simultaneously
slow down the vehicle and charge
the battery.
Series Hybrid and Parallel Hybrid Vehicles
2/19/2012 63
The series hybrid tends to be used only in specialist applications.
For example, thedi esel powered railway engine is nearly always a series hybrid,
as are some ships. Some special all-terrain vehicles are series hybrid, with a
separately controlled electric motor in each wheel.
The main disadvantage of the series hybrid is that all the electrical energy
must pass through both the generator and the motors. The adds considerably to
the costof such systems.
The parallel hybrid, on the other hand, has scope for very wide application. The
electric machines can be much smaller and cheaper, as they do not have to
convert all the energy.
Series Hybrid and Parallel Hybrid Vehicles
2/19/2012 64
Alternatively, and more usefully, a parallel hybrid vehicle can use the IC engine and batteries
in combination, continually optimising the efficiency of the IC engine.
A popular arrangement is to obtain the basic power to run the vehicle, normally around 50%
of peak power requirements, from the IC engine, and to take additional power from the
electric motor and battery, recharging the battery from the engine generator when the battery
is not needed.
Using modern control techniques the engine speed and torque can be controlled to minimise
exhaust emissions and maximise fuel economy. The basic principle is to keep the IC engine
working fairly hard, at moderate speeds, or else turn it
off completely.
In parallel hybrid systems it is useful to define a variable called the degree of hybridisation
as follows:
The greater the degree of hybridisation, the greater the scope for using a smaller IC engine,
and have it operating at near its optimum efficiency for a greater proportion of the time.
Degree of Hybridisation
2/19/2012 65
California Air Resources Board (CARB)
partial zero emission vehicles (PZEVs)
The Toyota Prius
2/19/2012 66
A nickel metal hydride battery is used. At start up or at low speeds the Prius is powered solely by the electric
motor, avoiding the use of the internal combustion engine when it is at its most polluting and
least efficient.
This car uses regenerative braking and has a high overall fuel economy of about 56.5 miles per US gallon (68
miles per UK gallon).
The Prius has a top speed of 160 km/h (100 mph) and accelerates to 100 km/h (62mph) in 13.4 seconds.
The Prius battery is only charged from the engine and does not use an external socket. It is therefore
refueled with petrol only, in the conventional way.
The Toyota Prius, is the vehicle which
really brought hybrid vehicles to public
attention. Within two years of its launch
in 1998 it more than doubled the
number of electric vehicles on the roads
of J apan.
The Prius uses a 1.5 litre petrol engine
and a 33kW electric motor either in
combination or separately to produce
the most fuel-efficient performance.
The Toyota Prius, Parallel Hybrid
The Modern Hybrid
Parallel hybrid: energy is assembled mechanically.
Credit: Honda
Source: Mechanical
Engineering Magazine
online, April 2002.
The Modern Hybrid
The Toyota and Ford dual
hybrids are parallel designs with
some series modes.
The Honda mild parallel hybrid uses a small electric
machine to recover braking
energy and allow easy engine start
and stop.
Source: Toyota
Hybrid Electric Cars -- Production
Honda Insight
Toyota Prius
Source: www.familycar.com
Hybrid Electric Cars -- Production
Honda Civic
Toyota Prius
Source: www.auto-sfondi-desktop.com
Source: www.theautochannel.com
Hybrid Electric Cars -- Production
Ford Escape
Lexus Hybrid SUV
Nissan Altima Hybrid
Source: www.edmunds.com
Source: msnbcmedia.msn.com
Motives for Electric Vehicles
Energy flexibility.
Energy efficiency.
Reduced emissions.
Cleaner, quieter cars
without performance changes.
For electric cars, the ultimate fuel source is hydro,
wind, nuclear, or any electricity source.
Emissions are eliminated, or moved to a central plant
where large-scale control is possible.
www.valvoline.com
Motives for Hybrid Vehicles
Overcome energy storage (range) and power
(fuel rate) problems.
Good designs yield double the fuel economy.
In principle, it might be possible to triple the
fuel economy.
The overall efficiency is similar to thermal
electric power plants.
Exhaust emission management is simplified.
Emission Improvements
Five characteristics that reduce HEV emissions:
1. The engine is smaller; electric
motor helps with peaks.
2. Shut off engine when the car stops.
3. Choose to operate engine only at
its highest efficiency.
4. Use battery energy to prepare emission controls for cold
starts.
5. Recover braking energy to batteries.
Efficiency and Emission
Improvements
Efficient alternative cycles.
Atkinson cycle
Brayton cycle (turbines)
The Prius achieves
90% reduction in
emissions; no sacrifice
in performance.
Large improvements in hydrocarbons and
carbon monoxide.
Possibility of zero-emission electric
operation.
Volvo turbine hybrid prototype
Electric Vehicle Emissions Aspects
Just moves emissions to a power plant.
But:
Opportunity for large emission control
infrastructure
Resource flexibility
Higher overall system efficiency.
Emission Improvements: Electric
Emission impacts depend on generation
resource mix.
Basis from average U.S. mix given here.
Large-scale reductions (>90%) in
Hydrocarbon emissions
Carbon monoxide
Oxides of nitrogen
Substantial reductions in carbon dioxide.
Small reductions in oxides of sulfur.
Energy Issues: Electric and Plug-In
Energy flexibility: an electric or plug-in hybrid
can run on nuclear, solar, wind, or other
carbon-free resources.
Key attribute:
time shifting of load.
Energy Issues: Electric and Plug-In
Wind and solar resources are highly variable
and have considerable randomness.
Hard in a power grid:
Energy delivered must match energy used,
second by second.
Integration of random resources requires
extra conventional capacity to achieve the
match.
Energy Issues: Electric and Plug-In
Electric and plug-in hybrid cars provide a new
type of large-scale flexible load.
Battery charging can be adjusted dynamically
to help with the system match.
Possible storage resource with major benefits.
Shift load into night hours.
Nissan.com
Night Energy Shifting
Typical electricity price ratio day-to-night is
about 6:1.
Substantial night capacity available to charge
vehicle batteries.
Power Requirements
Full size car, 4000 lb loaded, axle needs:
20 HP on level road at 65 mph.
55 HP to maintain 65 mph up a 5% grade.
55 HP to maintain 95 mph on level road.
Peak power of about 150 HP to provide 0-60 mph
acceleration in 10 s or less.
Plus losses and
accessories.
82
Power Requirements
Easy to meet performance requirements with
electric drive train except range and refuel.
Better tradeoffs: not as much oversizing is
required.
Hybrid design: engine delivers average needs,
electric motor can manage peaks.
