Polytechnic University of the Philippines

Sta. Mesa, Manila

TERRESTRIAL BIOMES


Submitted by:
Abon, Jhoanna May
Agus, Joanna Mae
Aquino, Eliejah
Beso, Joanne
Dagarag, Regine
Dizon, Desiree Joy
Falcutila, Jamaica
Gancia, Aileen
Palmes, Fleurdlize Ann
Temporal, Shella
BBF 3-6S

Submitted to:
Prof. Christine Joy B. Sarmiento


TERRESTRIAL
BIOMES
CLIMATE TEMPERATURE AMOUNT
OF
PRECIPITATION
TYPE OF
SOIL
FLORA FAUNA ADAPTATION EXAMPLE
1.TUNDRA

ARCTIC

Long cold
winters and
short cool
summers



-40 to 0 C
(January)

50 C (winter)

10 to +10 C
(July) *

30 C
(summer)

6-10 inches per
year (mostly
snow)

Permafrost
, Which
means
permanent
ly frozen.


Mosses, lichens, low-
growing shrubs, and
grasses

Squirrel, wolf,
fox, moose,
caribou,
reindeer, polar
bear, musk ox,
and about six
species of
aquatic
mammals such
as the walrus,
seal, and whale

Flora: Some plants are
dark in color to absorb
solar heat, some are
hairy (for
warmth).Some plants
grow in clumps to
protect one another
from the wind and cold.
Fauna: Animals (for
warmth)have thick
fur/coats, thick
whiskers, thick layer of
blubber under their
skin(whales)

Russia, Alaska,
Canada,
Greenland,
Norway, Sweden,
Iceland, Finland

ALPHINE

Highland
climate

Average of 4
to 0C.

Around 11.81
inches per year.

Sandy
lithosols -
have very
low
organic
content
and are
shallow,
dry and
sandy.
Humus
soils - are
developed
largely
from the
breakdow
n of
organic
material so
is rich in
decomposi
ng plant
matter.

Tussock grasses, dwarf
trees, small-leafed
shrubs, and heaths.

Mountain goats,
sheep, elk,
beetles,
grasshoppers
and
butterflies.yello
w-bellied
marmots, pikas,
and
ptarmagins.

Flora: Plants grow low.
Many plants above
treeline hold on to their
leaves over winter.
Subsisting on
insufficient.
Fauna: Hibernation for
yellow-bellied
marmots. Pikas hide
from weather under
rocks in the boulder
fields.


Rockies, Sierra,
and Cascade mou
ntains in North
America,
the Andes in
South America,
theHimalayas in
Asia,
the Alps and Pyre
nees in Europe,
and the Rift
Mountains of
Africa
2.FOREST

TROPICAL
RAINFOREST

Tropical
rainforest
climate /
equatorial
climate

The
temperature in
a rain forest
rarely gets
higher than 34
C or drops
below 20 C;
average
humidity is
between 77
and 88%;
rainfall is often
more than 100
inches a year

The tropical
rain forest is a
forest of tall
trees in a
region of year-
round warmth.
An average of
50 to 260
inches of rain
falls yearly.

Heavily
leached;
ultisols
and oxitols

Forest Floor,
Understory Layer,
Canopy Layer,
Emergent Layer

Insects make
up the largest
single group of
animals that
live in tropical
forests.
It includes
brightly colored
butterflies,
mosquitoes,
camouflaged
stick insects,
and huge
colonies of ants.

Adaptations to a life in
the trees. Other
characteristics are
bright colors and sharp
patterns, loud
vocalization, and diets
heavily on fruits.

Amazon Rain
Forest, Atlantic
Forest, Ituri Rain
Forest, Kilum-Ijim
Forest

TEMPERATE
DECIDOUS

Moist Mid-
latitude
Climates
with Mild
Winters


Per year: about
10 C.


Per year: 30-60
inches


Ultisols

The soil is
nutrient
rich and
acidic.

Oak, beech, linden,
walnut, mountain
laurel, and
huckleberries

Deer, gray
squirrels, mice
raccoons,
salamanders,
snakes, robins,
and frogs


Flora: Leaning toward
the sun. Soaking up the
nutrients in the ground
is also a way of
adaptation.
Fauna: hibernating in
the winter and living
off the land in the other
three seasons.

Great Smoky
Mountains
National Park
in United
States
Temperate
forest in
Germany
Temperate
forest in
Eastern North
America

TAIGA

Moist Mid-
Latitude
Climates
with Cold
Winters

Per year:
-54 to 21 C


Per year: 12 -
33 in


Spodosol

Ashy gray,
acidic soils
with a
strongly
leached
surface
layer.


