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Fire Design

of Aluminium Structures
Frantiek Wald
Czech Technical University in Prague
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2
Objectives of the lecture
Summary of structural aluminium and steel design
at ambient temperature
Properties of structural aluminium
Particularities of aluminium fire design
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Outline of the lecture
Introduction
Thermal properties
Mechanical properties
Transfer of heat
Unprotected elements
Protected elements
Elemental analyses
Classification of sections
Columns
Beams
Critical temperature
Summary
Worked example
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Structural aluminium/steel behaviour?
Ambient temperature
Stress-strain diagram
No yield stress
Modulus of elasticity 1/3 of steel
Lower ductility
Different production of sections
Majority wrought aluminium
Buckling curves more favourable
Heat affected zones HAZ
Reduction of material properties
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Structural aluminium/steel design?
Ambient temperature
Diferent procedures
HAZ for resistance
HAZ for stability
Lugs for stiffening
Material model
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Structural aluminium/steel design?
Ambient temperature
Standards different structure
EN 1999 Design of Aluminium Structures:
EN 1999-1-1 General structural rules
EN 1999-1-2 Structural fire design
EN 1999-1-3 Structures susceptible to fatigue
EN 1999-1-4 Cold-formed structural sheeting.
EN 1999-1-5 Shell structures
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7
Relative thermal elongation
As a function of the temperature
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8
Relative thermal elongation
Mathematical model
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9
Specific heat of aluminium
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0 200 400 600 800
Teplota, C
prEN 1999-1-2
Mrn teplo, J/ (kg K)
Tavenina
As a function of the temperature
Liquid alloy
Temperature, C
Specific heat J/kg K
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10
Specific heat of aluminium
200
600
800
1000
1200
0
400
500 400 300 200 100 0

al
/ C
c
al
/ (J/kgC)
al
c
Mathematical model
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11
Thermal conductivity
of aluminium alloy
al
The thermal conductivity for 0 C <
al
< 500 C
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 100 200 300 400
Tepeln vodivost, W m K
Teplota, C
5000 a 7000
-1 -1
ada 1000, 3000 a 6000
ada 2000, 4000,
Series
Temperature, C
Thermal conductivity, W/m K
Series
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Thermal conductivity
Mathematical model
50
150
200
250
0
100
500 400 300 200 100 0

al
/ C

al
/ (W/mC)
A
B
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13
Mechanical properties
of aluminium alloys
At 20 C should be taken as those given
in EN 1999-1-1 for normal temperature design
For up to 2 hours thermal exposure period
0,2 % proof strength at elevated temperature
f
o,
= k
o,
f
o
where
f
o,
is 0,2 proof strength at elevated temperature
f
o
is 0,2 proof strength at room temperature
according to EN 1999-1-1
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14
0,2 % proof strength
at elevated temperature
0,2% proof strength ratios k
o,
Two tables
Lower limits

Aluminium alloy temperature C
20 100 150 200 250 300 350 550
Lower limit values 1,00 0,90 0,75 0,50 0,23 0,11 0,06 0

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0,2 % proof strength
at elevated temperature
0,2% proof strength ratios k
o,
Two tables for different alloys and tempers
0
0,1
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0
0,2
0,8
1,0
0,9
500 400 300 200 100
6061-T6
6063-T5
E
6063-T6
6082-T6
6082-T4

al
/ C
k
o,
E
al,
E
al
3004-H34
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16
0,2 % proof strength
at elevated temperature
0,2 % proof strength ratios k
o,
Two tables for different alloys and tempers
0
0,1
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0
0,2
0,8
1,0
0,9
500 400 300 200 100
5454-O
E
5005-O
5005-H14
5083-H12
5052-H34

al
/ C
k
o,
E
al,
E
al
5454-H34
5083-O
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17
Exposure period
300
200
400
100
0
15 30 60 360 0
log min.
200 C
160 C
250 C
300 C
Doba vystaven prvku
Mez mrnosti, MPa
zven teplot,
prEN 1999-1-2: 2004
Time of
exposure
log min
0,2 proof strength f
o,
N/mm
2
Time
of
exposure
log min
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18
Modulus of elasticity E
al,
Ratio E = E
al,
/E
al
for aluminium alloys
at elevated temperature
al
C
Aluminium alloy
temperature,
(C)
Modulus of elasticity,
E
al,

(N/mm)
20 70 000
50 69 300
100 67 900
150 65 100
200 60 200
250 54 600
300 47 600
350 37 800
400 28 000
550 0