Energy Costs
Take gasoline at US$3.30/gallon, and a car that
achieves 30 miles/gallon.
Energy cost is $0.11/mile.
Now take electricity at $0.12/kW-h, and a car
that consumes 200 W-h/mile.
Energy cost is $0.024/mile.
Much cheaper with night charging.
Energy Costs
Expensive solar electricity (such as $0.30/kW-
h), still well below hydrocarbon fuel.
Source: Evergreen Solar
PV Module Costs
Solar Power
Solar-to-vehicle is interesting:
Photovoltaic module captures roughly 20% of sunlight
energy.
If a residential system is used to charge a car, this solar
energy becomes primary minimal intermediate
processing.
Charging Requirements
For plug-in charging, rates are limited by
resource availability.
Residential:
10 A, 220 V outlet, about 2 kW maximum.
50 A, 240 V outlet, up to 10 kW.
Commercial:
50 A, 380 V three phase, up to 30 kW.
All are well below traction drive ratings.
87
Architectures -- Series
Probably favored
for plug-in hybrids.
Rating 100%
Rating 30%
Rating 10%
The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. I f the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again.
Implications
Battery charging: equipment is small
compared to car systems integrate into
vehicle.
Even a modest charger, 2 kW, can recharge a
modest plug-in hybrid in a few hours.
Minimal infrastructure implications.
Myth: Inadequate infrastructure
Houses and businesses will need much more electrical
infrastructure to support plug-in hybrids and electrics.
Fact: The best designs use about 150 W-h/mile.
A 6 h charge from a residential outlet is more than enough for
a 40 mile battery.
Myth: Stepping stones
{Hybrid, electric, fuel cell}vehicle designs are a stepping
stone toward longer term {hybrid, electric, fuel cell}
vehicles.
Fact: ALL vehicle designs are increments toward peoples
aspirations for personal transportation.
www.xtec.es
Source: msnbcmedia.msn.com
Myth: Industry as a group is converging
toward the best solutions
Existing designs are proven and capable, and should be
emulated.
Fact: Hybrids on the road have not achieved the
performance levels and efficiencies of
known electric car designs.
Brad Waddell. Used by permission.
www.popularmechanics.com
Near-Term Trends
The plug-in hybrid is entering the market now.
A series design like the Chevrolet Volt has very
significant promise.
Electric vehicle designs have a definite place.
Expect the Nissan Leaf as 2011 develops.
Near-Term Trends
Emissions impacts are large and will be more
substantial as resources shift toward
renewables.
Renewables and plug-in vehicles complement
each other well.
Efficiency is very high compared to biofuels,
and compares favorably with petroleum.
2/19/2012 95
2/19/2012 96
Hybrid Cars- Electric Cars-
Fuel Cell Solution with Zero Emission
Daimler Chrysler FC 86 kW Ballard- H2, 350 bars, hybrid- 60 units
manufactured, of which ~30 units in operation as of Sept 2005 (15 in the US)
2/19/2012 97
2/19/2012 98
Au Fil du
Soleil_World Challenge Solar C
Conception_Vehicul
e Solaire
Future Aircraft
Electric Network
Hybrid Electric
Vehicle
2/19/2012 99
- Where does hydrogen come from?
- What devices are used for hydrogen storage?
- What is hydrogen specific energy?
Hydrogen as An Energy Vector
Hydrogen is a promising candidate for energy storage, in terms of being stored in
reservoirs as petroleum.
Specific Energy of Various Combustibles
2/19/2012
Hydrogen Sources
Hydrogen does not exist in natural form
Hydrogen can be get from:
Fossil: from oil, natural gas, coal
Electricity: nuclear, photovoltaic, wind, hydraulic, geothermal
+electrolysis
Heat: Thermochemical process
Photons: photo-electrolysis, photobiology, phtosynthesis +
biomass transformation and fermentation
2/19/2012 100
2/19/2012 101
A sample showing a possible energy chain of the
future: Solar Energy- Hydrogen- Electricity
Hydrogen (Energy Storage) and
Electricity (Energy Flux) :
two complementary energy vectors
2/19/2012 102
Hydrogen (Gas) Storage in Tanks under
High Pressure
H2 Applications
2/19/2012 103
2/19/2012 104
H2 Economy_British
Petroleum Co
Fuel Cell Seminar
Xavier ROBOAM, Guillaume FONTES
1) Someremindersabout Bond-GraphsBasics(X. Roboam)
2) SomeexamplesonBondgraphmodelingand20Simsimulations(X. Roboam&G. Fontes)
a. Simulationof acurrent controlledDCDCbuckchopper;
b. Simulationof aDCmachine: motor generator mode
3) Someremindersabout WindTurbinesystemsconnectedtoaDCelectrical machine;
a. About aerodynamicsandenergyefficiencyof windturbines
b. Simulating wind turbine torque/speed curves with inertia and defining a load torque
characteristic: toanalyzegenerator / loadcompatibility;
c. Short remindersabout causalityissues
d. MPPTcontrol of awindturbinesystemconnectedtoacurrent controlledDCgenerator
4) Systemstudyof awindturbinesystemconnectedtoalowvoltage48VDCbus(X. Roboam)
a. Systemdescriptionandanalysis
b. DCequivalent modelingof aPMsynchronousgenerator dioderectifier devicecoupledonlow
voltage(48V) DCbus
5) If timeremaininginthefirst week, studyof a gridconnectedwindturbinesystemcoupledthrougha
hybrid48VDCbus.
1
st
Week: Bond Graphs based wind turbine energy system design
Guillaume FONTES
Brief stateof art of storagesolutions
Someremindersabout Accumulator technologies: LeadAcid, NiMH, Lithiumion
Stationarybatteriesfor windandsolar applications
Simpleapplicationexamples:
Aremotesite
Solar pumping
Applicationof thestudiedwindturbinesystem
Hybridizationof theDCbuswithanaccumulator: energymanagement strategy
2
nd
Week: Storage batteries for solar and wind systems
Application to the wind turbine system
Stephan ASTIER
Photovoltaicsystems
Hybrid(Wind&Photovoltaic) systems
Hybridizationof energeticsystems: theprinciples
To be completed!
3
rd
Week: Photovoltaic systems and hybridization
Whole objective of the education seminar : modeling & 20 Sim analysis
of a PV-Wind hybrid system for rural electrification
NB: this application is studied by LSE Tunis (Tunisia) in Cooperation with LAPLACE Toulouse (France)
PV array (400W)
aerogenerator
(600W)
Grid
( P infinite )
Energy sources
Applications
Internal loops: control
external loops: energy management and optimisation (MPPT)
Control / Energy management
Static
converters
DC/AC; AC/DC;
DC/DC
Batteries Charge
( P finite )
Design, Design, control control and and energy energy management management of of hybrid hybrid renewable renewable systems systems:: PV/ PV/wind wind with with
storage storage
Based Based on on MM.. Dali Dali PHD, PHD, co co directed directed by by LSE/ENIT LSE/ENIT Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia Tunisia and and LAPLACE LAPLACE Toulouse Toulouse
Whole objective of the education seminar : modeling & 20 Sim analysis
of a PV-Wind hybrid system for rural electrification
NB: this application is studied by LSE Tunis (Tunisia) in Cooperation with LAPLACE Toulouse (France)
I
ol
PM
SM
buck
buck
Batterie
s
48 V
I
pv
diode
rectifier
inverter
DC/AC
I
ond
GPV
I
Bat
Wind turbine

