Global Warming Temperature

Thesis: We should take steps to heal global warming effects; otherwise our main source of wealth,
marine life will destroy.
Keep marine life safe, danger free and necessary to keep global temperature in an average
position.
Causes of Global Warming
A. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
B. Solar variation
C.Global temperature changes
D. Pre-human climate variations
Global warming and its effect on marine life:
A. El Nino
B. effects at the Poles
a. Birds and marine mammals
b. Polar bears
c. Stellar sea lion and northern fur seal
d. Ocean Currents
C. Effect on Seabirds, Fish and Marine Mammals
a. sockeye salmon
b. seabirds
c. Coral reefs
IV. Measures on controlling the problem
A. Government
B. Work in group
C. Responsible Choices
D. Citizens
E. Unplug Unused Electronics
E Drive Smart
F. Reduce! Reuse! Recycle!
G. Use Recycled Paper
H. Buy energy-efficient electronics and appliances.
V. Conclusion
Global warming is the most burning topic for last few years. Global warming defined by the National
Geographic as increase temperature of the atmosphere near the Earth's surface and in the
troposphere1, which can contribute to changes in global climate patterns. Scientists say that last
100 years the global average air temperature near the Earth's surface raised 0.74 0.18 C (1.33
0.32 F). (Soden 2007). Because of this increasing heat global atmosphere has changed rapidly and
it has a deep effect on our natural life. Ice area of the North Pole and South Pole is melting down
day by day, green life is loosing its normal running, and animals are suffering for many diseases. But
the main effect of global warming occurs on our marine life. If marine animals fall in problem it will
have a big affect on human life also. Because more than 50% people in the world depend on the
marine. So it is very necessary to keep our marine life safe, danger free. To keep marine life free of
danger we need to see what are the things made marine life dangers. Definitely global warming will
take the top place. It is necessary to keep global temperature in an average position.

Most of scientist believed that the rise of the carbon dioxide is the main fact to increase of global
warming. Nevertheless, many are convinced that human activities are partly responsible for the long-
term warming of the past century. The green house effect increasing climate change which are the
main issue of global warming.
Two researchers have invented that the Sun light have contributed about 45-50% of the increase in
the average global surface temperature over the period 1900-2000, and about 25-35% between
1980 and 2000./a> They told that the magnetic activity of the sun is a crucial factor which deflects
cosmic rays that influence the generation of cloud condensation nuclei and thereby affect the climate
(Bruce West and Nicola Scafetta)
Another major cause of global warming is temperature changes. Global temperatures on both land
and sea have increased by 0.75 C (1.35 F) in 1860-1900. Land temperatures have increased
about twice as fast as ocean temperatures (0.25 C per decade against 0.13 C per decade).
Temperatures in the lower troposphere have increased between 0.12 and 0.22 C (0.22 and 0.4 F)
per decade since 1979(Hegerl 2007).
Scientists also say that, differential climate in pre-human eras is also responsible for present global
warming. The Open University indicates that the warming caused the rate of rock weathering to
increase by 400%. Methane from clathrate compounds (the clathrate gun hypothesis) have been
hypothesized as a cause for other warming events in the distant past, including the Permian-Triassic
extinction event (about 251 million years ago) and the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (about
55 million years ago).
The new report, "Turning up the Heat: How Global Warming Threatens Life in the Sea" - compiled by
the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and the Marine Conservation Biology Institute (MCBI) says that,
warmer surface air temperatures, which most scientists called on the emission of greenhouse gases,
also warming the world's oceans. It also says the increasingly frequent appearance of the El Nino
weather phenomenon during the past years causes a long-term global warming. El Nino results from
changes in atmospheric pressure in the Pacific Ocean and is associated with higher sea surface
temperatures and sea levels, lower nutrients, and increased intensity of storms and storm surges.
Some scientists believe that global warming itself is increasing the frequency of El Nino. According
to the report, rising marine temperatures influence all kinds of ocean conditions like, rising sea
levels, critical to the survival of microscopic phytoplankton, the base of the food web; and the
circulation of the deep ocean between the poles and the tropics(Voters1998).