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19
Modulus of elasticity E
al,
Ratio E = E
al,
/E
al
for aluminium alloys
at elevated temperature
al
C
0
0,1
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0
0,2
0,8
1,0
0,9
500 400 300 200 100
5454-O
E
5005-O
5005-H14
5083-H12
5052-H34

al
/ C
k
o,
E
al,
E
al
5454-H34
5083-O
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Assessment 1
What thermal exposure is expected for
aluminium alloys during fire?
When starts at elevated temperature the
reduction of 0,2 % proof strength?
20
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21
Unprotected aluminium
temperature development
Simple analytical model
Step by step procedure (the lumped mass method)
t should not be taken as more than 5 s
A
m
/V the section factor should not be taken as less than 10 m
-1
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22
Section factor
for unprotected aluminium members
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23
Section factor
for unprotected aluminium members
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24
Section factor
for unprotected aluminium members
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25
Grooves with gap in the surface
The calculation of the exposed surface area
Grooves with gap in the surface less than 20 mm
should not be included in the exposed surface
area.
Grooves with gap in the surface > 20 mm,
the area of the groove should be included
in the area of the exposed area
< 20 mm > 20 mm
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26
Surface emissivity
m
The values of
net,d
should be obtained from EN 1991-1-2 using

m
= 0,3 for clean uncovered surfaces

m
= 0,7 for painted and covered
(e.g. sooted) surfaces
h

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Surface emissivity
m
100
200
300
400
5 10 15 20 25
Teplota prvku , C
25 A / V =
m
35 50 75 150 200 300 100 125
150 200 300 125 35 50 100 25 A / V = m

m
= 0,7
0
0

m
= 0,3
as, min.
Souinitel prezu
Time, min
Element
temparature, C
Section factor
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Aluminium element
insulated by fire protection
material
For a uniform temperature distribution
in a cross-section, the temperature increase
28
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Section factor A
p
/V
for insulated members
29
Sketch Description Section factor (A
p
/V)


Contour encasement of
uniform thickness,
exposed to fire on four
sides.

area section - cross aluminium
perimeter aluminium


b
h


Hollow encasement of
uniform thickness,
exposed to fire on four
sides.

area section - cross aluminium
) + ( 2 h b

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Section factor A
p
/V
for insulated members
30

b


Contour encasement of
uniform thickness,
exposed to fire on three
sides.

area section - cross aluminium
- perimeter aluminium b


b
h


Hollow encasement of
uniform thickness,
exposed to fire on three
sides.

area section - cross aluminium
+ 2 b h

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Design tools TALAT
Reference thickness of fire protection
d
p
= k d
p,ref
(k based on material form 0,4 to 1,4)
V
A
p
0
200
300
400
500
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Teplota, C
=
= 25 m
100
200 300
150
200
300
-1
V
A
p
100
25
50
100
150
Tlouka po. ochr., ,mm
R 30
Porn
Porn
odolnost
R 15
50
odolnost
d
p
m
-1
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Assessment 2
What differences are for step by step procedure
of aluminium compare to steel?
Desribe the section factor A
p
/V
for insulated member by bords?
What surface emissivity
m
is expected for
clean uncovered surface?
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Structural fire design
Simple calculation models
E
fi,d
R
fi,d,t
E
fi,d
is the design effect of actions for the fire design situation
R
fi,d,t
is the design resistance of the aluminium structure or
structural member, for the fire design situation
Advanced calculation models
The development and distribution of the temperature
within structural members (thermal response model);
The mechanical behaviour of the structure or of any part
of it (mechanical response model).
Validation of advanced calculation models
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Effect of actions
For time t = 0
Using combination factors
1,1
or
2,1
according to
EN1991-1-2
E
fi,d
=
fi
E
d
Where E
d
is the design value of the corresponding
force or moment for normal temperature design
As a simplification the recommended value
of
fi
= 0,65 may be used
(Except areas susceptible to accumulation of goods,
including access areas.)
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Classification of cross-sections
Classified as for normal temperature design
Based on the same relative drop in the 0,2 %
proof strength and modulus of elasticity
Actual drop in modulus of elasticity
Classification of the section changes
Larger capacity value of the section
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coefficient
To introduce different materials
Plate slenderness
36
o
f / 250 =
=