pv
Bus DC 48V
AC
Charge
s
grid
230V/50hz
LAPLACE/GENESYS Facilities : grid connected hybrid
PV-wind system with storage on 48V DC bus
Wind turbine emulator
PV Emulator
DC Low Voltage bus
sources interconnection
Dspace 1104
P
ref. pv
P
ref .ol
[V ; I]
[Cde]
P
ol
P
pv
P
bat
Variable DC
load
Supervisor
P
load
Lead acid
Accumulator
Grid inverter
230V
50Hz
grid
P
inv
Chimie Electricit
Hydraulics
Pressure
flow
Thermics
5 domains, 8 inter-domain crossing
Chemical
D-enthalpy
molar flux
Electricity
Voltage
Currrent
Mechanics
Torque,Force
Speed
A typical example of integrated design in a multi-disciplinary context :
reverse osmosis desalination unit powered by PV-Wind hybrid system
Multi-disciplinary approach : thinking by energetic analogies
High level couplings
Integrated design : Architecture Sizing - Management
P
PVE
P
osmosis
P
PVE
- oP
tot
Hybrid PV-Wind
Power system
Adduction
Pump
P
adduction
well well
P
add
-oP
add
Pure Pure
water water
rejected rejected
water water
Keywords :
Stored Stored
water water
HP pumping
Inverse osmosis
desalination device
NB: this application is studied by LSE Tunis (Tunisia) in Cooperation with LAPLACE Toulouse (France)
Xavier ROBOAM, Guillaume FONTES
1) Someremindersabout Bond-GraphsBasics(X. Roboam)
2) SomeexamplesonBondgraphmodelingand20Simsimulations(X. Roboam&G. Fontes)
a. Simulationof acurrent controlledDCDCbuckchopper;
b. Simulationof aDCmachine: motor generator mode
3) Someremindersabout WindTurbinesystemsconnectedtoaDCelectrical machine;
a. About aerodynamicsandenergyefficiencyof windturbines
b. Simulating wind turbine torque/speed curves with inertia and defining a load torque
characteristic: toanalyzegenerator / loadcompatibility;
c. Short remindersabout causalityissues
d. MPPTcontrol of awindturbinesystemconnectedtoacurrent controlledDCgenerator
4) Systemstudyof awindturbinesystemconnectedtoalowvoltage48VDCbus(X. Roboam)
a. Systemdescriptionandanalysis
b. DCequivalent modelingof aPMsynchronousgenerator dioderectifier devicecoupledonlow
voltage(48V) DCbus
5) If timeremaininginthefirst week, studyof a gridconnectedwindturbinesystemcoupledthrougha
hybrid48VDCbus.
1
st
Week: Bond Graphs based wind turbine energy system design
Bond-Graphs origin
- Invented at MIT (Boston) by H. Paynter (61), formalised by D. Karnopp et R.
Rosenberg
- Arrived in Europe end of 70 (Pays Bas, Twente), France (Alstom)
Used in industry by :
- Automotive (PSA, Renault, Ford, Toyota), EDF, Thomson, CEA, Airbus, GM,
Hlion, CNES,
Main Characteristics and potentialities
Modeling of Power/Energy transfers => universal language
Unified formalism for any physical domain (based on energetic analogies)
BGs describe system architecture : based on localized parameters modeling
BGs Facilitate functional & structural decomposition of complex systems : word
BG
Causal property inside : a prime importance for energy systems
Derivation of Mathematical Structure (transfer functions, state equations)
Warning on conflicts of association
Structural Analysis (observability, controllability, stability), modal analysis
(model reduction)
1 ) Basics on Bond Graphs (BGs)
BGs approach : for any physical system energy is continuous & power is conservative
e: effort
f : flux
Positive way :
P =e.f
P =v.i
A B A B
i
v
V V
F
v
i
F
V
P =F.V
A
B
1 ) Basics on Bond Graphs (BGs)
e
q
f
p
I
C
generalised variables
electrical variables
q
i
|
L
C
v
}
= = =
= =
t
0
d ) ( f ). ( e q . q . p E
i . v f . e P
t t t |
Paynters tetrahedron
The Bond Graph : an homogeneous & multi domain modeling approach
Domains
1 ) Basics on Bond Graphs (BGs)
Effort (e) Flow (f) Moment (p) Displacement (q)
Electricity Voltage (V) Current (A) magnetic flux (Wb) Charge (C)
Mech Translation Force (N) speed (m/s) Impulsion (Ns) Displacement (m)
Mech Rotation Torque (N.m) speed (Rd/s) Impulsion (Nms) Angle (Rd)
Hydraulics Pressure (N/m2) Vol flow (m
3
/s) impulsion of P Volume (m
3
)
Magnetics M.M.F (A) flux derivative (V) xxxx Flux (Wb)
Chemical Chemical Potential Molar Flow xxxx Molar mass
Thermodynamics Temperature entropic Flow xxxx entropy
Acoustics Pressure (N/m2) Vol flow (m3/s) Impulsion Volume (m
3
)
Word Bond Graph : functional & Structural decomposition
allows fixing interfaces
- Power Bonds
- Information signals
Wind
turbine
O
C
V
I
Generator
V
I
=
=
T S
.
~
=
V
I
V
I
DC Bus
0
=
=
V
I
V
I
AH ,
Accumulator
T
S
.
V
I
=
~
V
I
Motor Pump
O
C inverse
osmosis
P
Q
T S
.
Chimie Electricit
Hydraulics
Pressure
flow
Thermics
5 domains, 8 inter-domain crossings
Chimics
D-enthalpy
Molar flux
Electricity
Voltage
Current
Mechanics
Torque,Force
Speed
1 ) Basics on Bond Graphs (BGs)
PV
cell array
e(t)
f
e(t)
f
Electrical equivalence Monoports Basic elements
1 ) Basic elements of BGs (monoport case)
Effort
Source
Flow
Source
Sf :F(t) Se :E(t)
symbol parameter name
e
f
R: R1
R element: generic relation between effort %flux : R (e,f) = 0
o Linear case: e = R1.f
o Electricity: resistance: v = R.i
o Mechanics: friction, dampingeffect: T = F.O (rotation)
o Hydraulics: restriction, loadloss: P = R1 . Q.|Q|
e
f
I: I1
C element (potential storage) : relation effort % flow integral C(e,q) = 0
o Linear case : q = C1.e
o electricity: q = C1.v ; V = (1/C1) i.dt
o Mechanics: F = k.(x1-x2) = k (v1-v2).dt
o Hydraulics: tank storage Q = C . (dP/dt)
I element (kinetic storage) : relation moment % flow: I (p,f) = 0
Linear case: p = I1.f = e.dt
electricity: | = L.i ; v = L.di/dt (I1 = L)
mechanics T = J.dO / dt ; F = m.dv/dt
e
f
F
v=v1-v2
C: C1
C: 1/K (compliance
=1/stiffness)
Monoports Basic elements Electrical equivalence
1 ) Basic elements of BGs (monoport case)
Junctions (power conservative)
O Junction : Common effort
e1
f1
e2
f2 1
e3 f3
e1
f1
e2
f2
0
e3 f3
e1 = e2 = e3
f1 = f2 + f3
E (input flow) = E (output flow)
e1 = e2 + e3
f1 = f2 = f3
E (input efforts) = E (output efforts)
Electricity: circuit nodes
Hydraulics: pressure nodes
Electricity: voltage drop, circuit mesh
Mechanics: speed nodes
Hydraulics : pressure drop
Electrical equivalence
0 C
R
1
R
1 ) Basic elements of BGs (mono- port case)
1 Junction : Common flow
e1
f1
e2
f2
m
TF
e
1
= m.e
2
f
2
= m.f
1
e1
f1
e2
f2
r
GY
e
1
= r.f
2
e
2
= r.f
1
electricity : transformer, switching cell
mechanics : pulley, gearing (R1.O1 = R2.O2)
hydraulics : jack (P=F/S, Q=S.V)
electricity : hall effect sensor
electromechanical transformation
Transformer junction : TF
Gyrator junction : GY
E = |. O
C
em
= |.I
Junctions (power conservative)
1 ) Basic elements of BGs (mono_port case)
De
e
f = 0
Df
e = 0
f
Multiports : representation of coupled circuits, coupled energy (thermodynamics),
Vector model (ex: 3D mechanics)
Example of a I multiport : coupled inductive circuit
u1 u3
u2
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