Based on a report from World Wildlife Fund (WWF) published in www.yahoo.com/wildlife shows that,
Sea ice, which provides a platform for many marine mammals and penguins, and algae which
produce phytoplankton, is diminishing in both the Arctic and the Antarctic. According to that report,
"As this area diminishes, so does the food available to each higher level on the web, from
zooplankton to seabirds," the report says. Penguins in Antarctica and Crab eater seals are already
declining in some areas as the ice recedes. Reef fish and intertribal invertebrates, such as
anemones, crabs and snails in California provide evidence that fish and other species are shifting
toward the poles in response to ocean warming. (MCBI's Amy Mathews-Amos and Ewann A.
Berntson).
Scientists already have established a connection between warmer water and declining reproduction
and increased mortality among different species of seabirds and seals and sea lions along the US
Pacific coast affected by the El Nino phenomenon. (IPS).
In Arctic and Antarctic, birds and marine mammals are facing problem to hunt for food and breeding
on ground, because of diminishing Sea ice. If ice shrinks food will not available at higher levels on
the web, from zooplankton to seabirds will be lack of food. In the western Antarctic Peninsula
chinstrap penguins have increased in numbers since the 1950s, but Adelie penguins has decreased.
In winter, in Adelies sea ice is becoming rare, while chinstraps prefer open water. Similar thing is
happening to Crab eater seals, which also needs pack ice. Their populations are falling. But
southern fur seals, southern elephant seals and others are increasing because they prefer open
water. (Dr. Elliot Norse2007)
Some Canadian researchers in western, Hudson Bay have researched, since the early 1980s adult
polar bears are decreasing and their birthrate is also decreasing. They told because of long-term
global warming the earlier spring is breaking up sea ice. The bears use ice floes to make a platform
to catch their prey, seals. During the summer months, bears are shore-bound and depend heavily on
fat reserves to survive. They must fast for at least four months after the ice has broken up, while
pregnant females in Hudson Bay must fast for eight months. This thing happens because of early
spring breaking caused by increased warming. (john terry, 2006).
Last few decade many ecological changes happened in Alaska's Bering Sea. Mainly, decreasing of
stellar sea lion and northern fur seal in a large number. Other mammal and bird families have fallen
in big danger. Small forage fish, such as herring, capelin and larval fishes, have been declining for
the past five years. Pacific white-sided dolphins, albacore and yellow-fin tuna, and ocean sunfish,
and herring spawned have appeared in Alaska while previously they were in southern climes. (john
terry, 2006)
Ocean currents play a significant role to keep worm the cold countries. Because of the global worm
Ocean currents would be disrupted significantly in a century and completely stopped in an estimated
two centuries. The warming temperatures would melt glaciers and ice caps which would release a
great amount of fresh water into the ocean. Freshwater from melted ice from the Arctic Ocean and
ice caps mixes with other oceans because of warming temperatures. It can cool the ocean area and
make the lands near to sea become cold, because, the water which sinks in cool areas, it will be less
salty, and if that water lost so much of its saltiness to being mixed with fresh water, the ocean
current would be disrupted or halted totally, mainly in Europe. If these currents are disrupted, the
average temperature in the cold countries will be decrease and these countries will be freezed (Dr.
John Gribbin 2005)
Beginning of this year some marine scientists gathered at a special workshop organized by WWF
and MCBI. In that meeting Adam Markham, Director of WWF's Climate Program said that, "These
disturbing results demonstrate that global warming is coming home to roost, affecting livelihoods and
wildlife. Our fear is that this is just the tip of the iceberg. Sockeyes are extremely temperature-
sensitive: their metabolism increases in warmer water; it requires larger amounts of food. To avoid
incurring large energy losses, the salmon must either move into deeper water or migrate northward
into the Bering Sea farther from the freshwater rivers where they spawn. Western Alaska's Pacific
salmon populations in 2003 and 2006 decreases because of exceptional high temperature. Similar
effects were seen in Fraser River sockeye salmon in British Columbia. (Adam Markham 2007).
In an analysis, it sees that, in California coast, rocky reef fishes, sea anemones, crabs and snails are
decreasing at northern species and it is increasing at southern species. It is because of high
warming. (Jim Lobe 2007).