Evergreens:
Pine, spruce, fir.


Ermine, moles,
deer, moose,
elk, snowshoe
hare, grizzly
bears, wolves,
lynxes and
wolverines

Flora: (Evergreens)
They have long, thin
waxy needles. The wax
gives them some
protection from
freezing temperatures
and from drying out.
They tend to be thin
and grow close
together. This gives
them protection from
the cold and wind.
Fauna: Hibernation.
Some birds migrate.

Taiga in
Alaska
Oulanka
National Park,
Finland
Jack London
Lake, Russia
3. DESSERTS

HOT and DRY


The dry
desert is in
Kppen's
BWh climate
category. It
is a Low
Latitude
climate.


Many mean
annual
temperatures
range from 20-
25 C. The
extreme
maximum
ranges from
43.5-49 C.
Minimum
temperatures
sometimes
drop to -18 C.


Less than
0.59055 inches
a year.
Winters usually
bring little
rainfall


Course-
textured,
shallow,
rocky or
gravely
with good
drainage
and have
no
subsurface
water


-Sagebrush
-Creosote bushes
-Cacti


-Kangaroo rats
-Australias
Bilby
-Australias
Kowari


Flora: Development of
ways to store water in
the roots, stems, leaves
or fruit.
-Developed very long
roots.
-Developed spreading
root systems.
Some limit water loss
through their leaf
surface by the size,
sheen, or texture of
their leaves.
Fauna: Nocturnal,
sleeping during the hot
day and only coming
out at night to eat and
hunt.
-Some never drink but
they get water from the
seeds and plants.
-Burrowing


Chihuahuan
Sonoran
Mojave
Great Basin

SEMI ARID

The
summers are
moderately
long and dry,
and like hot
deserts, the
winters
normally
bring low
concentratio
ns of
rainfall.

Summer
temperatures
usually average
between 21-
27 C. It
normally does
not go above
38 C and
evening
temperatures
are cool, at
around 10 C.

Rainfall ranges
from 0.78740-
1.5748 inches
annually.

The soil
can range
from sandy
and fine-
textured to
lose rock
fragments,
gravel or
sand.

Creosote bush, bur
sage (Franseria
dumosa or F.
deltoidea), white
thorn, cat claw,
mesquite, brittle
bushes (Encelia
farinosa), lyciums, and
jujube.

Kangaroo rats,
Rabbits, and
skunks; insects
like
grasshoppers
and ants;
reptiles are
represented by
lizards and
snakes; and
birds such as
burrowing owls
and the
California
thrasher.

Cool nights help both
plants and animals by
reducing moisture loss
from transpiration,
sweating and
breathing.

Utah,
Montana
Great Basin
Nearctic
realm (North
America
Newfoundland
Greenland,
Russia
Europe
Northern
Asia

COLD

Cold winters
with
snowfall and
high overall
rainfall
throughout
the winter
and
occasionally
over the
summer.

The mean
winter
temperature is
between -2 to
4 C and the
mean summer
temperature is
between 21-
26 C.

The mean
annual
precipitation
ranges from 5-
10 inches
Annual
precipitation
has reached a
maximum of 18
inches and a
minimum of
4inches.

The soil is
heavy,
silky, and
salty. It
contains
alluvial
fans where
soil is
relatively
porous and
drainage is
good so
that most
of the salt
has been
leached
out.

The aloe Vera plant,
the Saguaro cactus, the
barrel cactus, and the
Joshua tree.

Animals are
jack rabbits,
kangaroo rats,
kangaroo mice,
pocket mice,
grasshopper
mice, and
antelope
ground
squirrels.

Flora: Many plants
need to conserve water
and nutrients, so the
plants stunt their
growth for half of the
year. Many of the
plants have short roots,
so they absorb any
available water.
Fauna: Many of the
animals make burrows
to hide from the hot
sun. Many of the
animals have light
colored skin or fur so
they do not absorb the
suns hot rays.

Antarctic
Gobi Desert,
Greenland
The Nearctic
realm.

COASTAL

Tropical
climate

Colder: 5 C
Hotter : 24 C

9 in.

56 inches per
year

Fine
textured
with a
moderate
salt
content

Rice grasses, Salt bush,
Black sage

Toads, Badger,
Golden Eagle

Flora: They have
waterproof, shiny
leaves to protect them
against drying out in
salty winds. They have
thick, fleshy leaves that
can hold the water. And
have roots that travel
under the sand to find
water.
Fauna: Some toads seal
themselves in burrows
with gelatinous
secretions and remain
inactive for 8 or 9
months until a heavy
rain occurs.
Amphibians that pass
through larval stages
have accelerated life
cycles.