3
2
1
.
3 32 31
23 2 21
13 12 1
3
2
1
i
i
i
L M M
M L M
M M L
|
|
|
I: [L]
I: [L]
I: [L]
| | |
1
2
1
) (

= L E
T
1 ) Basic elements of BGs (mono- port case)
Detectors : link between energy / signal parts (links with control unit)
No power involved information link
:
2. Choose a reference potential
E
Ra
C
1. Define a positive convention for currents in each element of the graph
N0
N1 N2
3. Choose a number for each circuit node and represent it on the BG by a 0 junction
4. Represent voltage drops across each element by introducing a 1 junction with 3 bonds, two
being linked to the 0 junctions in the neighborhood of each considered element
L
5. Place elements (R,C,I) on the free bond of the 1 junctions
0
0
0
(N1)
(N2)
(N0)
1
Se:E
1
1 1
C:C
I:L
R:Ra
6. Simplification of the BG : eliminate all 0 junctions linked with reference potentials. Then,
suppress all free bonds linked with those reference nodes. Finally, eliminate all 0 and 1
junctions with only 2 bonds without power inversion :
1 ) Rules for establishing BGs : electricity domain
the academic way
0,1
0 Se:E 1
C:C
I:L
R:Ra
1ou 0
1ou 0
ATTENTION
1 ) Rules for establishing BGs : electricity domain
the academic way
:
2. Choose a reference potential
1. Define a positive convention for currents in each element of the graph
3. Choose a number for each circuit node and represent it on the BG by a 0 junction
4. Represent voltage drops across each element by introducing a 1 junction with 3 bonds, two
being linked to the 0 junctions in the neighborhood of each considered element
5. Place elements (R,C,I) on the free bonds of the 1 junctions
6. Simplification of the BG : eliminate all 0 junctions linked with reference potentials. Then,
supress all free bonds linked with those reference nodes. Finally, eliminate all 0 and 1 junctions
with only 2 bonds without power inversion :
E
Ra
C
N0
N1 N2
L
:
E
Ra
C
N0
N1 N2
L
2. Represent the mesh (series connection) E, Ra, Z
L//C
by a 1 junction (iso-
current) on which one connects those 3 elements
Se:E 1
R:Ra
Z:Z
L//C
1. Consider the 2 branches in // (C,L) as a macro component Z
L//C
.
0
C:C
I:L
3. Represent by a 0 junction (iso-voltage) the 3 parallel branches (E,Ra) // C // L:
Se:E 1
R:Ra
0
C:C
I:L
1 ) Rules for establishing BGs : electricity domain
the branch & mesh way
Do it yourself on 20Sim!
M
F(t)
o
K
V
M
4. Simplification of the BG : eliminate all 1 junctions with null speed (mechanical reference).
Then simplify the BG by eliminating all junctions with only 2 bonds with the same orientation.
( ) = = 0 ) ( 0 . ) ( : ) ( 1
tan rentrant t sor K
M
M
e e F F
dt
dV
M t F V J
o
}
= = dt V K F V V K C J
M K M M
) 0 ( ; 0 0 ) 0 ( : ) / 1 : ( 0
V =0
3. Between two successive 1 junctions related to different speeds, insert a 0 junction with three
bonds oriented to make appear the correct relative speed on the free bond. Place R & C elements
on this free bond. If several elements have the same relative speed, insert a 1 junction on the free
bond of the 0 junction then insert these elements.
0
R:o
V
M
-0
F
o
S
E
:F(t)
2. For each connection between elements, affect an absolute speed vector and associate a 1
junction. Place I elements on each 1 junction, then affect force sources (dont forget gravity force
for vertical axis moving) and speed sources.
1 1
I:M
(V=0)
(V
M
)
1. Orientate the translation axis (position & speed). The orientation of power bonds follows this
orientation.
x >0
V >0
0
C:1/K
V
M
-0
F
K
1 ) Rules for establishing BGs : mechanical domain
(adapt for mechanical rotation)
R:o
F
o
S
E
:F(t) 1
I:M
C:1/K
F
K
4. Simplification of the BG : eliminate all 1 junctions with null speed (mechanical reference).
Then simplify the BG by eliminating all junctions with only 2 bonds with the same orientation.
3. Between two successive 1 junctions related to different speeds, insert a 0 junction with three
bonds oriented to make appear the correct relative speed on the free bond. Place R & C elements
on this free bond. If several elements have the same relative speed, insert a 1 junction on the free
bond of the 0 junction then insert these elements.
2. For each connection between elements, affect an absolute speed vector and associate a 1
junction. Place I elements on each 1 junction, then affect force sources (dont forget gravity force
for vertical axis moving) and speed sources.
1. Orientate the translation axis (position & speed). The orientation of power bonds with follow
this orientation.
1 ) Rules for establishing BGs : mechanical domain
(adapt for mechanical rotation)
M
F(t)
o
K
V
M
V =0
x >0
V >0
( ) = = 0 ) ( 0 . ) ( : ) ( 1
tan rentrant t sor K
M
M
e e F F
dt
dV
M t F V J
o
}
= = dt V K F V V K C J
M K M M
) 0 ( ; 0 0 ) 0 ( : ) / 1 : ( 0
M
F(t)
o
K
V
M
R1
L1
C1
U
1 S
E
:F(t)
I:L1 ou M
C:C1 ou 1/K
R: R1 ou o
1 ) Rules for establishing BGs : electricity vs mechanical
Energetic analogies : Electricity Mechanics
2
. .
2
1
V C
2 2
.
1
.
2
1
. .
2
1
F
K
x K
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
. .
2
1
I L
2
. .
2
1
V M
R,C,I on 1 junction
R,C, on 0 junction
I on 1 junction
Kirchoff analogies : Electricity Mechanics
0 ) ( = E node mec F 0 ) ( = E node elec I
1 . Photovoltaic cell example: do it yourself
V
p
I
p
I
CC
I
D
R
sh
R
s
(

