DATABASE SYSTEMS CSC271

Lecture 01
Instructor Name: Tehseen Riaz Abbasi
BOOK: Fundamentals of Database Systems,
Edition: 6
th
Edition
Authors: Ramez Elmasri, Shamkant B. Navathe
Book: Chapter-01:
Databases and Database Users


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Agenda
Introduction To the Database Systems
Database Terminologies and Definitions
Simplified Database System Environment
Typical DBMS Functionality
Example of a Simple Database
Types of Databases and Database Applications
Examples of Database Applications
Introduction to File Based System
Limitations of File-Based Approach
Database Approach - DBMS
Main Characteristics of the Database Approach
Components of DBMS Environment
History of Database Systems 2


Agenda
Database Users
Actors on the scene and Workers behind the scene
Advantages of the Database Approach
Advantages of using a DBMS
Disadvantages of DBMSs
Implications of the database approach
When not to use a DBMS


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Database Terminologies:
Data: The known facts that can be recorded and have an
implicit meaning is called data.
For Example: Meaningful facts, text, graphics, images,
sound, video segments etc.
Information: Data processed to be useful in decision
making is said to be information
Database: An organized collection of logically related
data is called as database OR

A collection of related data.
OR
A data structure that stores metadata, i.e. data about data.
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Database Terminologies:
Mini-world:
A database represents some aspect/part of the real world,
sometimes called the Miniworld.
For Example: student grades and transcripts at a
university.
Metadata(System Catalog): Data that describes data
Database Management System (DBMS):
It is software/collection of programs that enables users to
create and maintain a database. Examples are: MySQL
MSSQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL OR
A software system that enables users to define, create,
maintain, and control access to the database.


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Database Terminologies:
Database System: The database and DBMS
software together forms a database system. OR
The DBMS software together with the data itself.
Sometimes, the applications are also included.
NOTE: The term database is often erroneously referred
to as a synonym for a database management system
(DBMS). They are not equivalent.
(Database) Application Program:
A computer program that interacts with database
by issuing an appropriate request (SQL statement)
to the DBMS. Examples are: Wikipedia, Wordpress

Simplified Database System Environment
Typical DBMS Functionality
Define a particular database in terms of its data types,
structures, and constraints(restrictions/limitations)
Construct or Load the initial database contents on a
secondary storage medium
Manipulating the database:
Retrieval: Querying, generating reports
Modification: Insertions, deletions and updates to its
content
Accessing the database through Web applications
Processing and Sharing by a set of concurrent users
and application programs yet, keeping all data valid
and consistent(reliable)
Typical DBMS Functionality
Few Other features:
Protection or Security measures to prevent
unauthorized access
Active processing to take internal actions on data
Presentation and Visualization of data
Maintaining the database and associated programs
over the lifetime of the database application
Called database, software, and system maintenance
Example of a Database
(with a Conceptual Data Model)
Mini-world for the example:
Part of a UNIVERSITY environment.
Some mini-world entities:
STUDENTs
COURSEs
SECTIONs (of COURSEs)
(academic) DEPARTMENTs
INSTRUCTORs


Example of a Database
(with a Conceptual Data Model)
Some mini-world relationships:
SECTIONs are of specific COURSEs
STUDENTs take SECTIONs
COURSEs have prerequisite COURSEs
INSTRUCTORs teach SECTIONs
COURSEs are offered by DEPARTMENTs
STUDENTs major in DEPARTMENTs

Example of a Simple Database
Types of Databases and Database Applications
Traditional Applications:
Numeric and Textual Databases

More Recent Applications:
Multimedia Databases
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Real-time and Active Databases
Data Warehouses
Many other applications
Examples of Database Applications
Purchases from the supermarket
Purchases using your credit card
Booking a holiday at the travel agents
Using the local library
Taking out insurance
Renting a video
Using the Internet
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OK?

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File Based Systems

Collection of application programs that perform services
for the end users (e.g. reports).


Each program defines and manages its own data.
File Based System
Limitations of File-Based Approach
Separation and isolation of data
Each program maintains its own set of data.
Users of one program may be unaware of potentially
useful data held by other programs.
Duplication of data ( Data Redundancy )
Same data is held/understood by different programs.
Wasted space and potentially different values and/or
different formats for the same item.
Fixed Queries/Proliferation of application
programs
Programs are written to satisfy particular functions.
Any new requirement needs a new program.