Scientists have finned a relation with warmer water and decreased reproduction and increased
mortality in seabirds. Sooty shearwaters off the California coast declined 90 percent in the late
1990s and early 2000s. Cassin's auklets have declined 50 percent. In both cases, the cause seems
to be decreases in plankton which form the base of the birds' food chain. (Readers digest,
November, 2006).
Coral reefs, beautiful marine ecosystems, are also in extreme risk. The temperature for many reef
corals is above normal temperatures. If it is too warm for too long, bleached corals die. High water
temperatures in 2000 and 2004 sparked unprecedented bleaching in all major tropical regions
including the Pacific and Indian Oceans, the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Mediterranean, and the
Caribbean. Large numbers of corals are turning completely white and dying, with over 90 percent
mortality happens in Indian reef. (Readers digest, November, 2006).
In some places Ocean temperatures have been rising rapidly around 2-3 degrees in many areas of
the globe since last 60 years. It causes a dramatically change in marine life. And if this thing
continues, in future whole globe will be destroyed by it. WWF's Adam Markham said that, We have
ample evidence that current global temperatures are significantly higher than any time in a thousand
years. Carbon pollution from the burning of coal and oil is projected to boost temperatures at an
accelerating rate in the coming decades. The longer we wait to turn down the heat the fewer our
options will be."
From the above discussion we are clear that our marine life is in great danger which has a big bad
affect in our normal life. The main cause of this problem is global warming. So now it is the time to
take step to keep the global temperature in an average position. In that matter every body need to
contribute in this challenge.
As a government Set some laws to limit the amount of pollutants produced by factories, Develop the
skills of using renewable fuels, like solar energy, wind energy, Encourage the factories to replace
fossil fuels by renewable fuels, which would not cause environmental pollution, Carry out energy
saving scheme reduce the pollution produced by burning fossil fuels, Build more plants reduce
the pollutants e.g. CO2
Doing work individually is not enough to solve this global problem. We must tell others about the
problem and concern them about the result. We need to discuss with the person who has the right
idea and bring that idea in our daily life.
Our responsible choices can help us to make our planet healthy and danger free. When we burn
fossil fuelssuch as oil, coal, and natural gasto run our cars and light our homes, we pump
carbon dioxide (CO2) into the air it causes global warming. By choosing modern technology we can
reduce our use of fossil fuels and help to protect the planet.
People should reduce the use of harmful sprays as CFCs would be emitted out,reduce the use of
air-conditioner runs by CFC
Even when electronic devices are turned off, they use energy. By unplug it we can save over 1,000
lbs of carbon dioxide and $256 per year.
A well-tuned car with properly inflated tires burns less gasolinecutting pollution and saving money
at the pump. If somebody has two cars, drive the one with better gas mileage whenever possible. If
possible skip the drive and take public transit, walk, or bicycle.
Trees "breathe in" carbon dioxide, but slash-and-burn farming practices, intensive livestock
production, and logging. Planting trees will absorb CO2. The Planet will have more fresh air to
survive.
Producing new paper, glass, and metal products from recycled materials saves 70 to 90 percent of
the energy and pollution. And it helps to reduce CO2 in air. Recycling a stack of newspapers only 4
feet high will save a good-sized tree.
We need to take care that printer paper is 100% post consumer recycled paper. It Saves 5 lbs. of
carbon dioxide per ream of paper.
In a research done by greenhouse laboratory shows, less packaging could reduce garbage about
10%. Save 1,200 pounds of carbon dioxide and $1,000 per year.
We need to educate our community about how it can cut global warming pollution. Support
measures at the national, state, and local level that,Make automobiles go further on a gallon of gas;
Accelerate the use of clean, renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind; Increase energy
efficiency and conservation; and Preserve forests around the world.
In this present time it is a question that Is it too late to stop Global Warming? But specialists are
saying, while it is true that global warming is already occurring and affecting in our life, it is
emergency that we take steps to heal global warming pollution. If we do not begin to make the
change to clean energy, the natural disasters will become more routine and worse. Our main source
of wealth, marine life will destroy. But it is good news that our scientists already made and they are
making eco-friend things which will be used in our daily life and help to keep global warming in an
average temperature