Atacam of Chi;e
4.GRASSLAND

TROPICAL/
SAVANNA


Tropical Wet
and Dry
Climate

The savanna
climate has a
temperature
range of 20 -
30 C.

In the winter, it
is usually about
20 - 25 C.

In the summer
the
temperature
ranges from
25 - 30 C.

Wet season: 50
inches of rain.

Dry season: as
little as 4
inches Between
December and
February no
rain will fall at
all.

The average
rainfall per
year ranges
from 25-60
inches per year.


Low
fertility oxi
sols.

Porous,
with rapid
drainage of
water.



Acacia Senegal
Baobab
Bermuda Grass
Elephant Grass
Gum Tree
Eucalyptus
Jackalberry Tree
Jarrah tree


African
Elephant
African
Wild Dog
Black
Mamba
Chacma
Baboon
Grant's
Zebra
Koala Bear
Lion


Flora: Plants have long
tap roots that can reach
the deep water table,
thick bark to resist
annual fires, trunks,
bulb and corms that
can store water, and
leaves that drop of
during the winter to
conserve water. Many
grasses grow from the
bottom up, so that the
growth tissue doesn't
get damaged by
grazers.
Fauna: Most of the
animals on the savanna
have long legs or wings
to be able to go on long
migrations. Many
burrow underground
to avoid the heat or
raise their young.

African savanna

Llanos grasslands
of northern South
America

Serengeti Plains in
Tanzania



TEMPERATE

Mid-Latitude


Summer
temperatures
can be well
over 38 C,
while winter
temperatures
can be as low
as -40 C.

In temperate
grasslands the
average rainfall
per year ranges
from 10-30
inches.

Deep and
dark, with
fertile
upper
layers.


Big Bluestem
Grass
Blue Grama Grass
Buffalo Grass
Purple
Coneflower
Cottonwoods
Oaks
Willows

American
Bald Eagle
Badger
Bobcat
Bumble
Bee
Coyote
Prairie Dog
Swift Fox
Corsac Fox
Saiga
Antelope
Saker
Falcon

Flora: Grasses have
deep, massive root
systems that take hold
in the soil. This allows
the grasses to remain
firmly rooted in the
ground to reduce
erosion and to
conserve water.
Fauna: Small mammals
are often burrowing
creatures. Small and
larger animals both
utilize camouflage
technique.

Veldts of South
Africa
Puszta of
Hungary
Pampas of
Argentina/Uru
guay
Steppes of
Russia / China
Plains and
Prairies of
North America

5.
CHAPARRAL

Chaparrals
are mostly
hot and dry
in the
summer and
rainy in the
winter





Average
temperatures
range from 10-
12 degrees
Celsius in the
winter, to 30-
40 degrees
Celsius.

Precipitation
ranges from
15-40 inches.
Mostly in the
form of rain.

Nutrient
poor Soil
(Serpentin
e Soil, Non-
Serpentine
Sedimenta
ry Soils,
Vernal
Pools,
Gabbro
Soils,
Alluvial
Soils)

Large and small
evergreen shrubs with
thick, leathery leaves.
(sage, rosemary,
thyme, scrub oaks,
eucalyptus, chamiso
shrubs, willow trees,
pines, poison oak and
olive trees.)

Ground
squirrels, jack
rabbits,
gophers,
skunks, toads,
lizards, snakes,
and mice. Other
animals include
aardwolves,
pumas, foxes,
owls, eagles,
deer, quail, wild
goats, spiders,
scorpions, and
various kinds of
insects.

Flora: Some chaparral
plants have hard, thin,
needle-like leaves to
reduce water loss.
Other plants have hair
on their leaves to
collect water from the
air. Many fire resistant
plants are also found in
chaparral regions.
Some plants such as the
chamise even promote
fires with their
flammable oils. These
plants then grow in the
ashes after the area has
been burned. Other
plants combat fires by
remaining below
ground and only
sprouting after a fire.
Fauna: They burrow
underground to escape
the heat in the day and
come out at night to
feed. This allows them
to conserve water,
energy and also keeps
the animal safe during
fires. Other chaparral
animals, like some mice
and lizards, secrete
semi-solid urine in
order to reduce water
loss.

California
Chaparral,
Mediterranean
Chaparral,
Australian Mallee,
Chilean Matorral