Limitations of File-Based Approach
Program-Data Dependence
All programs maintain metadata for each file they use
Data dependence
File structure is defined in the program code.
Incompatible file formats
Programs are written in different languages, and so
cannot easily access each others files.
Limited Data Sharing
No centralized control of data
Excessive Program Maintenance
80% of information systems budget


Database Approach (SOLUTION):
Arose because:
Definition of data was embedded in application
programs, rather than being stored separately and
independently.
No control over access and manipulation of data beyond
that imposed by application programs.
Central repository of shared data
Data is Stored in a standardized, convenient form

Result:
The database and Database Management System
(DBMS).
Database Approach
Controlled access to database may include:
a security system
an integrity system
a concurrency control system
a recovery control system
a user-accessible catalog.
Database Management System:
A DBMS is a data storage and retrieval system
which permits data to be stored non-redundantly
while making it appear to the user as if the data is
well-integrated.

DBMS
Database
containing
centralized
shared
data
Application
#1
Application
#2
Application
#3
Database Management System:
Main Characteristics of the Database Approach
1. Self-describing nature of a database system:
A DBMS catalog stores the description of a
particular database (e.g. data structures, types, and
constraints). The description is called meta-data

This allows the DBMS software to work with
different database applications.
Example of a simplified database catalog
Main Characteristics of the Database Approach
2. Insulation between programs and data:
The structure of data files is stored in the DBMS catalog
separately from the access programs and as Called
program-data independence.
Allows changing data structures and storage organization
without having to change the DBMS access programs.

3. Data Abstraction:
A data model is used to hide storage details and present
the users with a conceptual view of the database.
Programs refer to the data model constructs rather than
data storage details
Views
Allows each user to have his or her own view of the
database.
A view is essentially some subset of the database.
Views - Benefits
Reduce complexity
Provide a level of security
Provide a mechanism to customize the appearance
of the database
Present a consistent, unchanging picture of the
structure of the database, even if the underlying
database is changed

Main Characteristics of the Database Approach
4. Support of multiple views of the data :
Each user may see a different view of the database, which
describes only the data of interest to that user.

5.Sharing of data and multi-user transaction processing:
Allowing a set of concurrent users to retrieve from and to update
the database.
Concurrency control within the DBMS guarantees that
each transaction is correctly executed or aborted.
Recovery subsystem ensures each completed transaction
has its effect permanently recorded in the database
OLTP (Online Transaction Processing) is a major part of database
applications This allows hundreds of concurrent database applications.
This allows hundreds of concurrent transactions to execute per
second.
Components of DBMS Environment
Hardware
Can range from a PC to a network of computers.
Software
DBMS, operating system, network software (if
necessary) and also the application programs.
Data
Used by the organization and a description of this
data called the schema.

Components of DBMS Environment
Procedures
Instructions and rules that should be applied to
the design and use of the database and DBMS.
People
Data Administrators personnel responsible for
maintaining the database
System Developers personnel responsible for
designing databases and software
End Users people who use the applications and
databases

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OK?

History of Database Systems
First-generation
Hierarchical and Network

Second generation
Relational

Third generation
Object-Oriented
Object-Relational

Historical Development of Database Technology
Early Database Applications:
The Hierarchical and Network Models were
introduced in mid 1960s and dominated during the
seventies.

