DEPAT!ENT O" #O!PUTE S#$EN#E $NTENA% TEST & SO%UT$ONS Sub'ect #ode(cs )* Test + (, !ode- Answer for .uestion +( , Information Handled by a Computer Instructions/machine instructions Govern the transfer of information within a computer as well as between the computer and its I/O devices Specify the arithmetic and logic operations to be performed Program Data sed as operands by the instructions Source program !ncoded in binary code " # and $ %SCII and !&CDIC 'emory nit Store programs and data (wo classes of storage Primary storage )ast Programs must be stored in memory while they are being e*ecuted +arge number of semiconductor storage cells Processed in words %ddress ,%' and memory access time 'emory hierarchy " cache- main memory Secondary storage " larger and cheaper %rithmetic and +ogic nit .%+/ 'ost computer operations are e*ecuted in %+ of the processor0 www.bookspar.com | Website for students | VTU NOTES www.bookspar.com | Website for students | VTU NOTES +oad the operands into memory " bring them to the processor " perform operation in %+ " store the result bac1 to memory or retain in the processor0 ,egisters )ast control of %+ Control nit %ll computer operations are controlled by the control unit0 (he timing signals that govern the I/O transfers are also generated by the control unit0 Control unit is usually distributed throughout the machine instead of standing alone0 Operations of a computer2 %ccept information in the form of programs and data through an input unit and store it in the memory )etch the information stored in the memory- under program control- into an %+- where the information is processed Output the processed information through an output unit Control all activities inside the machine through a control unit &asic Operational Concepts ,eview %ctivity in a computer is governed by instructions0 (o perform a tas1- an appropriate program consisting of a list of instructions is stored in the memory0 Individual instructions are brought from the memory into the processor- which e*ecutes the specified operations0 Data to be used as operands are also stored in the memory0 www.bookspar.com | Website for students | VTU NOTES www.bookspar.com | Website for students | VTU NOTES www.bookspar.com | Website for students | VTU NOTES www.bookspar.com | Website for students | VTU NOTES DEPAT!ENT O" #O!PUTE S#$EN#E $NTENA% TEST & SO%UT$ONS Sub'ect #ode( Test + ( !ode- Answer for .uestion +( / Performance T0e most important measure of a computer is 0ow 1uick-2 it can e3ecute pro4rams. T0ree factors affect performance( 5ardware desi4n $nstruction set #ompi-er Performance Processor time to e3ecute a pro4ram depends on t0e 0ardware in6o-6ed in t0e e3ecution of indi6idua- mac0ine instructions. Performance T0e processor and a re-ati6e-2 sma-- cac0e memor2 can be fabricated on a sin4-e inte4rated circuit c0ip. Speed #ost !emor2 mana4ement Processor #-ock #-ock7 c-ock c2c-e7 and c-ock rate T0e e3ecution of eac0 instruction is di6ided into se6era- steps7 eac0 of w0ic0 comp-etes in one c-ock c2c-e. 5ert8 & c2c-es per second 9asic Performance E1uation T & processor time re1uired to e3ecute a pro4ram t0an 0as been prepared in 0i40:-e6e- -an4ua4e N & number of actua- mac0ine -an4ua4e instructions needed to comp-ete t0e e3ecution ;note( -oop< S & a6era4e number of basic steps needed to e3ecute one mac0ine instruction. Eac0 step comp-etes in one c-ock c2c-e & c-ock rate www.bookspar.com | Website for students | VTU NOTES www.bookspar.com | Website for students | VTU NOTES Note( t0ese are not independent to eac0 ot0er Pipe-ine and Supersca-ar Operation $nstructions are not necessari-2 e3ecuted one after anot0er. T0e 6a-ue of S doesn=t 0a6e to be t0e number of c-ock c2c-es to e3ecute one instruction. Pipe-inin4 & o6er-appin4 t0e e3ecution of successi6e instructions. Add ,7 /7 > Supersca-ar operation & mu-tip-e instruction pipe-ines are imp-emented in t0e processor. ?oa- & reduce S ;cou-d become @,A< #-ock ate $ncrease c-ock rate $mpro6e t0e inte4rated:circuit ;$#< tec0no-o42 to make t0e circuits faster educe t0e amount of processin4 done in one basic step ;0owe6er7 t0is ma2 increase t0e number of basic steps needed< $ncreases in t0at are entire-2 caused b2 impro6ements in $# tec0no-o42 affect a-- aspects of t0e processor=s operation e1ua--2 e3cept t0e time to access t0e main memor2. #$S# and $S# Tradeoff between N and S A ke2 consideration is t0e use of pipe-inin4 S is c-ose to , e6en t0ou40 t0e number of basic steps per instruction ma2 be considerab-2 -ar4er $t is muc0 easier to imp-ement efficient pipe-inin4 in processor wit0 simp-e