|
.
|

\
|
= 1
.
exp .
T K
V
I I
D
s D
V
D
I
p
V
p
2
nd
or 3rd weekwithSteph and Guillaume
Rules for BG setting (very close to electrical domain)
- Set a way of flow defined as the positive way of power;
- Seek all nodes with different pressures and place a 0 junction for each;
- Place a 1 junction between two 0 junctions to set the pressure drop and place elements with
the corresponding pressure drop;
- Choose a pressure reference (generally P
atmosphere
) and delete the associated 0 junctions with
all linked bonds. Then, simplify the BG:
Example : system pump-jack of an EHA
Volumetric
pump
Hydraulic jack
O(t)
Q
p
P1v
P2v
Q
p
load
T
p
O
D
TF
AP
p
Qp
4) Rules for establishing BGs : introduction to hydraulics
AF
V
v
S
-1
TF
AP
v
Q
v
AP
p
Volumetric pump
Hydraulic jack
Qp(m
3
/s) = D (m
3
).O (Rd/s)
T
p
= D.AP
p
.
AP
v
(N/m
2
) = AF(N)/S(m
2
)
Q(m
3
/s) = S(m
2
). V
v
(m/s)
Displacement
Jack section
Jack rod velocity
F
2
V
v
Rules for BG setting (very close to electrical domain)
- Set a way of flow define as positive way of power;
- Seek all nodes with different pressures and place a 0 junction;
- Place a 1 junction between two 0 junctions to set the pressure drop and place elements with
the corresponding pressure difference;
- Choose a reference pressure (generally P
atmosphere
) and delete the associated 0 junctions with
all linked bonds. Then, simplify the BG:
Example : system pump-jack of an EHA
Volumetric
pump
Hydraulic jack
O(t)
Q
p
P1v
P2v
Q
p
load
1
D
TF
S
f
:O(t)
T
p
O
AP
Qp
load
R:R
ch
AF
V
v
P
1p
Q
p
P
2p
Q
p
0
0
(P
1p
)
(P
2p
)
1
R:R
ch
1
P
1v
Q
v
0
(P
1v
)
S
-1
TF
1
F
1
V
v
0
(P
2v
) S
TF
4) Rules for establishing BGs : hydraulic domain
C:V/|
C:V/|
Fluid compressibility in
jack chamber
Load losses
Rules for BG setting (very close to electrical domain)
- Set a way of flow define as positive way of power;
- Seek all nodes with different pressures and place a 0 junction;
- Place a 1 junction between two 0 junctions to set the pressure drop and place elements with
the corresponding pressure difference;
- Choose a reference pressure (generally P
atmosphere
) and delete the associated 0 junctions with
all linked bonds. Then, simplify the BG:
Example : system pump-jack of an EHA
Volumetric
pump
Hydraulic jack
O(t)
Q
p
P1v
P2v
Q
p
load
4) Rules for establishing BGs : hydraulic domain
1
D
TF
S
f
:O(t)
T
p
O
AP
Qp
P
1p
Q
p
P
2p
Q
p
F
2
V
v
load
R:R
ch
AF
V
v
1
R:R
ch
1
P
1v
Q
v
0
(P
1v
)
S
-1
TF
1
F
1
V
v
0
(P
2v
) S
TF
C:V/|
C:V/|
Simplified 2 lines BG
Xavier ROBOAM, Guillaume FONTES
1) Someremindersabout Bond-GraphsBasics(X. Roboam)
2) SomeexamplesonBondgraphmodelingand20Simsimulations(X. Roboam&G. Fontes)
a. Simulationof acurrent controlledDCDCbuckchopper;
b. Simulationof aDCmachine: motor generator mode
3) Someremindersabout WindTurbinesystemsconnectedtoaDCelectrical machine;
a. About aerodynamicsandenergyefficiencyof windturbines
b. Simulating wind turbine torque/speed curves with inertia and defining a load torque
characteristic: toanalyzegenerator / loadcompatibility;
c. Short remindersabout causalityissues
d. MPPTcontrol of awindturbinesystemconnectedtoacurrent controlledDCgenerator
4) Systemstudyof awindturbinesystemconnectedtoalowvoltage48VDCbus(X. Roboam)
a. Systemdescriptionandanalysis
b. DCequivalent modelingof aPMsynchronousgenerator dioderectifier devicecoupledonlow
voltage(48V) DCbus
5) If timeremaininginthefirst week, studyof a gridconnectedwindturbinesystemcoupledthrougha
hybrid48VDCbus.
1
st
Week: Bond Graphs based wind turbine energy system design
2. Model of a switching cell : functional model
* Instantaneous functional model as an electrical transformer (no loss)
If q : state of the cell (high = 1; low = 0)
Vs = q.Ve
Ie = q .Is
Ve
Ie
Is
T
H
T
B
Vs
Vs
Is
Ve
Ie
q
-1
MTF
Se:Ve Sf:Is
<Vs> = o.<Ve>
<Is> = o
1
.<Ie>
Vs
Is
Ve
Ie
o
-1
MTF
Se:Ve
Sf:Is
Ton Tc
Vs
t
<V
s
>=T
on
/T
c
.<V
e
>
Ve
* Average functional model as an electrical transformer (no loss)
duty cycle
2. Model of a switching cell : functional model
* Logic of control
Ie
Ve
Is
c
b
Vs
c
h
D
B
D
H
Is > 0 => Sign(Is) = 1 ; Is < 0 =>
Sign(Is) = 0
Ti On => c
i
= 1 ; Ti Off => c
i
= 0
* Logic synthesis :
b h
c Is c . ) Sgn( + = q
Time Delay (dead times) taken into account
Discontinuous Conduction (Is = 0) cannot be simulated
Losses (switching & conduction) possible to estimate
if q : state of the cell (high = 1; low = 0)
Vs = q.Ve
Ie = q .Is
Ve
Ie
Is
T
H
T
B
Vs
c
h
c
b
Sign(Is)
Conduction
Vs
1 0 1 Th Ve
0 1 1 Db 0
0 0 1 Db 0
1 0 0
Dh
Ve
0 1 0 T
B
0
0 0 0 Dh Ve
2. Model of a switching cell : example of a boost converter
Ve
T
H
T
B
L
I
ch
C
I
L
I
s
V
C
V
e
Model with instantaneous
values
V
e
= (1-C
B
) .V
C
I
s
= (1- C
B
) .I
L I:L
Se:Ve 1 MTF
1 C
B
0
C:C
Sf:I
ch
V
C
V
e
I
L
I
s
C
B
Average model : replace C
B
by o :
V
e
= (1-o
B
) .V
C
I
s
= (1- o
B
) .I
L
C
B
=0
Ve
T
H
L
I
ch
C
I
L
I
s
=I
L
V
C
V
e
Simplified example : T
H
permanently off, T
B
driven by C
I
ch
V
e
=0
Ve
L
C
B
=1
C
I
L
I
s
= 0
V
C
2. a) Model & Simulate a current controlled buck chopper
Ve
Ie
I
L T
H
T
B
Vs
L R Do it yourself on 20Sim!
2a-1: with constant o=0.5
2a-2 : with current control
U
I
m
Se
u1 u2 u3 u Om
0 1 0 1 0 GY 1
R: Rm
Rm Lm
U
Om
I: Jm
I: Lm
U = Rm.Im + Lm.dIm/dt + uOm
Tm = u.Im = Fm.Om + Jm.dOm/dt ;
m m E
O u = .
m m
I T . u =
E
m
I
m
C
m
O
m
T
load
0
1
(O=0)
R: Fm
U
I
m
Se
R: Rm
I: Lm
1
I: Jm
E
m
I
m
T
m
O
m
GY 1
R: Fm
2. b) Rules for establishing BGs : electromechanical domain
Electromechanical conversion
T
load
T
load
Jm,Fm,u
T
em
O
m
2. b) Model of a chopper fed DC machine
Vm
DC Machine model
1
1
Se:V
m Se:T
load
I:L
m
DCM
load
R:R
m
|
GY
R:F
m
I:J
m
DC Machine Model fed by a bridge structure of chopper
Functional model
Se:Ve 0
q
G
-1
MTF
q
D
MTF
1
MCC
Ve
Ie1
Ve
Ie2
Ve
Ie
V
GB
I
m
V
DB
I
m
V
m
I
m
MCC
Ve G D
H
B
T1
T2 T4
T3
Ie
I
e1
I
e2
Vm
Im
2) Model of a 3j inverter fed PM synchronous machine
1
1
Ph1
Se:T
load
I:L
s
R:R
s
g1(u)
GY
R:F
m
I:J
m
1
Ph2
I:L
m
R:R
s
g2(u)
GY
1
Ph3
I:L
s
R:R
s
g3(u)
GY
Phase
generator
O
}
V
1N
Is1
V
2N
Is2
1 , em
T
2 , em
T
3 , em
T
1
E
2
E
3
E
phase generator
V
3N
Is3
O
O
O
3 phase model
Inverter fed PM
synchronous machine
(functional model)
q
13
-1
TF
V
1N
Is1
Ve
Ie1
Se:Ve
Sf:Ph1
V
2N
Is2
Ve
Ie2
q
23
-1
TF
Sf:Ph2
V
3N
Is3
Ve
Ie3
q
33
-1
TF
Sf:Ph3
Ve
Ie
0
O = O + O + O =
= 3 , 2 , 1
3 , 2 , 1 ,
. . . . .
i
em em em em si i
T T T T I E
) cos( . ) (
i elec magnet i
O u = O u
) sin( . . .
) (
) (
i magnet
i
i
Np
dt
d
E O u O =
O u
= O
2. b Model & Simulate a DC machine
Ve
Ie
DCM
load
torque
Do it yourself on 20Sim!
Motor & generator mode
Xavier ROBOAM, Guillaume FONTES
1) Someremindersabout Bond-GraphsBasics(X. Roboam)
2) SomeexamplesonBondgraphmodelingand20Simsimulations(X. Roboam&G. Fontes)
a. Simulationof acurrent controlledDCDCbuckchopper;
b. Simulationof aDCmachine: motor generator mode
3) Someremindersabout WindTurbinesystemsconnectedtoaDCelectrical machine;
a. About aerodynamicsandenergyefficiencyof windturbines
b. Simulating wind turbine torque/speed curves with inertia and defining a load torque
characteristic: toanalyzegenerator / loadcompatibility;
c. Short remindersabout causalityissues
d. MPPTcontrol of awindturbinesystemconnectedtoacurrent controlledDCgenerator
4) Systemstudyof awindturbinesystemconnectedtoalowvoltage48VDCbus(X. Roboam)
a. Systemdescriptionandanalysis
b. DCequivalent modelingof aPMsynchronousgenerator dioderectifier devicecoupledonlow
voltage(48V) DCbus
5) If timeremaininginthefirst week, studyof a gridconnectedwindturbinesystemcoupledthrougha
hybrid48VDCbus.
1
st
Week: Bond Graphs based wind turbine energy system design
3) Towards a wind turbine energetic behavior
v
V
O
PMSM
a
i
ab
u
dc
U
dco
I
C
dc
I
bat
R
bat
E
L
bat
I
em
T
=
=
=
~
3) Reminders on wind turbines energetic behavior
- Controlled generator (C.G) connected to the grid/load through a power electronic
device
G
S
C.G
T
aero
(N.m)
O(rpm)
Torque(N.m)
MPPT: Maximum Power Point Tracking
3
. . .
2
1
. V S C P
P aero
=
Power coefficient C
P
versus tip speed ratio
3) Aerodynamics of wind turbines
Tip speed ratio:
( )
max
p
p
a
C
C
= q
Aerodynamic efficiency :
vent
V
R O
=
.