Relational Model based Systems:
Relational model was originally introduced in 1970,
was heavily researched and experimented within IBM
Research and several universities.
Rational DBMS products emerged in the early 1980s
Historical Development of Database Technology
(continued)
Object-oriented :
Object-Oriented Database Management Systems
(OODBMSs) were introduced in late 1980s and
early 1990s to cater to the need of complex data
processing in CAD and other applications.
Their use has not taken off much.
Object-Relational :
Many relational DBMSs have incorporated object
database concepts, leading to a new category called
object-relational DBMSs (ORDBMSs)
DBs Hierarchical 1960s
The hierarchical data model organizes
data in a tree structure.
There is a hierarchy of parent and child
data segments.
This structure implies that a record can
have repeating information, generally in
the child data segments.
Data in a series of records, which have a
set of field values attached to it. It
collects all the instances of a specific
record together as a record type.
These record types are the equivalent of
tables in the relational model, and with
the individual records being the
equivalent of rows.
To create links between these record
types, the hierarchical model uses Parent
Child Relationships. These are a 1:N
mapping between record types. This is
done by using trees,
DBs Network 1970s
data were more naturally
modeled with more than one
parent per child.
So, the network model
permitted the modeling of
many-to-many
relationships in data
The basic data modeling
construct in the network
model is the set construct.
A set consists of an owner
record type, a set name,
and a member record type.
A member record type can
have that role in more than
one set
Database Users
Users may be divided into;
Actors on the Scene:
Those who actually use and control the
database content, and those who design,
develop and maintain database applications
(called Actors on the Scene),
Workers Behind the Scene:
Those who design and develop the DBMS
software and related tools, and the computer
systems operators (called Workers Behind the
Scene)
Database Users
Actors on the scene
Database administrators:
Responsible for authorizing access to the database, for
coordinating and monitoring its use, acquiring
software and hardware resources, controlling its use
and monitoring efficiency of operations.
Database Designers:
Responsible to define the content, the structure, the
constraints, and functions or transactions against the
database. They must communicate with the end-users
and understand their needs.
Database Users

Actors on the scene (continued)
End-users: They use the data for queries,
reports and some of them update the
database content.
Categories of End-users
End-users can be categorized into:
Casual: access database occasionally when
needed
Nave or Parametric: they make up a large
section of the end-user population.
Database Users

Categories of End-users
They use previously well-defined functions in the
form of canned transactions against the
database.
Canned transactions are standard types of
queries and updates which frequently used by
Naive or parametric end users to constantly
querying and updating
Examples are bank-tellers or reservation clerks
who do this activity for an entire shift of
operations this activity for an entire shift of
operations.

Database Users

Categories of End-users
Sophisticated: These include business analysts
scientists engineers and engineers, others thoroughly
familiar with the system capabilities.
Many use tools in the form of software packages that
work closely with the stored database work closely with
the stored database.
Stand-alone: Mostly maintain personal databases
using ready-to-use packaged applications packaged
applications.
An example is a tax program user that creates its
own internal database. Another example is a user
that maintains an address book

Roles in the Database Environment
Data Administrator (DA)
Database Administrator (DBA)
Database Designers (Logical and Physical)
Application Programmers
End Users (naive and sophisticated)
Levels Of Data
Application programs talk to DBMS and ask for the
data required
Database Administrations interaction with other users
Advantages of DBMSs
Control of data redundancy (data storage, development )
Sharing of data (among multiple users )
Improved data integrity(accuracy and consistency of data )
Improved security
Enforcement of standards
Data consistency
Economy of scale
More information from the same amount of data


Advantages of DBMSs

Improved maintenance through data independence
Increased concurrency
Improved backup and Recovery Services
Security mechanism
Balance conflicting requirements
Improved data accessibility and responsiveness

Disadvantages of DBMSs
Complexity
Size
Cost of DBMS
Additional hardware costs
Cost of conversion
Performance
Higher impact of a failure
Additional Implications of Using the Database Approach
Potential for enforcing standards:
This is very crucial for the success of database
applications in large organizations. Standards refer to
data item names, display formats, screens, report,
structures, meta-data (description of data), Web page
layouts, etc.

Reduced application development time:
Incremental time to add each new application is reduced
Additional Implications of Using the Database Approach
Flexibility to change data structures: Database
structure may evolve as new requirements are defined.
Availability of current information: Availability of
current information:
Extremely important for on-line transaction systems
such as airline, hotel, car reservations.
Economies of scale:
Wasteful overlap of resources and personnel can be
avoided by consolidating data and applications
across departments...
When not to use a DBMS
Main inhibitors (costs) of using a DBMS:
High initial investment and possible need High initial
investment and possible need
Overhead for providing generality, security,
concurrency control, recovery, and integrity functions.
When a DBMS may be unnecessary:
If the database and applications are simple well defined
If there are stringent real-time requirements that may
not met because of DBMS overhead.
If access to data by multiple users is not required.

When not to use a DBMS
When no DBMS may suffice:
If the database system is not able to handle the
complexity of data because of modeling limitations

If the database users need special operations not
supported by the DBMS

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Task 01: Search, Understand with concepts and then
write down about the following:

Conceptual Design
Logical Design
Physical Design

Date: Week-01 (Feb-14 , 2014)


Your Work.
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