instruction sets educed $nstruction Set #omputers ;$S#< #omp-e3 $nstruction Set #omputers ;#$S#< #ompi-er A compi-er trans-ates a 0i40:-e6e- -an4ua4e pro4ram into a se1uence of mac0ine instructions. To reduce N7 we need a suitab-e mac0ine instruction set and a compi-er t0at makes 4ood use of it. ?oa- & reduce NBS A compi-er ma2 not be desi4ned for a specific processorC 0owe6er7 a 0i40:1ua-it2 www.bookspar.com | Website for students | VTU NOTES www.bookspar.com | Website for students | VTU NOTES compi-er is usua--2 desi4ned for7 and wit07 a specific processor. www.bookspar.com | Website for students | VTU NOTES www.bookspar.com | Website for students | VTU NOTES DEPAT!ENT O" #O!PUTE S#$EN#E $NTENA% TEST & SO%UT$ONS Sub'ect #ode( Test + ( !ode- Answer for .uestion +( > > Definition of benc0mark T0e SPE# ratin4 definition SPE# ratin4 D unnin4 time in ef computer E unnin4 time in computer under test T0e O6era-- spec ratin4 of a computer s2stem SPE# atin4 D ; F SPE# i < ,En Specification of SPE# /GGG computer s2stem HH U-trasparc ,G WES wit0 >GG !58 u-trasparc &$$ i processor Processor tec0no-o427 speed and 0ardware arc0itecture $EO or4ani8ation 7 de6ices !emor2 tec0no-o4ies 7 speed and arc0itecture En6ironment and s2stem software e6o-ution Arc0itectura- en0ancements "O EA#5 ?ENEAT$ONS www.bookspar.com | Website for students | VTU NOTES www.bookspar.com | Website for students | VTU NOTES DEPAT!ENT O" #O!PUTE S#$EN#E $NTENA% TEST & SO%UT$ONS Sub'ect #ode( Test + ( !ode- Answer for .uestion +( ) T0e bi4 endian stora4e uses -ower b2te addresses for more si4nificant b2tes and -itt-e endian stora4e uses -ower b2tes for -ess si4nificant b2tes. i) Since it is 0e3 words of of ) di4its t0e bi4 endian stora4e words are >)>I5 and >J>>5. >)>I5 D >K,* > L)K,* / L>K,* , L IK,* G D
,>>*I decima- >J>>5 D
>K,* > LJK,* / L>K,* , L >K,* G D
,>*,I decima- ii) 9i4 endian stora4e of / 9#D words of ) di4its are >)>I and >J>> and t0eir decima- 6a-ues are >)>I and >J>> iii) %itt-e endian stora4e in AS#$$ of ) di4it si4ned 0e3 word is J>)I5 and t0e decima- 6a-ue is JK,* > L>K,* / L)K,* , L IK,* G D
/,>/, decima-
iv) %itt-e endian stora4e in AS#$$ of a ) di4it 9#D word is J>)I decima- www.bookspar.com | Website for students | VTU NOTES www.bookspar.com | Website for students | VTU NOTES DEPAT!ENT O" #O!PUTE S#$EN#E $NTENA% TEST & SO%UT$ONS Sub'ect #ode( Test + ( !ode- Answer for .uestion +( J Pro4ram:#ontro--ed $EO E3amp-e !ac0ine instructions t0at can c0eck t0e state of t0e status f-a4s and transfer data( EADWA$T 9ranc0 to EADWA$T if S$N D G $nput from DATA$N to , W$TEWA$T 9ranc0 to W$TEWA$T if SOUT D G Output from , to DATAOUT Pro4ram:#ontro--ed $EO E3amp-e !emor2:!apped $EO & some memor2 address 6a-ues are used to refer to perip0era- de6ice buffer re4isters. No specia- instructions are needed. A-so use de6ice status re4isters. EADWA$T Testbit +>7 $NSTATUS 9ranc0DG EADWA$T !o6e92te DATA$N7 , www.bookspar.com | Website for students | VTU NOTES www.bookspar.com | Website for students | VTU NOTES DEPAT!ENT O" #O!PUTE S#$EN#E $NTENA% TEST & SO%UT$ONS Sub'ect #ode( Test + ( !ode- Answer for .uestion +( * www.bookspar.com | Website for students | VTU NOTES www.bookspar.com | Website for students | VTU NOTES DEPAT!ENT O" #O!PUTE S#$EN#E $NTENA% TEST & SO%UT$ONS Sub'ect #ode( Test + ( !ode- Answer for .uestion +( M www.bookspar.com | Website for students | VTU NOTES www.bookspar.com | Website for students | VTU NOTES DEPAT!ENT O" #O!PUTE S#$EN#E $NTENA% TEST & SO%UT$ONS Sub'ect #ode( Test + ( !ode- Answer for .uestion +( N $n a primiti6e computer7 t0e o6erf-ow bit is not automatica--2 set w0en a /=s comp-ementar2 addE subtract operation is done. Write a pseudo code for detectin4 t0e o6erf-ow condition for t0e abo6e arit0metic operation wit0 4eneric assumptions on t0e arc0itecture. Demonstrate t0e 6a-idit2 of t0e code wit0 assumed data in N bits T0e assumption is t0at t0e arc0itecture 0as #arr2 and Ne4ati6e f-a4s and $SA supportin4 t0is #onditiona- f-a4s. T0e data are in memor2 -ocations %O#A and %O#9 and 0as re4isters G: N and t0e o6erf-ow f-a4s are to be set in re4ister ) G,,,,,,, T0e t2pica- pseudo code as fo--ows( G,,,,,,, L,/M G,G,G,G, ;L< LGNJ StartOc0eck(!o6 G7 -oca ; : )) < ::::G,,G,G,GG L/,/ ;O6- !o6 ,7 -ocb Add G7, !o6 >7 G C store t0e 6a-ue for future use PNP positi6e C $f t0e resu-t is ne4ati6e c0eck for t0e addends si4n !o6 G7,C sets t0e si4n f-a4 PP NoOo6erf-ow !o6 G7 -oca PP o6erf-ow Positi6e ( !o6 G7, PNP NoOo6erf-ow !o6 o7-oca PNP o6erf-ow O6erf-ow ( !oV )7+Q"" NoOo6erf-ow ( !o6 ). +QGG End www.bookspar.com | Website for students | VTU NOTES