( )

p
C
C =
I
) (
Torque coefficient:

Betz Limit
~ 0.47
3 pales
l
opt
~ 6-7
C
P
fast
slow
3
. . .
2
1
. V S C P
P aero
=
3) C
P
(C
I
) versus following turbine technologies
rapides lentes
C
p
()
C
I
()

) ( . . . .
2
1
) (
2

I
|
.
|

\
|
= C V R S V T
v V wt
( )

p
C
C =
I
) (
Torque load
3.b) Modelling & 20simulation of a wind turbine
MSe:T
wt
()
I:J
WT
1
O
Wind turbine
V
w
O
wt
T
wt
Do it yourself on 20Sim!
0 5 10 15 20
temps {s}
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
v_vent
Tload
Wrot
Twt
) ( . . . .
2
1
) (
2

I
|
.
|

\
|
= C V R S V T
v V w
V
w
O
wt
2
.
opt
K
load
T
=
3
3
2
1
opt
R S
opt
P
C
opt
K

=
N
TF
3.c) BG model of a wind turbine driving a equivalent DC generator
MSe:T
wt
()
I:J
WT
1
O
Wind turbine
V
v
1
I:L
m
R:R
m
|
GY
1
R:F
m
I:J
m
GCC
Causality conflict
Turbine Speed
O
wt
T
wt
The causality conflict due to the coupling of both inertia I elements can be
solved by gathering the 2 I elements (generator inertia neglected or merged with
the turbine inertia);
0
C:C
bus
) ( . . . .
2
1
) (
2