= =

k E
f
t
b
k t
b
o
p

) 2
2
1 ( 12
4 , 28

= =

=
k
f
E
t
b
k
f
E
t
b
k E
f
t
b
o
o o
950 , 0
235
0620 , 0
) 1 ( 12
2
2

k
kde t je tlouka tto sti,
t is plate thickness
b is width,
is Poisson ratio
E is modulus od elasticity
f
o
is 0,2 % proof strength
souinitel napt
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Reduction of coefficient
At elevated temperature
37
b

k
kde t je tlouka tto sti,
souinitel napt
o o
E
o
E
o,
f
E
k
k
f k
E k
f
E
o

= =
,
,
,
,
y y y,
E,
f
E
f
E
k
k
00 , 1

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Reduction of coefficient
for structural steel
38
b

k
kde t je tlouka tto sti,
souinitel napt
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Reduction of coefficient
for steel
39
b

k
kde t je tlouka tto sti,
souinitel napt
y y y,
E,
,
f
E
f
E
k
k
85 0

Currently for steel


, C
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
0 200 400 600 800

, y , E
k / k

, y , E
k / k

539 C
766 C


0,85
368 C
436 C

1000
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Reduction of coefficient
for aluminium
at elevated temperature
40
b

k
kde t je tlouka tto sti,
souinitel napt
0
f
250

=
o o,
al al, ,
/
/
f f
E E

=
o,
al E,
k
k

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Reduction of coefficient
for aluminium
41
b

k
kde t je tlouka tto sti,
souinitel napt
0
f
250

=
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Reduction of coefficient
for aluminium
42
b

k
kde t je tlouka tto sti,
souinitel napt
0
f
250

=
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Tension members
The design resistance
N
fi,t,Rd
= A
i
k
o,,i
f
o
/
M,fi
where
A
i
is an elemental area of the net cross-section
with a temperature
i
, including a deduction if
required to allow for the effect of HAZ
softening.
The deduction is based on the reduced thickness
of
o,HAZ
t
k
o,,i
is the reduction factor for the effective 0,2 %
proof strength at temperature
i
.
is the temperature in the elemental area A
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Beams
The design M
fi,t,Rd
of a cross-section
in class 1, 2, 3 or 4
with a uniform temperature distribution at time t
M
fi,t,Rd
= k
o,
M
Rd
(
Mx
/
M,fi
)
where
M
Rd
is the moment resistance of the cross-section for
normal temperature design. M
Rd
is either M
c,Rd
or M
u,Rd

Mx
is the material coefficient according to EN 1999-1-1.
M1
is used in combination with M
c,Rd
and
M2
is used in
combination with M
u,Rd
The design resistance M
fi,t,Rd
is given by the combination of
M
Rd
and
Mx
which gives the lowest capacity.
44
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Columns
The design buckling resistance N
b,fi,t,Rd
of a
compression member at time t
N
b,fi,t,Rd
= k
o,,max
N
b,Rd
(
M1
/1,2
M,fi
)
where
N
b,Rd
is the buckling resistance for normal
temperature design according to EN 1999-1-1
1,2 is a reduction factor of the design resistance
due to the temperature dependent creep
of aluminium alloys
45
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Buckling length
of a column in intermediate storey
Braced frame in which each storey comprises
a separate fire compartment
with sufficient fire resistance
46
A: Shear wall or other bracing system
B: Separate fire compartments in each storey
C: Column buckling length
D: Deformation mode in fire
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Relative slenderness
The same relative drop in the 0,2 % proof
strength and modulus of elasticity.
If the actual drop in modulus of elasticity is
taken into account, a larger capacity value can
be obtained.
47

o o,
al al, ,
/
/
f f
E E

=
o,
al E,
k
k

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48
Buckling curves
Buckling classes: A
1,2 is a reduction factor of the design resistance due to the
temperature dependent creep of aluminium alloys


0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0


hlink
ocel

0,20 - tepeln upraven
0,32 - tepeln neupraven
0,20 - tepeln upraven
0,32 - tepeln neupraven
0,21 - kivka a
0,76 - kivka d
Za poru
Pomrn thlost
Souinitel vzprnosti
redukce 1,2
Relative slenderness
Reduction factor for buckling
Aluminum
Steel
Class A
Class B
Class A
Class B
Curve a
Curve d
1,2
reduction
for fire
design
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49
nosnost, kN
60 x 60 x 4
0,0
20,0
40,0
60,0
80,0
100,0
120,0
140,0
160,0
180,0
200,0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

thlost
f
0
= 250 MPa ,
= 0,20; 0
0
=
Ocel S235
Slitina EN AW-6082
20 C
300C
T6, tepeln upraven;
200 C
f
y
= 235 MPa ; = (kivka a) 0,21
Buckling resistance
at elevated temperature
Buckling length od rectangular hollow section 60x60x4
Slenderness
Buckling resistance
Alloy EN AW 6082
Temper T6
Steel S235
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The critical temperature
of aluminium alloys
50
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8
ocel
EN AW-5454
EN AW-5086
EN AW-5083
EN AW-6082
EN AW-3003
Kritick teplota prvku , C
Stupe vyuit prezu, 0
170
Slitiny hlinku
Degree of utilisation
0
Critical temperature C
Steel
Aluminium
Simplified value 170 C
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The critical temperature
of aluminium alloys
where the degree of utilisation
0
= E
fi,d
/ R
fi,d,0
may not be taken lass than 0,015
E
fi,d
is the design effect of actions for the fire
design situation according to EN 1991-1-2 and
R
fi,d,0
is the corresponding design resistance of
the steel member for fire design situation at
time t.
The accuracy of the prediction varies is limited.
The prediction of critical temperature of steel
shows a deviation 3,73%.
51
B
A
ln C
D
cr , a
+