I
|
.
|

\
|
= C V R S V T
v V w
Buck
DC-DC converter
MTF
o,C
H V
out
V
bus
I
L
I
bus
I:L
1
load
Current control
storage
batt
0
Multiplier
Generator Speed
O
G
T
G
f
A B
e
f
B A
e
f
Causality stroke : close to
the element for which the
effort is a given data
A B
e
B A
e
f
Convention : causal stroke
A imposes an effort (e) to B, whose effect sets the flow f towards A
Do not confuse causality way
With power transfer orientation !
Accumulator
V is
imposed
Effort,V
Flux, I
E
3. c) Reminders about Causality in Bond- Graphs
B imposes an effort (e) to A, whose effect sets the flow f towards B
SCAP procedure (Sequential Causality Assignment Procedure)
Mandatory causality for sources
f
Sf :I
(I>0 ou I<0)
e
Se:U
(U>0 ou U<0)
e
Se:U
e
Se:-U
U
i
U
i
}
= = f
Cs
e dt f
C
e
1
: ; .
1
:
}
= = e
s I
f dt e
I
f
.
1
: ; .
1
:
C (f : given data)
e
I (e : given data)
f
}
= dt i
C
v .
1
: C
i v
}
= dt v
L
i .
1
: L
v
e
f
f
R (f given data)
e
R (e given data)
f R e . :=
R
e
f = :
Remark : for non linear systems, the causality depends on the non linearity calculation
3. c) Causality in Bond- Graphs
Integral Causality for I & C elements (if possible to fulfill energy rules)
Contextual causality of R elements (arbitrary for linear relations)
Causality for junctions
0 Junction (common effort)
which effort imposes its value to the others ?
=> Only 1 causal stroke close to the 0 junction
TF Junction
: only 1 causal stroke close to the TF junction
m
TF
1 2
m
TF
1
2
m
f
f
m
e
e
2
: 1
1
: 2
=
=
1 . : 2
2 . : 1
f m f
e m e
=
=
0
1
2
3
Causal writing
e2 := e1
e3 := e1
f1 := f2+f3
1 Junction (common flux)
f1 := f2
f3 := f2
e2 := e1-e3
1
1
3
2
GY Junction
2
.
1
f r e
1
.
2
f r e
:=
:=
r
GY
1 2
r
GY
2 1
f1 := e2/r
f2 := e1/r
3. c) Causality in Bond- Graphs
which flux imposes its value to the others ?
=> Only 1 causal stroke far from the 1 junction
: 0 ou 2 causal stroke close to the junction
Sequential Causality Application Procedure (SCAP)
1: Affect mandatory causality for sources and for non linear elements R
2: Affect integral causality for C & I elements
3: propagate the causality for junctions
4. propagate causality for R elements
E
Ra
C
N0
N1 N2
L
Example for Sequential Causality Application (SCAP)
3. c) Causality in Bond- Graphs
Characteristics of causality in energetic systems (one of major interest of BGs!)
Cause effect relationships shown off ;
Analysis of interactions (causal path and loops);
Display warnings when non physical (energetically) associations
Possibilities of systemic analysis : mode (simplification of models) &
structural analysis (controllability, observability,);
structure of mathematical equations :
integral (physical) causality : Ordinary Differential state Equations ;
existence of derivative causality: Algebro Differential state Equation ;
systematic equation derivation (state equations, transfer function/
matrix)
3. c) Causality in Bond- Graphs : a prime importance for energetics
3.d) BG model of a wind turbine driving a equivalent DC generator
MSe:T
wt
()
I:J
Tot
1
O
Wind turbine
V
v
1
I:L
m
R:R
m
|
GY
1
R:F
m
I:J
m
GCC
Turbine/Generator Speed
O
wt
T
wt
the 2 I elements have been gathered : no more causality conflict
Considering a direct driven generator (without multiplier) : OK for low powers
0
C:C
bus
) ( . . . .
2
1
) (
2

I
|
.
|

\
|
= C V R S V T
v V w
Buck
DC-DC converter
MTF
o,C
H V
out
V
bus
I
L
I
bus
I:L
1
Current control
load
storage
batt
0
Towards MPPT for better efficiency !!!
3.d) MPPT from power control
Method based on the Cp()
characterisitc knowledge: power
control
power reference:
C
P
()=C
P
opt
(
opt
) => P
opt
= K
opt
.O
opt
3
Power rotation speed characteristic
with with
Maximal power obtained if:
| | k P
ref
| | k O
(

O
s
rad
| | W P
( )
opt opt
f P O =
1
O
1
P
2
O
2
P
3
O
3
P
opt 4
O = O
opt 4
P P =
( ) 1
( ) 2
( ) 3
( ) 4
(opt)
Cp(opt
)
3
3
R S
opt
P
C
2
1
opt
K

= P
ref
= K
opt
.O
3
K
opt
.O
3
rot speed reference:
C
P
()=C
P
opt
(
opt
) => P
opt
= K
opt
.O
opt
3
3
opt
K
P
ref
ol
= O
with with
Maximal power obtained if:
| | k P
| |
3
opt
K
k P
| | k
ref
O
(

O
s
rad
| | W P
( )
opt opt
f P O =
1
O
1
P
2
O
2
P
3
O
3
P
opt 4
O = O
opt 4
P P =
( ) 1
( ) 2
( ) 3
( ) 4
(opt)
Cp(opt
)
3
3
R S
opt
P
C
2
1
opt
K

=
3.d) MPPT from speed control
Method based on the Cp()
characterisitc knowledge: speed
control
Power rotation speed characteristic
Torque (current) reference:
C
P
()=C
P
opt
(
opt
) => P
opt
= K
opt
.O
opt
3
2
.
opt
K

opt
P
ref
em
T
= =
2
O =
opt
K
ref
em
T
opt
wt wt
3 ref
em
T T T
= =
opt
3

=

( )
3
Convergence of algorithm
( ) 2
2
O
2 wt
T
2 ref
em T
1 wt
T
1 O
( ) 1
1 ref
em
T
(

O
s
rad
| |
m N T
( )
opt opt
f T O =
(opt)
Cp(opt)
with with
3.d) MPPT from torque (current) control
Maximal power obtained if:
Method based on the Cp()
characteristic knowledge: torque
control
3
3
2
1
opt
R S
opt
P
C
opt
K

=
Torque rotation speed characteristic
3.d) BG model of a wind turbine driving a equivalent DC generator
MSe:T
wt
()
I:J
WT
1
O
Wind turbine
V
v
1
I:L
m
R:R
m
|
GY
1
R:F
m
I:J
m
DCG
O
wt
T
wt
(a)
Buck
DC-DC converter
MTF
o,C
H
0
C:C
bus
V
out
V
bus
I
L
I
bus
I:L
1
) ( . . . .
2
1
) (
2

I
|
.
|

\
|
= C V R S V T
v V w
Current control
& MPPT
3
3
2
1
opt
R S
opt
P
C
opt
K

=
bat
V
opt
P
ref
L
I =
= 3
.
opt
K
opt
P Do it yourself
& good luck on 20Sim!!!
load
storage
batt
0
Xavier ROBOAM, Guillaume FONTES
1) Someremindersabout Bond-GraphsBasics(X. Roboam)
2) SomeexamplesonBondgraphmodelingand20Simsimulations(X. Roboam&G. Fontes)
a. Simulationof acurrent controlledDCDCbuckchopper;
b. Simulationof aDCmachine: motor generator mode
3) Someremindersabout WindTurbinesystemsconnectedtoaDCelectrical machine;
a. About aerodynamicsandenergyefficiencyof windturbines
b. Simulating wind turbine torque/speed curves with inertia and defining a load torque
characteristic: toanalyzegenerator / loadcompatibility;
c. Short remindersabout causalityissues
d. MPPTcontrol of awindturbinesystemconnectedtoacurrent controlledDCgenerator
4) Systemstudyof awindturbinesystemconnectedtoalowvoltage48VDCbus(X. Roboam)
a. Systemdescriptionandanalysis
b. DC equivalent modeling of a PM synchronous generator diode rectifier device
coupledonlowvoltage(48V) DCbus
1
st
Week: Bond Graphs based wind turbine energy system design
4.a) Medium voltage (600V) DC bus coupling of wind & PV hybrid systems
NB: this application is studied by LSE Tunis (Tunisia) in Cooperation with LAPLACE Toulouse (France)
Two structures are convenient
v
V
MS
V 600
bus
E
bat
I
PWM rectifier PWM rectifier
MS
dc
I
dc
U
Diode rectifier
C
E (t)
T (t)
bat
I
E (t)
T (t)
Boost
chopper
Hacheur
survolteur
Boost
chopper
v
V
1
st
structure
2
nd
structure)
Very Very efficient but not cheap! efficient but not cheap!
PV PV--Gen Gen
PV PV--Gen Gen
efficient, efficient, reliable reliable and cheap and cheap
considered considered as as better better for for low low power WT ( power WT (Mirecki Mirecki
PHD) PHD)
Wind Turbine Savonius
V 600
bus
E
4.a) Low voltage (48V) DC bus coupling of wind & PV hybrid systems
NB: this application is studied by LSE Tunis (Tunisia) in Cooperation with LAPLACE Toulouse (France)
Two structures are convenient: 48V is the stadard for stand alone systems
V 48
bus
E
1
st
structure
Very Very efficient but not cheap! efficient but not cheap!
efficient, efficient, reliable reliable and cheap and cheap
considered considered as as better better for for low low power WT ( power WT (Mirecki Mirecki
PHD) PHD)
v
V
MS
bat
I
PWM rectifier PWM rectifier
E (t)
T (t)
Buck
chopper
PV PV--Gen Gen
2
nd
structure)
MS
dc
I
dc
U
Diode rectifier
C
bat
I
E (t)
T (t)
Buck
chopper
Buck
chopper
v
V
PV PV--Gen Gen
Wind Turbine
V 48
bus
E
Wind Turbine
First First week week
4.a) DC equivalent modeling of a PM synchronous generator
diode rectifier device coupled on low voltage (48V) DC bus
NB: this application is studied by LSE Tunis (Tunisia) in Cooperation with LAPLACE Toulouse (France)
I
ol
PM
SM
buck
48 V
Battery
diode
rectifier
DC loads
I
ond
I
Bat
Wind turbine

w
DC Bus 48V
0 5 10 15 20
temps {s}
P

o
l
_
m
a
x

{
W
}
P

o
l
_
M
P
P
T

{
W
}
0
200
400
600
800
1000
P
WT
opt
| | J
bat
mppt
E ,
wt
opt
E
% 4 , 11
%
E
= c
Current control
& MPPT
E
WT-opt
P
bat
mppt
4.b) DC equivalent model of PM synch generator connected to a
diode rectifier
I
ol
PM
SM
buck
Batterie
s
48 V
diode
rectifier
DC loads
I
ond
DC equivalent
modelling
I
Bat
Wind turbine

w
DC Bus 48V
T
em M
,
M
PMSG (Generator)
E
s
R
s
L
s
I
s
V
s
Diode
Rectifier I
DC
U
DC
T
em M
,
M
DCG (Generator)
E
DC
R
DC
L
DC
I
DC
U
DC
4.b) DC equivalent model of PM synch generator connected to a
diode rectifier
T
em M
,
M
PMSG (Generator)
E
s
R
s
L
s
I
s
V
s
Diode
Rectifier I
DC
U
DC
T
em M
,
M
DCG (Generator)
E
DC
R
DC
L
DC
I
DC
U
DC
R
s
I
s
L
s cycl
j L
s cycl
e I
s
E
s
V
s

R
s
I
s
I
s
V
s
E
s
R
s
I
s
j L
s cycl
e I
s
E
s

E
s

Vector diagram of synchronous generator

With diode rectifier : cos = 1
4.b) DC equivalent model of PM synch generator connected to a
diode rectifier
s s s s scycl s
V E j.L . .I R .I = e
2 2
s s scycl s s s
V E (L . .I ) R .I = e
' 2 2
s s scycl s
E E (L . .I ) = e
DC sf
3 6
U V =
t
DC sf
I I
6
t
=
2
2
DC s scycl DC s DC
6 6
U E L I R I
3 6
| |
t
= e
|
|
t t
\ .
sDC s
2
DC scycl
2
DC s
3 6
E E
6
L 3 L
6
R 3 R

| |

=
|
|
t
\ .

| |

=
|
|
t
\ .

emM p ex s
s p ex M
C 3 n I cos
E n
= u

= u O

em emM M s s
P C 3 E I cos = O =
sDC s p ex M p DC M
emM emM
sDC s
p ex p DC
3 6 3 6
E E n n
C C
I I
3 n cos n cos
6 6

= = u O = u O

t t

t t

= = =

u u

DC ex
3 6
u = u
t
cos =1
4.b) DC equivalent model of PM synch generator connected to a
diode rectifier
Electromechanical conversion
( )
( )
emM p DC sDC
sDC p DC M
C n I cos
E n

= u

= u O

GY
E
sDC
I
sDC
C
emM
O
M
sDC sDC
I ' I cos =
Magnetic reaction
( )
2
2
sDC sDC DC DC
E ' E L I = e sDC sDC
E ' E cos =
or
sDC
sDC
I '
I
cos
=

TF
E
sDC
I
sDC
E
sDC
I
sDC
cos
4.b) DC equivalent model of PM synch generator connected to a
diode rectifier
Diode overlapping effect
Equivalent scheme during switching
: Overlapping time
s DC
3
L I = e
t
DC
U A
=ArcCos(1-
max
s DC
E 3
L I 2

)
'
DC sDC s DC
3
E E L I = e
t
emp s
3
R L = e
t
4.b) DC equivalent model of PM synch generator connected to a
diode rectifier
1 1
GY Se: Col
Col
M
Cem
M
np.DC
EsDC EsDC EDC
UDC
IsDC
IsDC
IDC
IDC
I : Jtot
R: ftot R: RDC
I : LDC subt
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Magn deviation
P.M.S..G
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insert it again. overlapping
Diode rectifier
v(i)
v(i)
Mechanical mode
Direct current generator
(equivalent to SM+Diode Rectifier)
Some REFERENCES
X. Roboam, S. Astier, Graphes de liens Causaux pour systmes nergie renouvelable, Techniques de
lIngnieur, trait Gnie Electrique, rubrique systmes pour les nergies renouvelables , D3970 (PARTIE 1) &
D3971 (PARTIE 2), Aout 2006.
D. Karnopp, D. Margolis, R. Rosenberg, System Dynamics : Modeling and Simulation of Mechatronic Systems,
J ohn Wiley & sons, 2000 (3rd edition).
S. Astier , R. Sasset , X. Roboam, Modelling and study of a solar car with embedded photovoltaic array and Li-
ion storage, IMAACA'04, part of SCS I3M conference, Genoa, Italy, October 28-30, 2004.
M. Dali, J . Belhadj, X. Roboam, hybrid wind-photovoltaic power systems: Structure Complexity and Energy
Efficiency, Control and Energy management, numro spcial, rseaux isols EJ EE_RIGE, Volume 12, N5-6,
2009, pp 669-700.
M. Dali, J. Belhadj, X. Roboam, Hybrid Solar-Wind System with Battery Storage Operating in Grid-Connectedand
Standalone Mode: control and energy management, experimental investigation, EGY-D-09-00098R1, Elsevier,
journal of energy conversion and management
M. Dali, commande et gestion nergtique des systmes hybrides pv olien, thse de lENIT Tunis, Tunisie,
soutenue le 24/01/2009
A. Mirecki, X. Roboam, F. Richardeau, Architecture cost and energy efficiency of small Wind Turbines : which
system tradeoff?, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol 54, N1, pp 660 670, February 2007.