= 1
1
0

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The critical temperature
of aluminium alloys
Constants for calculation of critical temperature
of aluminium alloys
52
Alloy Thermal
treatment
Constants Maximal
deviation A B C D
EN AW-5052 O 0,9905 428 74,88 0,2063 14,7 %
EN AW-5052 H34 0,9797 420 90,06 0,1273 27,0 %
EN AW-5083 O 0,9942 430 62,53 0,1485 10,5 %
EN AW-5083 H113 0,9843 424 89,97 0,2711 0,9 %
EN AW-5454 O 0,9885 424 74,01 0,1519 15,7 %
EN AW-5454 H32 0,9806 422 85,83 0,1427 15,6 %
EN AW-6061 T6 0,9957 427 65,38 0,1169 1,8 %
EN AW-6063 T6 0,9902 422 74,06 0,1048 8,7 %
EN AW-6082 T6 0,9826 420 89,37 0,1377 4,6 %
EN AW-3003 O 0,9806 424 95,59 0,3199 4,5 %
EN AW-3003 H14 0,9753 412 95,87 0,1263 9,4 %
EN AW-5086 O 0,9843 424 89,97 0,2711 0,8 %
EN AW-5086 H112 0,9826 428 78,80 0,2438 19,6 %
EN AW-7075 T6 0,9763 412 94,12 0,1143 12,0 %
53
ECCS nomogram for aluminium
50 125
35
75
-1
100 150 200 300
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
150
100
Kritick teplota, ,C al,cr

m
Am / V
100
200
150
250
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1200
1500
2000
5 10 15 20 25 0,0
50
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8

0
) (A
p
/ V /(
p
/ d
p
)
W K m

-3
25
EN AW -3003
EN AW -5083
EN AW -6061
EN AW -6082
EN AW -7075
EN AW -5086
EN AW -5454
-1
170
as, min.
Souinitel prezu,
Stupe vyuit prezu,
Pokud teplota nepekro
nen teba posuzovat
Utilisation
Section factor
Critical temperature
Time, min
Critical temperature
Reduction of material Transfer of heat
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Assessment 3
What advantage may be utilesed for
classification of aluminium cross-sections?
How is treated the temperature dependent
creep of aluminium alloys for simple modelling
of buckling resistance?
What is the simplified value of critical
temperature of aluminium alloys?
54
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55
Summary
EN1999-1-2 first standard for fire design of aluminium str.
Based on steel knowledge
Lower fire resistance compare to steel
The low melting point of aluminum (590 C a 650 C)
The good emisivity 0,3
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Teplota, C
Smluvn mez kluzu oceli
Redukn souinitel
Mez mrnosti hlinkovch slitin
Reduction factor
Steel - effective yield strength ratio
k
y,
Aluminium - 0,2 % proof strength ratios k
o,
Temperature, C
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Worked example beam column
Laterally restrained beam
Load (g
k
+ q
k
) 2 kN/m
Load reduction factor
F
= 1,45
Alloy EN AW-5083 (material class B)
56
Section classification
Flage in compression not decide
Web in compression stiffened plate
is taken form diagram 6.4 in EN 1999-1-1
Web and all section Class 4
Web in bending
section asymmetry coefficient
varying the stress coefficient g
Web and all section Class 1
57
3
180
0, 95 34, 2 18 18 1, 51 27,1
5
b
t
= = = > = = =
1
180
0, 95 0, 351 12, 0 13 13 1, 63 21,1
5
b
g
t
= = = < = = =
Effective section
Reduction factor for web in compression
material buckling class B
Effective area
Shift of the center of gravity due to buckling
58
( ) ( )
1 2
c
2 2
29 198
0, 894
180 5
180 5
C C
b t
b t
= = =
( ) ( )
2
eff g c
1 2 3848 1 0, 894 2 180 5 3752 mm A A b t = = =
( )
( )
c
t
eff
180
1 0,894 2 180 5 83
1 2
2
0, 36 mm
3752
b t z
z
A






= = =
Resistance check
Section bending resistance
Section poor compression resistance
Buckling factor
Combination of buckling and pure bending
OK
59
( ) ( )
c
0,8
Ed Ed
Rd y,Rd
c min
27, 9 15,3
0, 895 1, 0
0, 483 375, 2 22, 8
kde max 0, 8;1, 3 max 0, 8;1, 3 0, 483 0, 8
N M
N M




+ = + = <





= = =
Serviceability check
Full gross section
Due to lower stessess no local buckling
Web in compresion
Simplified
Secant modulus of eleasticity for maximal stress
Ramberg-Osgood material model
OK
3
s
5
3
Ed,ser
Ed,ser 0
70 10
61 022 MPa
70 10 55, 8
1 0, 002
1 0, 002
55, 8 110
n
E
E
E
f

= = =


+
+




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Design et elevated temperature
61
Hall of a train station
Localised fire of newsstand
The largest diameter of fire 2 m
Fire load 4 640 MJ
Medium speed fire development t

= 300 s
The fastest rate of heat release
RHR
f
= 1250 kW/m
2
Mechanical actions at fire
Reduction factor
fi
For snow loading
1,1
= 0,2
321 0
5 1 33 1 35 1 66 0
33 1 2 0 66 0
,
, , , ,
, , ,
Q G
Q G

Q k G k
k 1,1 k
fi
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
kNm 91 4 321 0 3 15 , , , M M
fi Ed Ed , fi
= = =
kN 96 8 321 0 9 27 , , , N N
fi Ed Ed , fi
= = =
Termal loading during fire
Annex E standard EN 1991-1-2:2004
Rate of heat release Q
35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
0,5
0
1,5
1,0
2,5
2,0
3,5
3,0
4,0
as, min
Rychlost uvolovn tepla, MW
Rate of heat release, MW
Time, min
Thermal heat during fire
Flame heigt in time t
Diameter of the fire in time t
Temperature along the flame axes
Convective part of the rate of heat release Q
c
35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
as, min
Dlka plamen, m
5,0
6,0
Flame heigt, m
Time, min
Transfer of heat into structure
Step by step procedure
Surface emissivity of the member
m
= 0,3
Cleen aluminium element
Coefficient of heat transfer by convection
c
= 35 W/m
2
K
Section factor A
m
/V = 130 m
-1
Section exposed to three sides
Transfer of heat into structure
Maximal beam temperature 272 C in 22 min 40 s
Reduction factor for k
0,,max
= 0,596
0
50
0
150
100
250
200
350
300
400
35 30 25 20 15 10 5
Teplota, C
40
as, min
teplota plyn
teplota nosnku
Temperature, C
Time, min
Gas
Beam
Resistance at elevated temperature
Bending resistance
Buckling resistance
Buckling length as at ambint temperature
Interaction as at ambient temperature
OK
0 1 475 0
95 14
91 4
0 99
96 8
8 0
, ,
,
,
,
,
M
M
N
N
,
Rd , t , fi
Ed , fi
Rd , t , fi , b
Ed , fi
c
< = +

= +


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68
List of Lessons at Seminar
1. Fire safety RZ
2. Fire and mechanical loading RZ
3. Thermal response RZ
4. Steel structures RZ
5. Concrete structures JMF
6. Composite structures JMF
7. Advanced models JMF
8. Composite floors FW
9. Aluminium structures FW
10. Timber structures FW
11. After fire and Historical structures FW
12. Definitions of Design for Robustness JMD
13. Global response of structures JMD
14. Design recommendations JMD
15. Alternative load path method JMD
Thank you
for your attention
Frantiek WALD
wald@fsv.cvut.cz
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70
Notes to users of the lecture
Further readings on the relevant
documents from website of
www.eaa.net/eaa/education/TALAT
Keywords for the lecture:
fire design, aluminium structures,
material properties,
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Notes to users of the lecture
Text books
Wang Y., Burgess I., Wald F., Gillie M.,
Performance Based Fire Engineering of Structures
CRC Press 2012, ISBN: 978-0-415-55733-7.
Buchanan A. H.,
Structural Design for Fire Safety,
Wiley, 2001, ISBN 0471889938.
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Sources
EN 1999-1-1 Design of Aluminium Structures:
General structural rules, CEN, Brussels, 2008.
EN 1999-1-2 Design of Aluminium Structures:
Structural fire design, CEN, Brussels, 2008.
Bulson P.S.: Aluminium structural analysis: recent
European advances, Elsevier, London, 1992,
ISBN 1-85166-660-5.
Educational programme TALAT
www.eaa.net/eaa/education/TALAT

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